Japanese American internmentJapanese American internment
How California's Reparations Task Force Reached Its Final Proposal
Inspired by Black Leaders, Japanese Americans Got Reparations After WWII
The Loss of My Family's Farm Is a Loss for California's Japanese Agricultural Legacy
Remembering the Fight for Japanese American Reparations
How Japanese Americans in the Bay Area Are Carrying Forward the Legacy of Reparations
George Takei Got Reparations. He Says They 'Strengthen the Integrity of America'
The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island
The US Imprisoned California Kids in World War II. Heart Mountain Bears the Scars
California to Apologize for Internment of Japanese Americans
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She was born and raised in the East Bay and holds a B.A. in Urban Studies from Barnard College.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5fded66cae47704cdfc5021cde0f3aa4?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"sharkfinney","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Annelise Finney | KQED","description":"Weekend Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5fded66cae47704cdfc5021cde0f3aa4?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5fded66cae47704cdfc5021cde0f3aa4?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/afinney"},"mesquinca":{"type":"authors","id":"11802","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11802","found":true},"name":"Maria Esquinca","firstName":"Maria","lastName":"Esquinca","slug":"mesquinca","email":"mesquinca@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"Producer, The Bay","bio":"María Esquinca is a producer of The Bay. Before that, she was a New York Women’s Foundation IGNITE Fellow at Latino USA. She worked at Radio Bilingue where she covered the San Joaquin Valley. Maria has interned at WLRN, News 21, The New York Times Student Journalism Institute and at Crain’s Detroit Business as a Dow Jones News Fund Business Reporting Intern. She is an MFA graduate from the University of Miami. In 2017, she graduated from the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication with a Master of Mass Communication. A fronteriza, she was born in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico and grew up in El Paso, Texas.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/77cedba18aae91da775038ba06dcd8d0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"@m_esquinca","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Maria Esquinca | KQED","description":"Producer, The Bay","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/77cedba18aae91da775038ba06dcd8d0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/77cedba18aae91da775038ba06dcd8d0?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/mesquinca"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"news_11954129":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11954129","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11954129","score":null,"sort":[1688036458000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-californias-reparations-task-force-reached-its-final-proposal","title":"How California's Reparations Task Force Reached Its Final Proposal","publishDate":1688036458,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How California’s Reparations Task Force Reached Its Final Proposal | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>In June 2022, I took an early-morning Amtrak train for a five-hour trip to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/allensworth\">Allensworth\u003c/a>, a town located 30 minutes off Interstate 5 near Bakersfield. It was founded in 1908 and envisioned as a Black utopia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To escape racist violence after the Civil War, Black people built settlements known as freedmen’s towns in a number of states across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allensworth, founded by Lt. Col. Allen Allensworth, who was enslaved in Kentucky before fleeing and becoming a Union soldier, was the first of its kind in California, and it was governed entirely by Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11949153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11949153\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023.jpg\" alt='A gray building with a sign out front that reads, \"Allensworth Community Center.\" A white SUV is parked in the driveway and gray clouds hover above. The road surrounding the property is visibly wet from flooding.' width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Allensworth Community Center in Allensworth, Tulare County, on May 4, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before boarding, I noticed a Black, elderly woman with a walker and a colorful knit bag. She allowed me to carry her walker as we boarded the train. We found seats across from each other and shared food, stories and songs during the ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She leaned in when she spoke, her eyes scanning the passing scenery. Our conversation was lively. Her enthusiasm and soprano voice — she sang with the Oakland Symphony Chorus, and wasn’t shy about singing on the train — featured prominently in the story KQED published a few months later \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11925020/promised-land-a-historically-black-california-town-honors-its-proud-painful-past-and-fights-for-its-future\">about the history of Allensworth and the state park in town\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11905371 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/CA-capitol-building-1020x574.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxine Butler died about a month after the story was published. She was 70. She died from COVID-19 and pancreatic cancer, according to her obituary. A fiercely religious woman, she told me God would take her when it was time. Yet, I couldn’t help but think of her death as part of a larger tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, the life expectancy for Black people was 70.8 years compared to 76.4 years for white people, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/report/key-data-on-health-and-health-care-by-race-and-ethnicity/#:~:text=Provisional%20data%20from%202021%20show,77.7%20years%20for%20Hispanic%20people.\">according to the Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>. If the U.S. had a more equitable health care system, would Butler have had a few more years to live?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are over 30 pages of recommendations to address mental and physical harm in the California Reparations Task Force’s final report. The nine-member body examined California’s history over the last two years and submitted its final recommendations to the state Legislature on Thursday, June 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[ad fullwidth]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I attended nearly all of the meetings. I even canceled plans to be present because what we pay attention to is an expression of our values — as a society and as a media organization. Attending these meetings has been exciting, boring, confusing and heartwarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were moments when I felt like I was at a live concert with songs, dance and verbal affirmations from the audience. At other times, it was like watching friends fight. There were family reunion vibes and also tedious moments when I started to think about my next meal. Through it all, I spent more time with this task force than I have with some of my close family members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954291\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A man with calm expression stands with his hands folded in front of him as he speaks to a woman with her back toward the camera. They both stand inside a church located in San Francisco. Pews surround them.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Task force member Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis speaks with an attendee during the second day of an in-person meeting of the California Reparations Task Force at the Third Baptist Church in San Francisco on April 14, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I know the cadence of their voices. I know to expect mini-sermons from Rev. Amos C. Brown. When needed, Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis, chair of UC Berkeley’s geography department, would calmly get members back on track by summarizing points while also posing questions. A colleague once described the skill as wizardry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lewis also reminded the audience to do their reading. I read and I researched. I live-tweeted the meetings. I talked to people. And then, I distilled the information into stories. Racism and systemic inequality are so deeply ingrained in society that I wondered if all the task force’s efforts will have any impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11892312 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/RS47078_004_SanFrancisco_LowellBSURally_02052021-qut-1020x679.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allensworth blossomed into a thriving town before racism squeezed it into submission. Once a destination where Black people from around the country moved for safety and an opportunity to flourish, Allensworth is now a dusty Central Valley outpost. Still, it was on Butler’s bucket list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can still hear her singing lyrics from a 1930s gospel hit by Sister Rosetta Tharpe that was later popularized by the folk singer Woody Guthrie. “This train is bound for glory,” she sang. “This train.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force’s report could be bound for glory — or obscurity. Whether or not the recommendations are adopted will, in part, be determined by public pressure. Here’s a timeline of the first-in-the-nation statewide body to study reparations for Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with short, curly brown hair, dangly earrings and a red, blue and cream-patterned blouse sits as she poses for a portrait. A calm look on her face. She wears a simple gold pendant necklace.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assemblymember Dr. Shirley Weber poses for a portrait at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco on March 8, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 21, 2020:\u003c/strong> Dr. Shirley Weber, then an Assembly member, introduces \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB3121\">AB 3121\u003c/a>, the legislation that created the task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aug. 29, 2020\u003c/strong>: The legislation passes the Assembly 33-3. The Assembly floor analysis states that the bill comes at an “opportune time” when there is an “increased willingness to undertake a thoughtful and informed discussion of the issue of reparations.” It also notes that the bill “gives California the opportunity to take the lead in fostering a critically important and long overdue official discussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aug. 30, 2020\u003c/strong>: AB 3121 passes the Senate 58-12. The final version of the bill changes the composition of the task force members from eight to nine and adds a “special consideration” clause: “Task Force to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans” with “Special Consideration for African Americans Who are Descendants of Persons Enslaved in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 30, 2020\u003c/strong>: Gov. Gavin Newsom signs AB 3121.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/gavinnewsom/status/1311432334743273472?lang=en\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 1, 2021:\u003c/strong> Senate President Pro Tempore Toni G. Atkins (D-San Diego) appoints Sen. Steven Bradford (D-Gardena) and San Diego City Council member Monica Montgomery Steppe to the task force. Atkins highlights Bradford’s work as chair of the California Legislative Black Caucus and the Committee on Public Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>May 7, 2021: \u003c/strong>Gov. Newsom announces his appointments to the task force: Dr. Cheryl Grills, Lisa Holder, Donald K. Tamaki, Rev. Amos C. Brown and Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis. “California is leading the nation, in a bipartisan way, on the issue of reparations and racial justice, which is a discussion that is long overdue and deserves our utmost attention,” Newsom said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/05/07/governor-newsom-announces-appointments-to-first-in-the-nation-task-force-to-study-reparations-for-african-americans/\">press release\u003c/a>. Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon (D-Lakewood) appoints Kamilah Moore and Assemblymember Reginald Jones-Sawyer (D-Los Angeles).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TT_KXUR-zls\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 1, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force meets for the first time. “Your task is to determine the depth of the harm and the ways in which we are to repair that harm,” Sec. of State Weber \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11876194/first-in-the-us-californias-task-force-on-reparations-looks-at-harms-of-slavery\">told task force members\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>July 9, 2021: \u003c/strong>At the second task force meeting, members discussed the importance of community engagement and communications strategy. Both Holder and Grills propose plans, and the members adopt a joint plan to serve as a guide for the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 23-24, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force has its first substantive meeting as the body hears from experts on national and international reparations efforts, slavery, political disenfranchisement, and the Great Migration when millions of Black Southerners left the rural South. Many settled in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11906054 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53887_GettyImages-1248797994-qut-800x505.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 24, 2021:\u003c/strong> William A. Darity Jr., the co-author of \u003cem>From Here to Equality, Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century\u003c/em>, published an \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/24/business/reparations-wealth-gap.html\">article\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> on the racial wealth gap. Darity is one of the task force’s economic consultants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oct. 12-13, 2021: \u003c/strong>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101886031/california-reparations-task-force-holds-latest-hearings-on-discrimination-in-housing-education-and-more\">task force heard from experts on housing\u003c/a>, education, environmental racism, banking and the racial wealth gap. The task force members began discussing eligibility. Dr. William Spriggs, a professor at Howard University, and Dr. Thomas Craemer, an associate professor in the Department of Public Policy at the University of Connecticut, provided testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craemer testified about the wealth gap and lost wages due to slavery, and Spriggs’ testimony focused on labor. Spriggs and Craemer were part of a team of economic experts working with the task force. Spriggs, 68, died earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11897977 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/College-Avenue-Apartment-complex.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dec. 7-8, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force heard from a series of experts on infrastructure, economics, homelessness and entertainment. Members also discussed the racist and xenophobic remarks posted in the online chat. A collaboration with UCLA’s Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies to create reparations listening sessions throughout the state was approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jan. 27-28, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force listened to witnesses on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11903718/from-credit-scores-to-job-applications-californias-reparations-task-force-looks-to-algorithms\">discrimination in technology\u003c/a>, public health, mental health and physical health. The members had a robust discussion on eligibility. Weber provided expert testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttDyjWSBTTk&t=3s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 23-24, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force discussed past and current reparations efforts. Erwin Chemerinsky, the dean of the UC Berkeley School of Law, testified on the legal implications of Proposition 209, which prohibits the use of race, ethnicity or sex as criteria in public employment, public contracting and public education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kaycea Campbell, professor of economics at Pierce College, along with Craemer, Darity and Spriggs, were unanimously approved as economic consultants by task force members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February marked the 80th year since people of Japanese descent, many of them Americans, were incarcerated during World War II. KQED’s Annelise Finney wrote about the incarceration of Tamaki’s parents and how the Civil Rights Movement inspired organizing for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations\">Japanese reparations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YLFtziiPk&t=597s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 29-30, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force discussed the criminal legal system, anti-Black hate crimes, the history of policing and the war on drugs. It also heard from a panel on genealogy and eligibility. The body voted in favor of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11909471/unpacking-reparations-eligibility-in-california\">lineage-based\u003c/a> reparations model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11944986 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS63478_005_KQED_AlisonFordBerkeley_03022023-qut-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>April 13-14, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force held the first in-person meeting at the Third Street Baptist Church in San Francisco, where Brown is the senior pastor. The meeting focused on educational institutions as well as updates on community engagement and strategic communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 1, 2022:\u003c/strong> The task force published an \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/ab3121/reports\">interim report\u003c/a>, which examined “the compounding harms experienced by African Americans as a result of slavery and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11942302/californias-legislature-has-roots-in-slavery-are-lawmakers-ready-to-confront-that\">its lingering effects on American society today\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 23-24, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force meeting in Los Angeles focused on examples of domestic and international reparations models and the principles for effective reparations based on human rights law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dec. 14-15, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force met in Oakland to go over a draft of the final recommendations. It heard from local reparations efforts in different cities and counties across California and also re-examined the scope of work for the communications firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11943263 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-1317879072-1020x665.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jan. 27-28, 2023: \u003c/strong>The task force met in San Diego. The members heard from experts on tax law, as well as local reparations efforts in San Francisco, Berkeley and Sacramento. Discussions on recommendations for changing laws and what an apology from the state might look like continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 21, 2023:\u003c/strong> “The Reasons for Reparations,” the first episode of KQED’s five-part YouTube series on reparations, is published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnwBMVDCx_M\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 3-4, 2023: \u003c/strong>Much of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11945690/californias-reparations-task-force-oks-method-to-calculate-lost-wealth-whats-next\">task force\u003c/a> meeting in Sacramento served as an update from advisory committees on communications and formal apologies. The members listened to a panel on implementation plans and approved the concept for a California Freedmen’s Affairs office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 29-30, 2023: \u003c/strong>The task force met in Sacramento again. Brown attended the meeting from Ghana as part of Vice President Kamala Harris’ delegation. The members received the final calculations from the economic experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/lakitalki/status/1508832379971915785\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>May 6, 2023: \u003c/strong>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11948385/californias-making-a-plan-for-reparations-but-will-anyone-hear-about-it\">task force held its last substantive meeting\u003c/a> in Oakland. Though more procedural in content, the audience interaction was contentious and two people were escorted out for disturbing the meeting. The draft of the final report and recommendations were approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 29, 2023: \u003c/strong>The final task force meeting will be held in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The 9-member body examined the state's history for 2 years. Follow this timeline of key moments as final recommendations are submitted to the Legislature.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1688054756,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":51,"wordCount":2155},"headData":{"title":"How California's Reparations Task Force Reached Its Final Proposal | KQED","description":"The 9-member body examined the state's history for 2 years. Follow this timeline of key moments as final recommendations are submitted to the Legislature.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"How California's Reparations Task Force Reached Its Final Proposal","datePublished":"2023-06-29T11:00:58.000Z","dateModified":"2023-06-29T16:05:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"audioUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/Forum-2022-01-14b.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11954129/how-californias-reparations-task-force-reached-its-final-proposal","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In June 2022, I took an early-morning Amtrak train for a five-hour trip to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/allensworth\">Allensworth\u003c/a>, a town located 30 minutes off Interstate 5 near Bakersfield. It was founded in 1908 and envisioned as a Black utopia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To escape racist violence after the Civil War, Black people built settlements known as freedmen’s towns in a number of states across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allensworth, founded by Lt. Col. Allen Allensworth, who was enslaved in Kentucky before fleeing and becoming a Union soldier, was the first of its kind in California, and it was governed entirely by Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11949153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11949153\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023.jpg\" alt='A gray building with a sign out front that reads, \"Allensworth Community Center.\" A white SUV is parked in the driveway and gray clouds hover above. The road surrounding the property is visibly wet from flooding.' width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Allensworth Community Center in Allensworth, Tulare County, on May 4, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before boarding, I noticed a Black, elderly woman with a walker and a colorful knit bag. She allowed me to carry her walker as we boarded the train. We found seats across from each other and shared food, stories and songs during the ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She leaned in when she spoke, her eyes scanning the passing scenery. Our conversation was lively. Her enthusiasm and soprano voice — she sang with the Oakland Symphony Chorus, and wasn’t shy about singing on the train — featured prominently in the story KQED published a few months later \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11925020/promised-land-a-historically-black-california-town-honors-its-proud-painful-past-and-fights-for-its-future\">about the history of Allensworth and the state park in town\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11905371","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/CA-capitol-building-1020x574.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxine Butler died about a month after the story was published. She was 70. She died from COVID-19 and pancreatic cancer, according to her obituary. A fiercely religious woman, she told me God would take her when it was time. Yet, I couldn’t help but think of her death as part of a larger tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, the life expectancy for Black people was 70.8 years compared to 76.4 years for white people, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/report/key-data-on-health-and-health-care-by-race-and-ethnicity/#:~:text=Provisional%20data%20from%202021%20show,77.7%20years%20for%20Hispanic%20people.\">according to the Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>. If the U.S. had a more equitable health care system, would Butler have had a few more years to live?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are over 30 pages of recommendations to address mental and physical harm in the California Reparations Task Force’s final report. The nine-member body examined California’s history over the last two years and submitted its final recommendations to the state Legislature on Thursday, June 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I attended nearly all of the meetings. I even canceled plans to be present because what we pay attention to is an expression of our values — as a society and as a media organization. Attending these meetings has been exciting, boring, confusing and heartwarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were moments when I felt like I was at a live concert with songs, dance and verbal affirmations from the audience. At other times, it was like watching friends fight. There were family reunion vibes and also tedious moments when I started to think about my next meal. Through it all, I spent more time with this task force than I have with some of my close family members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954291\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A man with calm expression stands with his hands folded in front of him as he speaks to a woman with her back toward the camera. They both stand inside a church located in San Francisco. Pews surround them.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Task force member Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis speaks with an attendee during the second day of an in-person meeting of the California Reparations Task Force at the Third Baptist Church in San Francisco on April 14, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I know the cadence of their voices. I know to expect mini-sermons from Rev. Amos C. Brown. When needed, Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis, chair of UC Berkeley’s geography department, would calmly get members back on track by summarizing points while also posing questions. A colleague once described the skill as wizardry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lewis also reminded the audience to do their reading. I read and I researched. I live-tweeted the meetings. I talked to people. And then, I distilled the information into stories. Racism and systemic inequality are so deeply ingrained in society that I wondered if all the task force’s efforts will have any impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11892312","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/RS47078_004_SanFrancisco_LowellBSURally_02052021-qut-1020x679.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allensworth blossomed into a thriving town before racism squeezed it into submission. Once a destination where Black people from around the country moved for safety and an opportunity to flourish, Allensworth is now a dusty Central Valley outpost. Still, it was on Butler’s bucket list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can still hear her singing lyrics from a 1930s gospel hit by Sister Rosetta Tharpe that was later popularized by the folk singer Woody Guthrie. “This train is bound for glory,” she sang. “This train.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force’s report could be bound for glory — or obscurity. Whether or not the recommendations are adopted will, in part, be determined by public pressure. Here’s a timeline of the first-in-the-nation statewide body to study reparations for Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with short, curly brown hair, dangly earrings and a red, blue and cream-patterned blouse sits as she poses for a portrait. A calm look on her face. She wears a simple gold pendant necklace.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assemblymember Dr. Shirley Weber poses for a portrait at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco on March 8, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 21, 2020:\u003c/strong> Dr. Shirley Weber, then an Assembly member, introduces \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB3121\">AB 3121\u003c/a>, the legislation that created the task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aug. 29, 2020\u003c/strong>: The legislation passes the Assembly 33-3. The Assembly floor analysis states that the bill comes at an “opportune time” when there is an “increased willingness to undertake a thoughtful and informed discussion of the issue of reparations.” It also notes that the bill “gives California the opportunity to take the lead in fostering a critically important and long overdue official discussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aug. 30, 2020\u003c/strong>: AB 3121 passes the Senate 58-12. The final version of the bill changes the composition of the task force members from eight to nine and adds a “special consideration” clause: “Task Force to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans” with “Special Consideration for African Americans Who are Descendants of Persons Enslaved in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 30, 2020\u003c/strong>: Gov. Gavin Newsom signs AB 3121.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1311432334743273472"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 1, 2021:\u003c/strong> Senate President Pro Tempore Toni G. Atkins (D-San Diego) appoints Sen. Steven Bradford (D-Gardena) and San Diego City Council member Monica Montgomery Steppe to the task force. Atkins highlights Bradford’s work as chair of the California Legislative Black Caucus and the Committee on Public Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>May 7, 2021: \u003c/strong>Gov. Newsom announces his appointments to the task force: Dr. Cheryl Grills, Lisa Holder, Donald K. Tamaki, Rev. Amos C. Brown and Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis. “California is leading the nation, in a bipartisan way, on the issue of reparations and racial justice, which is a discussion that is long overdue and deserves our utmost attention,” Newsom said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/05/07/governor-newsom-announces-appointments-to-first-in-the-nation-task-force-to-study-reparations-for-african-americans/\">press release\u003c/a>. Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon (D-Lakewood) appoints Kamilah Moore and Assemblymember Reginald Jones-Sawyer (D-Los Angeles).\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/TT_KXUR-zls'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/TT_KXUR-zls'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 1, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force meets for the first time. “Your task is to determine the depth of the harm and the ways in which we are to repair that harm,” Sec. of State Weber \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11876194/first-in-the-us-californias-task-force-on-reparations-looks-at-harms-of-slavery\">told task force members\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>July 9, 2021: \u003c/strong>At the second task force meeting, members discussed the importance of community engagement and communications strategy. Both Holder and Grills propose plans, and the members adopt a joint plan to serve as a guide for the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 23-24, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force has its first substantive meeting as the body hears from experts on national and international reparations efforts, slavery, political disenfranchisement, and the Great Migration when millions of Black Southerners left the rural South. Many settled in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11906054","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53887_GettyImages-1248797994-qut-800x505.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 24, 2021:\u003c/strong> William A. Darity Jr., the co-author of \u003cem>From Here to Equality, Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century\u003c/em>, published an \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/24/business/reparations-wealth-gap.html\">article\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> on the racial wealth gap. Darity is one of the task force’s economic consultants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oct. 12-13, 2021: \u003c/strong>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101886031/california-reparations-task-force-holds-latest-hearings-on-discrimination-in-housing-education-and-more\">task force heard from experts on housing\u003c/a>, education, environmental racism, banking and the racial wealth gap. The task force members began discussing eligibility. Dr. William Spriggs, a professor at Howard University, and Dr. Thomas Craemer, an associate professor in the Department of Public Policy at the University of Connecticut, provided testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craemer testified about the wealth gap and lost wages due to slavery, and Spriggs’ testimony focused on labor. Spriggs and Craemer were part of a team of economic experts working with the task force. Spriggs, 68, died earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11897977","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/College-Avenue-Apartment-complex.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dec. 7-8, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force heard from a series of experts on infrastructure, economics, homelessness and entertainment. Members also discussed the racist and xenophobic remarks posted in the online chat. A collaboration with UCLA’s Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies to create reparations listening sessions throughout the state was approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jan. 27-28, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force listened to witnesses on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11903718/from-credit-scores-to-job-applications-californias-reparations-task-force-looks-to-algorithms\">discrimination in technology\u003c/a>, public health, mental health and physical health. The members had a robust discussion on eligibility. Weber provided expert testimony.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ttDyjWSBTTk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ttDyjWSBTTk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 23-24, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force discussed past and current reparations efforts. Erwin Chemerinsky, the dean of the UC Berkeley School of Law, testified on the legal implications of Proposition 209, which prohibits the use of race, ethnicity or sex as criteria in public employment, public contracting and public education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kaycea Campbell, professor of economics at Pierce College, along with Craemer, Darity and Spriggs, were unanimously approved as economic consultants by task force members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February marked the 80th year since people of Japanese descent, many of them Americans, were incarcerated during World War II. KQED’s Annelise Finney wrote about the incarceration of Tamaki’s parents and how the Civil Rights Movement inspired organizing for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations\">Japanese reparations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/-0YLFtziiPk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/-0YLFtziiPk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 29-30, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force discussed the criminal legal system, anti-Black hate crimes, the history of policing and the war on drugs. It also heard from a panel on genealogy and eligibility. The body voted in favor of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11909471/unpacking-reparations-eligibility-in-california\">lineage-based\u003c/a> reparations model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11944986","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS63478_005_KQED_AlisonFordBerkeley_03022023-qut-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>April 13-14, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force held the first in-person meeting at the Third Street Baptist Church in San Francisco, where Brown is the senior pastor. The meeting focused on educational institutions as well as updates on community engagement and strategic communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 1, 2022:\u003c/strong> The task force published an \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/ab3121/reports\">interim report\u003c/a>, which examined “the compounding harms experienced by African Americans as a result of slavery and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11942302/californias-legislature-has-roots-in-slavery-are-lawmakers-ready-to-confront-that\">its lingering effects on American society today\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 23-24, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force meeting in Los Angeles focused on examples of domestic and international reparations models and the principles for effective reparations based on human rights law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dec. 14-15, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force met in Oakland to go over a draft of the final recommendations. It heard from local reparations efforts in different cities and counties across California and also re-examined the scope of work for the communications firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11943263","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-1317879072-1020x665.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jan. 27-28, 2023: \u003c/strong>The task force met in San Diego. The members heard from experts on tax law, as well as local reparations efforts in San Francisco, Berkeley and Sacramento. Discussions on recommendations for changing laws and what an apology from the state might look like continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 21, 2023:\u003c/strong> “The Reasons for Reparations,” the first episode of KQED’s five-part YouTube series on reparations, is published.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vnwBMVDCx_M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vnwBMVDCx_M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 3-4, 2023: \u003c/strong>Much of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11945690/californias-reparations-task-force-oks-method-to-calculate-lost-wealth-whats-next\">task force\u003c/a> meeting in Sacramento served as an update from advisory committees on communications and formal apologies. The members listened to a panel on implementation plans and approved the concept for a California Freedmen’s Affairs office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 29-30, 2023: \u003c/strong>The task force met in Sacramento again. Brown attended the meeting from Ghana as part of Vice President Kamala Harris’ delegation. The members received the final calculations from the economic experts.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1508832379971915785"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>May 6, 2023: \u003c/strong>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11948385/californias-making-a-plan-for-reparations-but-will-anyone-hear-about-it\">task force held its last substantive meeting\u003c/a> in Oakland. Though more procedural in content, the audience interaction was contentious and two people were escorted out for disturbing the meeting. The draft of the final report and recommendations were approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 29, 2023: \u003c/strong>The final task force meeting will be held in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11954129/how-californias-reparations-task-force-reached-its-final-proposal","authors":["11626"],"categories":["news_31795","news_8"],"tags":["news_30345","news_26650","news_30652","news_4750","news_27626","news_16","news_4691","news_6431","news_2267","news_2997","news_61","news_2923"],"featImg":"news_11954143","label":"news"},"news_11952398":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11952398","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11952398","score":null,"sort":[1686139248000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"inspired-by-black-leaders-japanese-americans-got-reparations-after-wwii","title":"Inspired by Black Leaders, Japanese Americans Got Reparations After WWII","publishDate":1686139248,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Inspired by Black Leaders, Japanese Americans Got Reparations After WWII | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">\u003ci>Reparations in California\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> is a series of KQED stories and videos exploring the road to racial equity in the state.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Reparations Task Force will present its recommendations to the Legislature next month, the culmination of two years of examining the historic harms of slavery and anti-Black racism in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At KQED, we feel this is an appropriate time to look back at the push for redress by the last racial group to receive reparations for discrimination: Japanese Americans. For the third episode of our reparations video \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnwBMVDCx_M\">series\u003c/a>, my colleague Manjula Varghese produced a video that recounts how the civil rights movement inspired tens of thousands of Japanese Americans to demand remuneration for four years of imprisonment during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YLFtziiPk\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The video also indirectly illuminates why the reparations effort for Black people has consistently faltered: There is a lack of unified and coordinated support, something that was evident in the lobbying of the federal government by Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The civil rights movement led by Black leaders woke us up,” Donald K. Tamaki, one of nine members of the California Reparations Task Force, says in the video. “This had an impact on the country, but it certainly had an impact on Japanese Americans. By 1970, the next generation, the third generation of Japanese Americans, began to ask questions and demand an accounting of what happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s parents were among the estimated 82,000 Japanese Americans who received reparations more than three decades ago for the mass incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry, many of whom were Americans, during World War II. About 120,000 people who had their constitutional rights revoked during the war were imprisoned at 10 sites, including two in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 1942, Japanese people living on the West Coast were ordered to abandon their homes, businesses and jobs. The U.S. government claimed that the wartime incarceration was necessary to prevent sabotage and spying following the bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service. Two months later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized the displacement of people of Japanese ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, traumatized Japanese Americans didn’t speak of what they had endured. But by observing Black Americans organize against social injustices during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, Japanese Americans were galvanized to open up, according to Tamaki.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Reparations in California\" link1=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations,Explore why California launched the first-in-the-nation task force to study reparations for Black people\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/02/RiCLandingPageGraphic-1020x574.png\"]“We saw ourselves as second-class citizens,” Tamaki, who was raised in Oakland, told KQED’s Annelise Finney for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations\">story\u003c/a> last year that marked 80 years since Japanese people were forced from their homes and imprisoned. “It wasn’t until the Black civil rights movement that our community, my father included, and others began to realize that this is not normal. This is not the way it should be. And I think that motivated him to testify.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s father testified in front of a commission established to explore reparations during hearings at Golden Gate University in San Francisco in 1981. In 1988, after a two-decade drive, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 offered an official apology and a payment of $20,000 to former detainees who were still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California could pave the road for a national reparations plan for Black people — on July 1, the task force will present its recommendations to the Legislature. Last month, the group \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ab3121-agenda10-ch17-draft-05062023.pdf\">released formulas and calculations for remuneration\u003c/a>, including up to $115,260 — or $2,352 for each year of residency between 1971 and 2020 — as compensation for mass incarceration and discriminatory policing and sentencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To remedy health disparities, economists working with the task force suggest $966,921 per Black Californian for “total loss in value of life due to racial discrimination.” The calculation is based on the average life expectancy for Black Californians — 71 years — multiplied by $13,619 for each year lived in the state. Based on calculations by the economists, a Black resident could receive up to $1.2 million in compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Tateishi, former executive director of the Japanese American Citizens League, the nation’s oldest and largest Asian American civil rights organization, played an influential role in the Japanese redress campaign. His family was forced from their home in Los Angeles and imprisoned at the Manzanar War Relocation Center in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our video, Tateishi shares why he believes reparations for Black people are important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you talk about Black reparations, it’s so much more complex — the degree of damage and the harm and the legacy,” he said. “And people will say, ‘But we can’t afford it.’ And my response to that is, ‘Can we afford not to do that?’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t correct this injustice, correct this wrong, what does that mean about us as a society and a nation and a democracy?”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the third installment of KQED's reparations video series, we take a look back at the push for redress by the last racial group to receive reparations for discrimination: Japanese Americans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1686240023,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":887},"headData":{"title":"Inspired by Black Leaders, Japanese Americans Got Reparations After WWII | KQED","description":"In the third installment of KQED's reparations video series, we take a look back at the push for redress by the last racial group to receive reparations for discrimination: Japanese Americans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Inspired by Black Leaders, Japanese Americans Got Reparations After WWII","datePublished":"2023-06-07T12:00:48.000Z","dateModified":"2023-06-08T16:00:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"source":"Commentary","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11952398/inspired-by-black-leaders-japanese-americans-got-reparations-after-wwii","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">\u003ci>Reparations in California\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> is a series of KQED stories and videos exploring the road to racial equity in the state.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Reparations Task Force will present its recommendations to the Legislature next month, the culmination of two years of examining the historic harms of slavery and anti-Black racism in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At KQED, we feel this is an appropriate time to look back at the push for redress by the last racial group to receive reparations for discrimination: Japanese Americans. For the third episode of our reparations video \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnwBMVDCx_M\">series\u003c/a>, my colleague Manjula Varghese produced a video that recounts how the civil rights movement inspired tens of thousands of Japanese Americans to demand remuneration for four years of imprisonment during World War II.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/-0YLFtziiPk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/-0YLFtziiPk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The video also indirectly illuminates why the reparations effort for Black people has consistently faltered: There is a lack of unified and coordinated support, something that was evident in the lobbying of the federal government by Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The civil rights movement led by Black leaders woke us up,” Donald K. Tamaki, one of nine members of the California Reparations Task Force, says in the video. “This had an impact on the country, but it certainly had an impact on Japanese Americans. By 1970, the next generation, the third generation of Japanese Americans, began to ask questions and demand an accounting of what happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s parents were among the estimated 82,000 Japanese Americans who received reparations more than three decades ago for the mass incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry, many of whom were Americans, during World War II. About 120,000 people who had their constitutional rights revoked during the war were imprisoned at 10 sites, including two in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 1942, Japanese people living on the West Coast were ordered to abandon their homes, businesses and jobs. The U.S. government claimed that the wartime incarceration was necessary to prevent sabotage and spying following the bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service. Two months later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized the displacement of people of Japanese ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, traumatized Japanese Americans didn’t speak of what they had endured. But by observing Black Americans organize against social injustices during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, Japanese Americans were galvanized to open up, according to Tamaki.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Reparations in California ","link1":"https://www.kqed.org/reparations,Explore why California launched the first-in-the-nation task force to study reparations for Black people","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/02/RiCLandingPageGraphic-1020x574.png"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We saw ourselves as second-class citizens,” Tamaki, who was raised in Oakland, told KQED’s Annelise Finney for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations\">story\u003c/a> last year that marked 80 years since Japanese people were forced from their homes and imprisoned. “It wasn’t until the Black civil rights movement that our community, my father included, and others began to realize that this is not normal. This is not the way it should be. And I think that motivated him to testify.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s father testified in front of a commission established to explore reparations during hearings at Golden Gate University in San Francisco in 1981. In 1988, after a two-decade drive, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 offered an official apology and a payment of $20,000 to former detainees who were still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California could pave the road for a national reparations plan for Black people — on July 1, the task force will present its recommendations to the Legislature. Last month, the group \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ab3121-agenda10-ch17-draft-05062023.pdf\">released formulas and calculations for remuneration\u003c/a>, including up to $115,260 — or $2,352 for each year of residency between 1971 and 2020 — as compensation for mass incarceration and discriminatory policing and sentencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To remedy health disparities, economists working with the task force suggest $966,921 per Black Californian for “total loss in value of life due to racial discrimination.” The calculation is based on the average life expectancy for Black Californians — 71 years — multiplied by $13,619 for each year lived in the state. Based on calculations by the economists, a Black resident could receive up to $1.2 million in compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Tateishi, former executive director of the Japanese American Citizens League, the nation’s oldest and largest Asian American civil rights organization, played an influential role in the Japanese redress campaign. His family was forced from their home in Los Angeles and imprisoned at the Manzanar War Relocation Center in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our video, Tateishi shares why he believes reparations for Black people are important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you talk about Black reparations, it’s so much more complex — the degree of damage and the harm and the legacy,” he said. “And people will say, ‘But we can’t afford it.’ And my response to that is, ‘Can we afford not to do that?’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t correct this injustice, correct this wrong, what does that mean about us as a society and a nation and a democracy?”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11952398/inspired-by-black-leaders-japanese-americans-got-reparations-after-wwii","authors":["11770"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_30656","news_30652","news_31116","news_27626","news_6431","news_17856"],"featImg":"news_11952400","label":"source_news_11952398"},"news_11927282":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11927282","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11927282","score":null,"sort":[1664583538000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-loss-of-my-familys-farm-is-a-loss-for-californias-japanese-agricultural-legacy","title":"The Loss of My Family's Farm Is a Loss for California's Japanese Agricultural Legacy","publishDate":1664583538,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report Magazine | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":26731,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us as part of a collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://civileats.com/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>, a daily news source for critical thought about the American food system.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For much of my 20s, I fantasized about working on a farm. I’d wake up with the birds and spend most of my time outdoors, learning about the basics like soil composition, pest management and tractor safety. The plants themselves would teach the more conceptual subjects, on tenacity and growth. This version of myself would be more attuned to nature and to herself — the kind of knowing that I imagined could only come from true solitude, away from technology and the white noise of everyday life. The farm would be my \"Walden.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t realize it then, but my daydreaming wasn’t just a coping mechanism — it was largely a yearning for connection with my Japanese heritage, and the side of my family I share it with. They’d been farming in California since immigrating, and, when I was growing up, our relationship had mostly boiled down to annual pleasantries (not including my bachan, my grandma, who attended all of my horse shows and volleyball games with a bag of salty Tengu beef jerky in hand).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927398\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927398\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"A woman on a farm holding cut sunflowers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caroline Hatano harvesting her first sunflowers at Siena Farms in Sudbury, Massachusetts, in 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Caroline Hatano)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until last year, on the brink of turning 30, that I finally got the nerve to hit pause on the college-to-corporate-America pipeline to work on a vegetable farm just outside Boston. At my 9-to-5 job, I’d been a senior editor at a small content agency. On the farm, I was just another Carhartt-clad apprentice plastering bandages on my tender, cracked hands. Each week, we’d seed new plants in the greenhouse, transplant and maintain seedlings in the fields, harvest as fast as we could, and pack boxes for the weekly CSA (community-supported agriculture) in an assembly line, with someone’s playlist setting the pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before I ever even touched a harvest knife, I knew my favorite crop would be sunflowers. And sure enough, every time I worked my way down a towering row, tilting each flower’s belly down to check how many petals had popped, stumbling out of the field with as many as I could sling across each arm, infant-style, I was reminded of my jichan — my grandpa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-simple\">\n\u003cp>Some 70 years ago, he had sized up his newly leased plot of land and \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2021/11/24/the-last-japanese-american-farm-on-the-palos-verdes-peninsula-will-close-this-is-why/\">decided to gamble on the very same flower\u003c/a>. His farm was across the country in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, a coastal Los Angeles suburb that looks like a California tourism poster, with dramatic rolling hills and cliffs to match. When he died in 2015, just a year after retiring, I had a kind of awakening, realizing I’d missed my opportunity to connect with him in any kind of meaningful adult way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after I wrapped up my apprenticeship and moved to Brooklyn, I learned that his farm, which had continued to operate under his longtime foreman, \u003ca href=\"https://abc7.com/rancho-palos-verdes-hatano-farm-facing-shut-down-land-use/11569082/\">would soon be forced to close\u003c/a>. Like many farmers in the U.S., he’d rented his land, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2021/11/24/the-last-japanese-american-farm-on-the-palos-verdes-peninsula-will-close-this-is-why/\">under pressure\u003c/a> from the National Park Service, the city of Rancho Palos Verdes was terminating the lease. It would have meant the end of an era for my family regardless, but his farm also happens to hold a larger, more significant legacy: It’s the last Japanese American-founded farm on a peninsula that was once home to hundreds of them — and on Aug. 16, 2022, it ceased to exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927395\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927395\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-800x590.jpg\" alt=\"A man holding baby's breath flowers, while standing beside a white van.\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-1020x752.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers.jpg 1075w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">James Hatano favored baby’s breath on his Rancho Palos Verdes ranch, for its slight drought resistance. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up hearing stories about what the peninsula used to be like, back when it was crowded with strawberry and garbanzo bean farms run by Japanese Americans, and my dad would go pigeon hunting with the rest of the farm kids as a method of pest control. Now the area is home to a Trump golf course, a luxury coastal resort and neat rows of identical houses. That's all thanks to the Japanese American community, which first leased the land in 1882 and transformed it from desert into \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunset.com/home-garden/brief-history-of-japanese-american-farmers-in-the-west\">fertile farmland\u003c/a>. Together, many of the farmers pioneered dry-farming techniques that are still in use today, and increasingly important as California’s climate grows increasingly arid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve since learned that a similar story played out up and down the West Coast, despite Japanese immigrants not being able to legally own agricultural land in California until 1952. By the 1910s, nearly two-thirds of residents with Japanese ancestry on the West Coast worked in farming. And they were incredibly successful at it — \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/files/research/japanese-americans/justice-denied/chapter-4.pdf\">the average value per acre was $280\u003c/a> for Japanese farms, versus an average $38 for all West Coast farms. In Los Angeles County, where my jichan raised sunflowers and baby’s breath, Japanese American farmers generated $16 million of the $25 million flower market business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927394\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-800x524.jpeg\" alt=\"An newsletter description about the Future Farmers of America, showing a photo of young Japanese men.\" width=\"800\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-800x524.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-1020x668.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-160x105.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While incarcerated at the Poston, Arizona, camp, James Hatano was a member of the Future Farmers of America organization. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, then, that in 1942, when 120,000 Japanese people on the West Coast (\u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1201502/japanese-internment-camps-during-world-war-ii-are-a-lesson-in-the-scary-economics-of-racial-resentment/\">the vast majority of whom were American citizens\u003c/a>) were incarcerated in concentration camps following Executive Order 9066, white growers were the ones who benefited from commodity price spikes due to shortages. And it’s no coincidence that today, white landowners still control an estimated 98% of farmland in the U.S. I was reminded of this fact every time I toured another organic farm last summer — each grew the same things, used the same tools, shared the same foundational history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the subsequent years of incarceration, many Japanese Americans \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunset.com/home-garden/brief-history-of-japanese-american-farmers-in-the-west\">lost their land, had their equipment stolen, and were forced into agricultural work at camps\u003c/a>. Most never returned to their former agrarian lives. After the war, the U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that Japanese American farm ownership, including leases, dropped to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/19/515822019/farming-behind-barbed-wire-japanese-americans-remember-wwii-incarceration\">less than a quarter\u003c/a> of what it had been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My jichan was incarcerated in the Poston, Arizona, camp as a teenager, eventually escaping by enlisting in the military. It wasn’t until the 1950s that he leased his peninsula plot from the military, \u003ca href=\"https://www.visualcapitalist.com/how-much-land-does-the-u-s-military-control-in-each-state/\">which still controls 1.7 million acres of land in California\u003c/a>. When the city of Rancho Palos Verdes was incorporated in 1973, part of the land-transfer agreement mandated that the parcel he was on be converted to recreational use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it was out of guilt, respect or plain-old bureaucratic disorganization, the city allowed my jichan to renew his lease anyway until 2014. That was the year he retired and transferred the lease to Martin Martinez, who had started working with him at the farm as a teenage immigrant from Mexico. Allowing his legacy to live on through Martinez would have been especially meaningful, as he represents another oppressed community that now forms the backbone of California agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When my jichan’s lease expires, with it will go our community’s only tangible tie to the land we nurtured and made viable, land that provided Japanese Americans with livelihoods, camaraderie and an anchor in times of great turbulence and terror. And although Rancho Palos Verdes is pursuing a historical designation with the intention of preserving that history in some way, it doesn’t feel equitable in any sense. A plaque doesn’t maintain a sense of place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seattletimes.com/life/food-drink/meet-bainbridge-islands-last-japanese-american-farmer/#:~:text=Across%20the%20island%2C%20Japanese%20American,community%20of%20Japanese%20American%20farmers.\">And this story isn’t singular\u003c/a>, which naturally leads me to a string of what-ifs: If Executive Order 9066 had never been issued, if Japanese Americans didn’t suffer devastating economic setbacks as a result, if we didn’t continue to face discriminatory laws after the war ended, would my jichan have been able to buy land? Would property ownership alone have dramatically changed California’s agricultural landscape?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, leasing farmland is still common practice today: In 2016, the USDA reported that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/land-use-land-value-tenure/farmland-ownership-and-tenure/#:~:text=Approximately%2039%20percent%20of%20the,over%2025%20percent%20of%20pastureland\">more than half of cropland in the U.S. is rented\u003c/a>. An inability to acquire land is one of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.agriculture.com/news/business/barriers-for-beginning-farmers\">biggest barriers to entry for new farmers\u003c/a>, and because many white families already own farmland or other land they can sell to acquire it, farming remains a predominantly white industry. Like many things in this country, the hierarchy — with white landowners at the top and immigrant laborers at the bottom — stays intact by structural design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927399\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11927399\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg\" alt=\"Three farmers pose in a crop of nopales.\" width=\"800\" height=\"589\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nopales were also a common crop on Hatano’s farm, which sold well to Mexican restaurants in the area. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before I started my apprenticeship, I wondered if one season of farming would be enough to fulfill my agrarian fantasy. Now, a full year out, I find myself mentally drifting back to the easy routine of last summer — of spending all day with my hands in the dirt, playing Marco Polo in the sunflower fields, driving home in silence with the windows down, smelling like sweat and tomato plants. I recognize in farming and gardening an opportunity to feed people, but also to build collective knowledge, establish traditions and honor shared history. And, eventually, I hope, to challenge the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things I like most about farming is that you’re always building on your own work. Over time you create the kind of soil you want, and each season you review last year’s notes and make adjustments to improve yield. It’s a practice that rewards patience. In some ways, turning soil over is almost like burying our dead — cover crops and sunflower stalks become food for the next generation. Which means that long after you’ve left land behind, there’s always evidence you were there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My jichan’s farm might no longer exist in name after this month, but in every plant that blooms up and down the peninsula, there will be a small piece of him and the community he belonged to. And that’s something no one can take away.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An ode to the Japanese American community that transformed Southern California into the agricultural hub it is today. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1664639000,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1734},"headData":{"title":"The Loss of My Family's Farm Is a Loss for California's Japanese Agricultural Legacy | KQED","description":"An ode to the Japanese American community that transformed Southern California into the agricultural hub it is today. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"The Loss of My Family's Farm Is a Loss for California's Japanese Agricultural Legacy","datePublished":"2022-10-01T00:18:58.000Z","dateModified":"2022-10-01T15:43:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11927282 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11927282","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2022/09/30/the-loss-of-my-familys-farm-is-a-loss-for-californias-japanese-agricultural-legacy/","disqusTitle":"The Loss of My Family's Farm Is a Loss for California's Japanese Agricultural Legacy","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/a92a8b54-87e6-483a-a29e-af200152defe/audio.mp3","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://civileats.com/author/chatano/\">Caroline Hatano\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/news/11927282/the-loss-of-my-familys-farm-is-a-loss-for-californias-japanese-agricultural-legacy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us as part of a collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://civileats.com/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>, a daily news source for critical thought about the American food system.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For much of my 20s, I fantasized about working on a farm. I’d wake up with the birds and spend most of my time outdoors, learning about the basics like soil composition, pest management and tractor safety. The plants themselves would teach the more conceptual subjects, on tenacity and growth. This version of myself would be more attuned to nature and to herself — the kind of knowing that I imagined could only come from true solitude, away from technology and the white noise of everyday life. The farm would be my \"Walden.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t realize it then, but my daydreaming wasn’t just a coping mechanism — it was largely a yearning for connection with my Japanese heritage, and the side of my family I share it with. They’d been farming in California since immigrating, and, when I was growing up, our relationship had mostly boiled down to annual pleasantries (not including my bachan, my grandma, who attended all of my horse shows and volleyball games with a bag of salty Tengu beef jerky in hand).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927398\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927398\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"A woman on a farm holding cut sunflowers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caroline Hatano harvesting her first sunflowers at Siena Farms in Sudbury, Massachusetts, in 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Caroline Hatano)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until last year, on the brink of turning 30, that I finally got the nerve to hit pause on the college-to-corporate-America pipeline to work on a vegetable farm just outside Boston. At my 9-to-5 job, I’d been a senior editor at a small content agency. On the farm, I was just another Carhartt-clad apprentice plastering bandages on my tender, cracked hands. Each week, we’d seed new plants in the greenhouse, transplant and maintain seedlings in the fields, harvest as fast as we could, and pack boxes for the weekly CSA (community-supported agriculture) in an assembly line, with someone’s playlist setting the pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before I ever even touched a harvest knife, I knew my favorite crop would be sunflowers. And sure enough, every time I worked my way down a towering row, tilting each flower’s belly down to check how many petals had popped, stumbling out of the field with as many as I could sling across each arm, infant-style, I was reminded of my jichan — my grandpa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-simple\">\n\u003cp>Some 70 years ago, he had sized up his newly leased plot of land and \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2021/11/24/the-last-japanese-american-farm-on-the-palos-verdes-peninsula-will-close-this-is-why/\">decided to gamble on the very same flower\u003c/a>. His farm was across the country in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, a coastal Los Angeles suburb that looks like a California tourism poster, with dramatic rolling hills and cliffs to match. When he died in 2015, just a year after retiring, I had a kind of awakening, realizing I’d missed my opportunity to connect with him in any kind of meaningful adult way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after I wrapped up my apprenticeship and moved to Brooklyn, I learned that his farm, which had continued to operate under his longtime foreman, \u003ca href=\"https://abc7.com/rancho-palos-verdes-hatano-farm-facing-shut-down-land-use/11569082/\">would soon be forced to close\u003c/a>. Like many farmers in the U.S., he’d rented his land, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2021/11/24/the-last-japanese-american-farm-on-the-palos-verdes-peninsula-will-close-this-is-why/\">under pressure\u003c/a> from the National Park Service, the city of Rancho Palos Verdes was terminating the lease. It would have meant the end of an era for my family regardless, but his farm also happens to hold a larger, more significant legacy: It’s the last Japanese American-founded farm on a peninsula that was once home to hundreds of them — and on Aug. 16, 2022, it ceased to exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927395\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927395\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-800x590.jpg\" alt=\"A man holding baby's breath flowers, while standing beside a white van.\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-1020x752.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers.jpg 1075w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">James Hatano favored baby’s breath on his Rancho Palos Verdes ranch, for its slight drought resistance. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up hearing stories about what the peninsula used to be like, back when it was crowded with strawberry and garbanzo bean farms run by Japanese Americans, and my dad would go pigeon hunting with the rest of the farm kids as a method of pest control. Now the area is home to a Trump golf course, a luxury coastal resort and neat rows of identical houses. That's all thanks to the Japanese American community, which first leased the land in 1882 and transformed it from desert into \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunset.com/home-garden/brief-history-of-japanese-american-farmers-in-the-west\">fertile farmland\u003c/a>. Together, many of the farmers pioneered dry-farming techniques that are still in use today, and increasingly important as California’s climate grows increasingly arid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve since learned that a similar story played out up and down the West Coast, despite Japanese immigrants not being able to legally own agricultural land in California until 1952. By the 1910s, nearly two-thirds of residents with Japanese ancestry on the West Coast worked in farming. And they were incredibly successful at it — \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/files/research/japanese-americans/justice-denied/chapter-4.pdf\">the average value per acre was $280\u003c/a> for Japanese farms, versus an average $38 for all West Coast farms. In Los Angeles County, where my jichan raised sunflowers and baby’s breath, Japanese American farmers generated $16 million of the $25 million flower market business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927394\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-800x524.jpeg\" alt=\"An newsletter description about the Future Farmers of America, showing a photo of young Japanese men.\" width=\"800\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-800x524.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-1020x668.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-160x105.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While incarcerated at the Poston, Arizona, camp, James Hatano was a member of the Future Farmers of America organization. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, then, that in 1942, when 120,000 Japanese people on the West Coast (\u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1201502/japanese-internment-camps-during-world-war-ii-are-a-lesson-in-the-scary-economics-of-racial-resentment/\">the vast majority of whom were American citizens\u003c/a>) were incarcerated in concentration camps following Executive Order 9066, white growers were the ones who benefited from commodity price spikes due to shortages. And it’s no coincidence that today, white landowners still control an estimated 98% of farmland in the U.S. I was reminded of this fact every time I toured another organic farm last summer — each grew the same things, used the same tools, shared the same foundational history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the subsequent years of incarceration, many Japanese Americans \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunset.com/home-garden/brief-history-of-japanese-american-farmers-in-the-west\">lost their land, had their equipment stolen, and were forced into agricultural work at camps\u003c/a>. Most never returned to their former agrarian lives. After the war, the U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that Japanese American farm ownership, including leases, dropped to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/19/515822019/farming-behind-barbed-wire-japanese-americans-remember-wwii-incarceration\">less than a quarter\u003c/a> of what it had been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My jichan was incarcerated in the Poston, Arizona, camp as a teenager, eventually escaping by enlisting in the military. It wasn’t until the 1950s that he leased his peninsula plot from the military, \u003ca href=\"https://www.visualcapitalist.com/how-much-land-does-the-u-s-military-control-in-each-state/\">which still controls 1.7 million acres of land in California\u003c/a>. When the city of Rancho Palos Verdes was incorporated in 1973, part of the land-transfer agreement mandated that the parcel he was on be converted to recreational use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it was out of guilt, respect or plain-old bureaucratic disorganization, the city allowed my jichan to renew his lease anyway until 2014. That was the year he retired and transferred the lease to Martin Martinez, who had started working with him at the farm as a teenage immigrant from Mexico. Allowing his legacy to live on through Martinez would have been especially meaningful, as he represents another oppressed community that now forms the backbone of California agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When my jichan’s lease expires, with it will go our community’s only tangible tie to the land we nurtured and made viable, land that provided Japanese Americans with livelihoods, camaraderie and an anchor in times of great turbulence and terror. And although Rancho Palos Verdes is pursuing a historical designation with the intention of preserving that history in some way, it doesn’t feel equitable in any sense. A plaque doesn’t maintain a sense of place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seattletimes.com/life/food-drink/meet-bainbridge-islands-last-japanese-american-farmer/#:~:text=Across%20the%20island%2C%20Japanese%20American,community%20of%20Japanese%20American%20farmers.\">And this story isn’t singular\u003c/a>, which naturally leads me to a string of what-ifs: If Executive Order 9066 had never been issued, if Japanese Americans didn’t suffer devastating economic setbacks as a result, if we didn’t continue to face discriminatory laws after the war ended, would my jichan have been able to buy land? Would property ownership alone have dramatically changed California’s agricultural landscape?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, leasing farmland is still common practice today: In 2016, the USDA reported that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/land-use-land-value-tenure/farmland-ownership-and-tenure/#:~:text=Approximately%2039%20percent%20of%20the,over%2025%20percent%20of%20pastureland\">more than half of cropland in the U.S. is rented\u003c/a>. An inability to acquire land is one of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.agriculture.com/news/business/barriers-for-beginning-farmers\">biggest barriers to entry for new farmers\u003c/a>, and because many white families already own farmland or other land they can sell to acquire it, farming remains a predominantly white industry. Like many things in this country, the hierarchy — with white landowners at the top and immigrant laborers at the bottom — stays intact by structural design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927399\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11927399\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg\" alt=\"Three farmers pose in a crop of nopales.\" width=\"800\" height=\"589\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nopales were also a common crop on Hatano’s farm, which sold well to Mexican restaurants in the area. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before I started my apprenticeship, I wondered if one season of farming would be enough to fulfill my agrarian fantasy. Now, a full year out, I find myself mentally drifting back to the easy routine of last summer — of spending all day with my hands in the dirt, playing Marco Polo in the sunflower fields, driving home in silence with the windows down, smelling like sweat and tomato plants. I recognize in farming and gardening an opportunity to feed people, but also to build collective knowledge, establish traditions and honor shared history. And, eventually, I hope, to challenge the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things I like most about farming is that you’re always building on your own work. Over time you create the kind of soil you want, and each season you review last year’s notes and make adjustments to improve yield. It’s a practice that rewards patience. In some ways, turning soil over is almost like burying our dead — cover crops and sunflower stalks become food for the next generation. Which means that long after you’ve left land behind, there’s always evidence you were there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My jichan’s farm might no longer exist in name after this month, but in every plant that blooms up and down the peninsula, there will be a small piece of him and the community he belonged to. And that’s something no one can take away.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11927282/the-loss-of-my-familys-farm-is-a-loss-for-californias-japanese-agricultural-legacy","authors":["byline_news_11927282"],"programs":["news_26731"],"categories":["news_223","news_8"],"tags":["news_4092","news_31720","news_18163","news_6431","news_17856","news_29180"],"featImg":"news_11927397","label":"news_26731"},"news_11906518":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11906518","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11906518","score":null,"sort":[1646046036000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"it-was-done-before-remembering-reparations-for-japanese-americans-in-the-fight-today","title":"Remembering the Fight for Japanese American Reparations","publishDate":1646046036,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Remembering the Fight for Japanese American Reparations | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reparations in California\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a series of KQED stories exploring the road to racial equity in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California is in the process of a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906054/it-means-to-repair-what-you-should-know-about-reparations-for-black-californians\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">first-of-its-kind study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> into reparations for Black Californians.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process of hashing out reparations can seem daunting. and the U.S. has not fully reckoned with its deepest harms, like enslavement of Black Americans or the genocide of Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the U.S. has provided reparations before — namely, for Japanese Americans, who were taken from their homes all over the West Coast and incarcerated during World War 2. Now, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California’s current reparations task force is modeled, in part, after the commission that studied and recommended reparations for American citizens of Japanese ancestry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we look back on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations\">what it took for Japanese Americans in the Bay Area to fight for reparations\u003c/a> — and how that history is linked to the reparations process unfolding right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guest: \u003c/b>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sharkfinney\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Annelise Finney\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, KQED reporter\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/35ILats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Episode Transcript \u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"card card--enclosed grey\">\n\u003cp id=\"embed-code\" class=\"inconsolata\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC1841573922&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700690780,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":169},"headData":{"title":"Remembering the Fight for Japanese American Reparations | KQED","description":"Reparations in California is a series of KQED stories exploring the road to racial equity in the state. California is in the process of a first-of-its-kind study into reparations for Black Californians. The process of hashing out reparations can seem daunting. and the U.S. has not fully reckoned with its deepest harms, like enslavement of","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Remembering the Fight for Japanese American Reparations","datePublished":"2022-02-28T11:00:36.000Z","dateModified":"2023-11-22T22:06:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"source":"The Bay","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/thebay","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC1841573922.mp3?updated=1645867428","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/news/11906518/it-was-done-before-remembering-reparations-for-japanese-americans-in-the-fight-today","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reparations in California\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a series of KQED stories exploring the road to racial equity in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California is in the process of a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906054/it-means-to-repair-what-you-should-know-about-reparations-for-black-californians\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">first-of-its-kind study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> into reparations for Black Californians.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process of hashing out reparations can seem daunting. and the U.S. has not fully reckoned with its deepest harms, like enslavement of Black Americans or the genocide of Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the U.S. has provided reparations before — namely, for Japanese Americans, who were taken from their homes all over the West Coast and incarcerated during World War 2. Now, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California’s current reparations task force is modeled, in part, after the commission that studied and recommended reparations for American citizens of Japanese ancestry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we look back on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations\">what it took for Japanese Americans in the Bay Area to fight for reparations\u003c/a> — and how that history is linked to the reparations process unfolding right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guest: \u003c/b>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sharkfinney\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Annelise Finney\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, KQED reporter\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/35ILats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Episode Transcript \u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"card card--enclosed grey\">\n\u003cp id=\"embed-code\" class=\"inconsolata\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC1841573922&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11906518/it-was-done-before-remembering-reparations-for-japanese-americans-in-the-fight-today","authors":["8654","11772","11802","11649"],"programs":["news_28779"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_30345","news_30652","news_6431","news_22598"],"featImg":"news_11906159","label":"source_news_11906518"},"news_11906015":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11906015","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11906015","score":null,"sort":[1645624826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations","title":"How Japanese Americans in the Bay Area Are Carrying Forward the Legacy of Reparations","publishDate":1645624826,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">Reparations in California\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> is a series of KQED stories exploring the road to racial equity in the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Donald Tamaki sat in an empty auditorium at Golden Gate University in San Francisco flipping through pages of a photo album until he found what he was looking for.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Donald Tamaki, member, California Reparations Task Force\"]'For those who think that the current reparations effort for Black Americans is a pipe dream, that it's impossible, I remind them that, actually, it was done before.'[/pullquote]From underneath the clear page protector, an image of his mother’s face beamed up at him. By her side in the photo are two of her grandchildren. One holds a letter and the other a white paper check from the United States government for $20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s parents were among the estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/redress\">82,000 Japanese Americans who received reparations\u003c/a> more than three decades ago for the mass incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry during World War II. It was in this auditorium, in 1981, that Tamaki’s father testified in front of a commission established to explore reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month marks the 80th year since Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were imprisoned, beginning in 1942. The U.S. government claimed that the wartime incarceration was necessary to prevent sabotage and spying following the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two months later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized the displacement of people of Japanese ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A finger pointing to a photo of a women in an album.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Tamaki, a member of the California Reparations Task Force, points to a photo of his mother in an album compiled by his parents, documenting the 1981 Japanese American reparations movement. Below the photo is a check for $20,000 that his parents received as reparation for the injustice inflicted on them during World War II. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incarceration was the result of a racist hysteria in a country that still hasn’t reckoned with its long history of racism. In California, there were \u003ca href=\"https://maps.densho.org/sitesofshame/?facilityCategories=WRA%7CEAIS%7CHawaii&farDestVisible=true&farPreVisible=true&farSelectedCamp=&lat=37.2875&layers=exclusion%20orders%7Csos-facilities&lng=-117.6780&selectedFamily=&zoom=5.078681400972185\">23 sites\u003c/a> where Japanese people, many of whom were American-born citizens, including Tamaki’s parents, were imprisoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than three decades since his mother received some compensation and an apology for the injustices she suffered, Tamaki, a senior attorney at San Francisco law firm Minami Tamaki LLP, is working on another reparations movement, this time for Black Californians. Tamaki, 70, is a member of California’s Reparations Task Force, the nine-member group appointed to study the issue and recommend proposals to address the systemic marginalization and oppression of Black people in California since the state’s founding in 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born and raised in Oakland, Tamaki is the only non-Black member of the task force. He said his parents’ incarceration was connected to white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entrenchment of white supremacy in this country’s institutions and laws has handcuffed the experience of Black people in America since the first enslaved Africans were delivered to Virginia’s shores in 1619.[aside label=\"Related Coverage\" tag=\"japanese-american-internment\"]“Every person of color has been impacted by it, but some groups certainly worse than others and none more persistently and as long and horrifically, I think, as African Americans,” said Tamaki, who was appointed to the task force by Gov. Gavin Newsom. “The Japanese American incarceration that my family faced was simply just a permutation and was an offshoot of that system that permitted it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both born and raised in the Bay Area, Tamaki’s parents — his father, Minoru, and his mother, Iyo — were in their early 20s when Pearl Harbor was bombed. In the aftermath of the attack, law enforcement officials raided Japanese American communities along the West Coast, ordering curfews for residents and arresting community leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru’s family removed anything from their home that appeared Japanese, burning family photos and wall hangings containing calligraphy. Iyo’s family found hate mail slipped under the door of the family's tailoring shop in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru and Iyo, along with nearly 8,000 Bay Area residents of Japanese ancestry, were required to report to a detention center at Tanforan Racetrack, a horse-racing facility in San Bruno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru’s family closed the hotel they owned in San Francisco's Japantown, handing the keys to an acquaintance, who was Black, to keep safe. Minoru stopped attending pharmacology classes at UC Berkeley. Japanese people were told to pack only essentials — something to sleep on, eating utensils, cups and plates — for Tanforan, and they weren’t given any information on how long they’d be incarcerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru, Iyo and their families slept in hastily converted horse stalls for months before being sent 700 miles away to the Topaz War Relocation Center in Utah. They were not allowed to return home for three years. At the end of the war, Minoru's family settled in Oakland and reopened their hotel across the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s current reparations task force is modeled, in part, after the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, the body that studied and recommended reparations for Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906167\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A man posing in a hall.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donald Tamaki, a member of the California Reparations Task Force, outside Golden Gate University in San Francisco on Feb. 1, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Commission members traveled around the country to gather testimony from people who experienced wartime incarceration. For the three days the commission was in the Bay Area in 1981, public hearings were held in Golden Gate University’s auditorium, during which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/JA-Reparations-Finney-Minoru-Tamaki-CWRIC-Testimony.mp3\">Minoru shared his story of imprisonment\u003c/a> and how it affected his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki, then a young lawyer, wasn’t able to see his father’s testimony on the third day because he was working to overturn the conviction of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese American man from Oakland who had resisted incarceration. Korematsu claimed the exclusion of a specific racial group from the West Coast was unconstitutional. The 1942 conviction was formally vacated in 1983.[aside postID=news_11905371 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/CA-capitol-building-1020x574.jpg']“I didn't view it as being particularly historic at the time,” Tamaki said of his father’s testimony, during his first trip back to the auditorium since the hearings. “It was a defining moment in my own parents' lives. Up to that point, they had never talked about what had happened. After this, they began to speak out and open up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the reparations movement, it was common for people who’d been through incarceration to keep quiet about what they endured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Culturally speaking, one Japanese tradition is the tradition of gaman. Gaman, loosely translated, means you endure hardship,” Tamaki said. “You don't say anything about it. You deal with it and you just suck it up, basically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki said it was also a form of survival in a society dominated by white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these folks who were put in concentration camps when the war ended returned to the very communities that exiled them in the first place,” Tamaki said. “And so the way of dealing with it was to not talk about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906166\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906166\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A woman standing in a garden.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee outside her home in Mill Valley on Jan. 27, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1981, Naomi Kubota Lee, then a UC Berkeley undergraduate student, was the co-chair for the San Francisco branch of the \u003ca href=\"https://ncrr-la.org/about.html\">National Coalition for Redress/Reparations\u003c/a>, a Japanese American grassroots organization that organized people to testify at the commission hearings. Lee’s parents and grandparents were incarcerated at Topaz with Tamaki’s parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee keeps an archive from the hearings, filled with transcripts of testimony and handbills, stored in three rows of filing boxes in a studio in her Mill Valley home. She remembers sitting in the audience, surrounded by other Japanese Americans, listening to people describe their experiences, in some cases, for the very first time. The rapt audience cheered for the speakers, while also weeping with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really quite an emotional process when I reopen and read some testimonies here and there,” Lee said. “I can actually remember the people. Their voices come back into my thinking. There's a healing thing about being heard, being listened to finally. It wasn't just for the commissioners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill granting reparations passed on Aug. 4, 1988. The package included $20,000 for each survivor, a letter of apology from President George H.W. Bush and a federal grant program to fund public education projects about Japanese American incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gave me a sense that it really honored my ancestors,” Lee said. “I think that’s the first feeling I had — happiness for them. Maybe not happiness, but just that it reversed the terrible silence surrounding the camps and what they had to live through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A women looks through an album.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee looks through her archive of documents and photos relating to the Japanese American redress and reparations movement, at her home in Mill Valley on Jan. 27, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In total, just over two-thirds of the people incarcerated received monetary reparations. Many, like Lee’s grandparents, passed away before they could receive a payment. While the checks didn’t repay Japanese Americans for what was lost, Lee said the money provided recognition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki said it was being viewed as an American — deserving of an apology and compensation — that mattered most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That's the problem for all people of color, this concept that you're a perpetual foreigner, you're not a real American,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the way Black Americans organized during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s that galvanized Japanese Americans to demand reparations, according to Tamaki.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We grew up not knowing who we were. Racism becomes so pervasive that it's normal. We saw ourselves as second-class citizens,” he said. “It wasn’t until the Black civil rights movement that our community, my father included, and others began to realize that this is not normal. This is not the way it should be. And I think that motivated him to testify.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906160\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Someone holding a black-and-white photo of a family.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee looks at photos of her family from when they were imprisoned at the Topaz concentration camp during WWII. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This summer, the task force Tamaki is part of will host listening sessions across the state, in partnership with UCLA’s Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies. Black Californians are invited to share how the legacy of slavery has affected their lives and what kinds of reparations would be meaningful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For those who think that the current reparations effort for Black Americans is a pipe dream, that it's impossible, I remind them that, actually, it was done before,” Tamaki said. “It's going to take all of us to change this country. It can't be done by Black people alone.”[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than three decades since Japanese Americans in California received a formal apology and some degree of compensation for injustices they suffered during World War II, some are advancing another reparations movement — this time for Black Californians.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1645653399,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1887},"headData":{"title":"How Japanese Americans in the Bay Area Are Carrying Forward the Legacy of Reparations | KQED","description":"More than three decades since Japanese Americans in California received a formal apology and some degree of compensation for injustices they suffered during World War II, some are advancing another reparations movement — this time for Black Californians.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"How Japanese Americans in the Bay Area Are Carrying Forward the Legacy of Reparations","datePublished":"2022-02-23T14:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2022-02-23T21:56:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11906015 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11906015","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2022/02/23/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations/","disqusTitle":"How Japanese Americans in the Bay Area Are Carrying Forward the Legacy of Reparations","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/23869d7b-639e-42e6-9e8b-ae40012d85aa/audio.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">Reparations in California\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> is a series of KQED stories exploring the road to racial equity in the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Donald Tamaki sat in an empty auditorium at Golden Gate University in San Francisco flipping through pages of a photo album until he found what he was looking for.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'For those who think that the current reparations effort for Black Americans is a pipe dream, that it's impossible, I remind them that, actually, it was done before.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Donald Tamaki, member, California Reparations Task Force","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>From underneath the clear page protector, an image of his mother’s face beamed up at him. By her side in the photo are two of her grandchildren. One holds a letter and the other a white paper check from the United States government for $20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s parents were among the estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/redress\">82,000 Japanese Americans who received reparations\u003c/a> more than three decades ago for the mass incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry during World War II. It was in this auditorium, in 1981, that Tamaki’s father testified in front of a commission established to explore reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month marks the 80th year since Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were imprisoned, beginning in 1942. The U.S. government claimed that the wartime incarceration was necessary to prevent sabotage and spying following the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two months later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized the displacement of people of Japanese ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A finger pointing to a photo of a women in an album.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Tamaki, a member of the California Reparations Task Force, points to a photo of his mother in an album compiled by his parents, documenting the 1981 Japanese American reparations movement. Below the photo is a check for $20,000 that his parents received as reparation for the injustice inflicted on them during World War II. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incarceration was the result of a racist hysteria in a country that still hasn’t reckoned with its long history of racism. In California, there were \u003ca href=\"https://maps.densho.org/sitesofshame/?facilityCategories=WRA%7CEAIS%7CHawaii&farDestVisible=true&farPreVisible=true&farSelectedCamp=&lat=37.2875&layers=exclusion%20orders%7Csos-facilities&lng=-117.6780&selectedFamily=&zoom=5.078681400972185\">23 sites\u003c/a> where Japanese people, many of whom were American-born citizens, including Tamaki’s parents, were imprisoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than three decades since his mother received some compensation and an apology for the injustices she suffered, Tamaki, a senior attorney at San Francisco law firm Minami Tamaki LLP, is working on another reparations movement, this time for Black Californians. Tamaki, 70, is a member of California’s Reparations Task Force, the nine-member group appointed to study the issue and recommend proposals to address the systemic marginalization and oppression of Black people in California since the state’s founding in 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born and raised in Oakland, Tamaki is the only non-Black member of the task force. He said his parents’ incarceration was connected to white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entrenchment of white supremacy in this country’s institutions and laws has handcuffed the experience of Black people in America since the first enslaved Africans were delivered to Virginia’s shores in 1619.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Coverage ","tag":"japanese-american-internment"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Every person of color has been impacted by it, but some groups certainly worse than others and none more persistently and as long and horrifically, I think, as African Americans,” said Tamaki, who was appointed to the task force by Gov. Gavin Newsom. “The Japanese American incarceration that my family faced was simply just a permutation and was an offshoot of that system that permitted it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both born and raised in the Bay Area, Tamaki’s parents — his father, Minoru, and his mother, Iyo — were in their early 20s when Pearl Harbor was bombed. In the aftermath of the attack, law enforcement officials raided Japanese American communities along the West Coast, ordering curfews for residents and arresting community leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru’s family removed anything from their home that appeared Japanese, burning family photos and wall hangings containing calligraphy. Iyo’s family found hate mail slipped under the door of the family's tailoring shop in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru and Iyo, along with nearly 8,000 Bay Area residents of Japanese ancestry, were required to report to a detention center at Tanforan Racetrack, a horse-racing facility in San Bruno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru’s family closed the hotel they owned in San Francisco's Japantown, handing the keys to an acquaintance, who was Black, to keep safe. Minoru stopped attending pharmacology classes at UC Berkeley. Japanese people were told to pack only essentials — something to sleep on, eating utensils, cups and plates — for Tanforan, and they weren’t given any information on how long they’d be incarcerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru, Iyo and their families slept in hastily converted horse stalls for months before being sent 700 miles away to the Topaz War Relocation Center in Utah. They were not allowed to return home for three years. At the end of the war, Minoru's family settled in Oakland and reopened their hotel across the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s current reparations task force is modeled, in part, after the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, the body that studied and recommended reparations for Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906167\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A man posing in a hall.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donald Tamaki, a member of the California Reparations Task Force, outside Golden Gate University in San Francisco on Feb. 1, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Commission members traveled around the country to gather testimony from people who experienced wartime incarceration. For the three days the commission was in the Bay Area in 1981, public hearings were held in Golden Gate University’s auditorium, during which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/JA-Reparations-Finney-Minoru-Tamaki-CWRIC-Testimony.mp3\">Minoru shared his story of imprisonment\u003c/a> and how it affected his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki, then a young lawyer, wasn’t able to see his father’s testimony on the third day because he was working to overturn the conviction of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese American man from Oakland who had resisted incarceration. Korematsu claimed the exclusion of a specific racial group from the West Coast was unconstitutional. The 1942 conviction was formally vacated in 1983.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11905371","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/CA-capitol-building-1020x574.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I didn't view it as being particularly historic at the time,” Tamaki said of his father’s testimony, during his first trip back to the auditorium since the hearings. “It was a defining moment in my own parents' lives. Up to that point, they had never talked about what had happened. After this, they began to speak out and open up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the reparations movement, it was common for people who’d been through incarceration to keep quiet about what they endured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Culturally speaking, one Japanese tradition is the tradition of gaman. Gaman, loosely translated, means you endure hardship,” Tamaki said. “You don't say anything about it. You deal with it and you just suck it up, basically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki said it was also a form of survival in a society dominated by white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these folks who were put in concentration camps when the war ended returned to the very communities that exiled them in the first place,” Tamaki said. “And so the way of dealing with it was to not talk about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906166\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906166\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A woman standing in a garden.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee outside her home in Mill Valley on Jan. 27, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1981, Naomi Kubota Lee, then a UC Berkeley undergraduate student, was the co-chair for the San Francisco branch of the \u003ca href=\"https://ncrr-la.org/about.html\">National Coalition for Redress/Reparations\u003c/a>, a Japanese American grassroots organization that organized people to testify at the commission hearings. Lee’s parents and grandparents were incarcerated at Topaz with Tamaki’s parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee keeps an archive from the hearings, filled with transcripts of testimony and handbills, stored in three rows of filing boxes in a studio in her Mill Valley home. She remembers sitting in the audience, surrounded by other Japanese Americans, listening to people describe their experiences, in some cases, for the very first time. The rapt audience cheered for the speakers, while also weeping with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really quite an emotional process when I reopen and read some testimonies here and there,” Lee said. “I can actually remember the people. Their voices come back into my thinking. There's a healing thing about being heard, being listened to finally. It wasn't just for the commissioners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill granting reparations passed on Aug. 4, 1988. The package included $20,000 for each survivor, a letter of apology from President George H.W. Bush and a federal grant program to fund public education projects about Japanese American incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gave me a sense that it really honored my ancestors,” Lee said. “I think that’s the first feeling I had — happiness for them. Maybe not happiness, but just that it reversed the terrible silence surrounding the camps and what they had to live through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A women looks through an album.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee looks through her archive of documents and photos relating to the Japanese American redress and reparations movement, at her home in Mill Valley on Jan. 27, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In total, just over two-thirds of the people incarcerated received monetary reparations. Many, like Lee’s grandparents, passed away before they could receive a payment. While the checks didn’t repay Japanese Americans for what was lost, Lee said the money provided recognition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki said it was being viewed as an American — deserving of an apology and compensation — that mattered most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That's the problem for all people of color, this concept that you're a perpetual foreigner, you're not a real American,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the way Black Americans organized during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s that galvanized Japanese Americans to demand reparations, according to Tamaki.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We grew up not knowing who we were. Racism becomes so pervasive that it's normal. We saw ourselves as second-class citizens,” he said. “It wasn’t until the Black civil rights movement that our community, my father included, and others began to realize that this is not normal. This is not the way it should be. And I think that motivated him to testify.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906160\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Someone holding a black-and-white photo of a family.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee looks at photos of her family from when they were imprisoned at the Topaz concentration camp during WWII. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This summer, the task force Tamaki is part of will host listening sessions across the state, in partnership with UCLA’s Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies. Black Californians are invited to share how the legacy of slavery has affected their lives and what kinds of reparations would be meaningful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For those who think that the current reparations effort for Black Americans is a pipe dream, that it's impossible, I remind them that, actually, it was done before,” Tamaki said. “It's going to take all of us to change this country. It can't be done by Black people alone.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations","authors":["11772"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_18538","news_30652","news_27626","news_6431","news_2267","news_28180","news_28211","news_2923"],"featImg":"news_11906133","label":"news"},"news_11905723":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11905723","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11905723","score":null,"sort":[1645226235000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"george-takei-got-reparations-he-says-they-strengthen-the-integrity-of-america","title":"George Takei Got Reparations. He Says They 'Strengthen the Integrity of America'","publishDate":1645226235,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>On Feb. 19, 1942, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. It \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation#background\">sent approximately 70,000 U.S. citizens\u003c/a> into \u003ca href=\"#concentrationcamp\">concentration camps\u003c/a> for years, including a very young \u003ca href=\"https://www.georgetakei.com/\">George Takei\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was 5 years old at the time,\" recalls the actor. \"It was a terrorizing morning I will never be able to forget. Literally at gunpoint, we were ordered out of our home.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best known for playing Mr. Sulu in the original \"Star Trek,\" Takei is a longtime activist whose causes have included LGBTQ rights and reparations for Japanese American survivors of concentration camps. In 1942, his family was sent to Rohwer War Relocation Center in Arkansas, then later to Tule Lake Segregation Center in Northern California. The Takei family was among thousands of American families who lost their homes, farms, stores, cars, churches, temples and countless belongings because of xenophobia and racism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some people had their life savings taken from them just because we looked like the people who bombed Pearl Harbor,\" Takei says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11905725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11905725 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/gettyimages-2696598-c8618e2cb82ad24872943ba94c33ff875df34960-scaled-e1645224923493.jpg\" alt=\"black and white photo of a car in front of a downtown Oakland storefront, with a large sign saying 'I AM AN AMERICAN' hung above the entrance\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign on the Wanto Co. grocery store in Oakland on Dec. 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The store was closed and the Matsuda family, who owned it, was relocated and incarcerated by the U.S. government. \u003ccite>(Dorothea Lange/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Collectively, Japanese Americans forced into concentration camps lost more than $6 billion adjusted for inflation, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/06/15/The-economic-losses-of-Japanese-Americans-interned-during-World-War/5877424497600/\">an estimate from the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a story George Takei has told over and over: \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/17/742558996/george-takei-recalls-time-in-an-american-internment-camp-in-they-called-us-enemy\">in a memoir\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-Bo59p_B7U\">on Broadway\u003c/a>, and to members of Congress in 1981. Takei testified at a hearing as part of an effort to push for redress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I urge restitution for the incarceration of Japanese Americans because that restitution would, at the same time, be a bold move to strengthen the integrity of America,\" Takei told a federal commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other activists, he succeeded. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan, a Republican, signed legislation to give $20,000 and a formal apology to Japanese Americans who had survived incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Takei dedicated the money he received from the federal government to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.janm.org/\">Japanese American National Museum\u003c/a> in Los Angeles. Now, he's a passionate supporter of redress for descendants of enslaved people in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For us, it was four horrific years,\" Takei says. \"For African Americans, it's four torturous centuries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Reparations in California' tag='california-reparations']Such solidarity warms the heart of \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/experts/andre-m-perry/\">Andre Perry, a renowned scholar of reparations and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institute\u003c/a>. \"George is exerting a level of patriotism that we don't see today,\" he says. \"You can be of a different persuasion but share a common cause, a common purpose. I may not be related to you, but civically, I'm your brother. I'm your sister. I'm your friend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If he were around, I'd give him a big hug,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perry notes that the historic experiences of Black Americans and Japanese Americans are obviously very different, but ultimately, he says, it's about getting to a similar place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even with slavery, it's not impossible to find out who deserves reparations,\" he points out. \"And it's clearly not impossible with redlining and criminal justice atrocities. That was not that long ago. We can identify who is injured and who deserves how much. It's really about willingness.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11905726\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11905726\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/gettyimages-151717374-53de73ad756ea52c6bb54825cb15b48019312275-scaled-e1645226050120.jpg\" alt=\"profile shot of george takei\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1439\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Actor George Takei in Hollywood in September 2012. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, composer \u003ca href=\"https://www.kenjibunch.net/\">Kenji Bunch\u003c/a> set George Takei's testimony before Congress to music. His piece, called \"Lost Freedom: A Memory,\" premiered at the Moab Music Festival. Takei himself provided narration. \"I believe that America today is strong enough and confident enough to recognize a grievous failure,\" he reads in his inimitable baritone. \"I believe that it is honest enough to acknowledge that damage was done. And I would like to think it is honorable enough to provide proper restitution to the injury that was done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does George Takei still believe that in 2022? He says he does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he believes America — and Americans — are still strong and honorable enough for the best of this country's ideals to prevail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca id=\"concentrationcamp\">\u003c/a>Editor's note: KQED is using the term \"concentration camp\" to describe the facilities in which Japanese American and Japanese people were imprisoned by the United States during World War II. The term \"internment\" most appropriately applies to the detention of foreign nationals during wartime — but during World War II, 70,000 U.S. citizens were incarcerated in camps. The phrase \"internment camp,\" in this context, is a euphemism and therefore misleading. \"Concentration camp\" is most associated with the facilities where millions of Jewish (and non-Jewish) people were forcibly relocated and massacred by the Nazis during the Holocaust. It is also appropriate for the experience of Japanese and Japanese American people in the U.S. during World War II, as the definition of \"concentration camp\" is \"a place where large numbers of people, especially political prisoners or members of persecuted minorities, are deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George+Takei+got+reparations.+He+says+they+%27strengthen+the+integrity+of+America%27+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Eighty years ago, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed an executive order that sent thousands of Japanese Americans to concentration camps. Actor George Takei was among them.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1645228654,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":877},"headData":{"title":"George Takei Got Reparations. He Says They 'Strengthen the Integrity of America' | KQED","description":"Eighty years ago, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed an executive order that sent thousands of Japanese Americans to concentration camps. Actor George Takei was among them.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"George Takei Got Reparations. He Says They 'Strengthen the Integrity of America'","datePublished":"2022-02-18T23:17:15.000Z","dateModified":"2022-02-18T23:57:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11905723 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11905723","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2022/02/18/george-takei-got-reparations-he-says-they-strengthen-the-integrity-of-america/","disqusTitle":"George Takei Got Reparations. He Says They 'Strengthen the Integrity of America'","source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org/","nprImageCredit":"Kaz Takeuchi","nprByline":"Neda Ulaby","nprImageAgency":"Visual Communications Photographic Archive","nprStoryId":"1077276293","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1077276293&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2022/02/18/1077276293/george-takei-got-reparations-he-says-they-strengthen-the-integrity-of-america?ft=nprml&f=1077276293","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 18 Feb 2022 12:45:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 18 Feb 2022 07:00:52 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 18 Feb 2022 12:45:02 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/news/11905723/george-takei-got-reparations-he-says-they-strengthen-the-integrity-of-america","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Feb. 19, 1942, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. It \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation#background\">sent approximately 70,000 U.S. citizens\u003c/a> into \u003ca href=\"#concentrationcamp\">concentration camps\u003c/a> for years, including a very young \u003ca href=\"https://www.georgetakei.com/\">George Takei\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was 5 years old at the time,\" recalls the actor. \"It was a terrorizing morning I will never be able to forget. Literally at gunpoint, we were ordered out of our home.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best known for playing Mr. Sulu in the original \"Star Trek,\" Takei is a longtime activist whose causes have included LGBTQ rights and reparations for Japanese American survivors of concentration camps. In 1942, his family was sent to Rohwer War Relocation Center in Arkansas, then later to Tule Lake Segregation Center in Northern California. The Takei family was among thousands of American families who lost their homes, farms, stores, cars, churches, temples and countless belongings because of xenophobia and racism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some people had their life savings taken from them just because we looked like the people who bombed Pearl Harbor,\" Takei says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11905725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11905725 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/gettyimages-2696598-c8618e2cb82ad24872943ba94c33ff875df34960-scaled-e1645224923493.jpg\" alt=\"black and white photo of a car in front of a downtown Oakland storefront, with a large sign saying 'I AM AN AMERICAN' hung above the entrance\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign on the Wanto Co. grocery store in Oakland on Dec. 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The store was closed and the Matsuda family, who owned it, was relocated and incarcerated by the U.S. government. \u003ccite>(Dorothea Lange/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Collectively, Japanese Americans forced into concentration camps lost more than $6 billion adjusted for inflation, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/06/15/The-economic-losses-of-Japanese-Americans-interned-during-World-War/5877424497600/\">an estimate from the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a story George Takei has told over and over: \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/17/742558996/george-takei-recalls-time-in-an-american-internment-camp-in-they-called-us-enemy\">in a memoir\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-Bo59p_B7U\">on Broadway\u003c/a>, and to members of Congress in 1981. Takei testified at a hearing as part of an effort to push for redress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I urge restitution for the incarceration of Japanese Americans because that restitution would, at the same time, be a bold move to strengthen the integrity of America,\" Takei told a federal commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other activists, he succeeded. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan, a Republican, signed legislation to give $20,000 and a formal apology to Japanese Americans who had survived incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Takei dedicated the money he received from the federal government to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.janm.org/\">Japanese American National Museum\u003c/a> in Los Angeles. Now, he's a passionate supporter of redress for descendants of enslaved people in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For us, it was four horrific years,\" Takei says. \"For African Americans, it's four torturous centuries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Reparations in California ","tag":"california-reparations"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Such solidarity warms the heart of \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/experts/andre-m-perry/\">Andre Perry, a renowned scholar of reparations and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institute\u003c/a>. \"George is exerting a level of patriotism that we don't see today,\" he says. \"You can be of a different persuasion but share a common cause, a common purpose. I may not be related to you, but civically, I'm your brother. I'm your sister. I'm your friend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If he were around, I'd give him a big hug,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perry notes that the historic experiences of Black Americans and Japanese Americans are obviously very different, but ultimately, he says, it's about getting to a similar place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even with slavery, it's not impossible to find out who deserves reparations,\" he points out. \"And it's clearly not impossible with redlining and criminal justice atrocities. That was not that long ago. We can identify who is injured and who deserves how much. It's really about willingness.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11905726\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11905726\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/gettyimages-151717374-53de73ad756ea52c6bb54825cb15b48019312275-scaled-e1645226050120.jpg\" alt=\"profile shot of george takei\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1439\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Actor George Takei in Hollywood in September 2012. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, composer \u003ca href=\"https://www.kenjibunch.net/\">Kenji Bunch\u003c/a> set George Takei's testimony before Congress to music. His piece, called \"Lost Freedom: A Memory,\" premiered at the Moab Music Festival. Takei himself provided narration. \"I believe that America today is strong enough and confident enough to recognize a grievous failure,\" he reads in his inimitable baritone. \"I believe that it is honest enough to acknowledge that damage was done. And I would like to think it is honorable enough to provide proper restitution to the injury that was done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does George Takei still believe that in 2022? He says he does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he believes America — and Americans — are still strong and honorable enough for the best of this country's ideals to prevail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca id=\"concentrationcamp\">\u003c/a>Editor's note: KQED is using the term \"concentration camp\" to describe the facilities in which Japanese American and Japanese people were imprisoned by the United States during World War II. The term \"internment\" most appropriately applies to the detention of foreign nationals during wartime — but during World War II, 70,000 U.S. citizens were incarcerated in camps. The phrase \"internment camp,\" in this context, is a euphemism and therefore misleading. \"Concentration camp\" is most associated with the facilities where millions of Jewish (and non-Jewish) people were forcibly relocated and massacred by the Nazis during the Holocaust. It is also appropriate for the experience of Japanese and Japanese American people in the U.S. during World War II, as the definition of \"concentration camp\" is \"a place where large numbers of people, especially political prisoners or members of persecuted minorities, are deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George+Takei+got+reparations.+He+says+they+%27strengthen+the+integrity+of+America%27+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11905723/george-takei-got-reparations-he-says-they-strengthen-the-integrity-of-america","authors":["byline_news_11905723"],"categories":["news_6188","news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_18538","news_6948","news_2842","news_6431","news_2267","news_19644","news_2923"],"featImg":"news_11905724","label":"source_news_11905723"},"news_11821133":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11821133","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11821133","score":null,"sort":[1590660059000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","title":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island","publishDate":1590660059,"format":"image","headTitle":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-687x916.jpg 687w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-414x552.jpg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-354x472.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese internees stayed in Angel Island’s immigration barracks where Chinese immigrants had carved poems of sadness and anguish on the walls decades earlier. \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up in the Bay Area and visited the island with my class in middle school. We learned about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11443320/as-chinese-exclusion-act-turns-135-experts-point-to-parallels-today\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a> and the discrimination Chinese immigrants faced on Angel Island \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/history\">from 1910-1940\u003c/a>. They were subjected to interrogations and invasive medical exams. Some were detained for months, or even years, in the crowded barracks. The poignant poems carved by Chinese immigrants onto the walls of Angel Island’s Immigration Station are still visible to visitors today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a Bay Curious listener mused about \u003cem>another\u003c/em> part of the island’s past — something I hadn’t heard of before: “I wonder about Angel Island and the history of Japanese internment camps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a Chinese American, learning about the island’s immigration history had felt personally important, but this listener’s question about Japanese internees made me contemplate if I truly understood the full extent of Asian American history on the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>FBI Deems Those With Cultural Ties to Japan as ‘Enemy Aliens’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Angel Island’s Japanese internment history eluded even the island’s park rangers and tour guides. I met with Grant Din, a researcher and former volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, who is virtually the only expert on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a National Park Service grant, Din spent about five years digging into Angel Island’s role in the internment of Japanese people during World War II. Many are already familiar with this \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10868581/photos-3-very-different-views-of-japanese-internment\">dark chapter of American history\u003c/a>, which remains to this day one of the most egregious examples of large-scale, federally sanctioned racial profiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821185 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473.jpg 1782w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Din (right), volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, researched Angel Island’s Japanese internment history with the help of student researcher Marissa Shoji (left). \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. government arrested and detained more than 110,000 U.S. residents and citizens of Japanese descent along the West Coast. Authorized through \u003ca href=\"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=74\">Executive Order 9066\u003c/a>, the decision was deemed a necessary precaution in case any people with Japanese ancestry living in the United States were secretly colluding with Japan’s war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11821314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPBS has a new documentary series called Asian Americans, about the identity, contributions and challenges experienced throughout American history. Watch it at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">PBS.org\u003c/a>, using the PBS app or at \u003ca href=\"https://video.kqed.org/\">video.kqed.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Japanese civilians, including families with young children, were uprooted from their homes and businesses. They were relocated to internment camps in remote areas throughout the U.S. Close to two-thirds of them were American-born and thus legal U.S. citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, there was the group that Din researched: another category of Japanese internees who had secretly been under close scrutiny by the Department of Justice and FBI for months, even years before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 17,000 Japanese issei immigrants (first generation residents born in Japan) were suspected of “subversive activities” and deemed the most “dangerous” threat to American security. The U.S. government called them “enemy aliens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After digging through national archives and researching historical accounts, Din compiled a database of these internees. About \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/wwiidetainees\">700 West Coast Japanese residents\u003c/a>, mostly from Hawaii, were briefly interned on Angel Island beginning in February 1942. The island was one of several temporary locations — another Bay Area location includes \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Sharp%20Park%20(detention%20facility)/\">Sharp Park in Pacifica\u003c/a> — where internees stayed for a week or so until being relocated to more permanent camps throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-632x474.jpeg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-536x402.jpeg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Japanese internees arrived at Angel Island, they were housed in the same facilities where Chinese immigrants had been detained over previous decades. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government was suspicious of this group of people because of their perceived ties to Japan or Japanese culture. The FBI tracked their movements, collected intel from informants and kept secret dossiers. Some of these individuals were community leaders, Buddhist and Shinto ministers or members of kendo and other martial arts clubs. Others had contributed to organizations deemed “pro-Japan” by the U.S. government or worked in Japanese consulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or sometimes, Din discovered, it was simply their hobbies: “I found that just the fact that one photographer had photographs of the Golden Gate Bridge, and a dam near Fresno under construction, was enough for them to label him a potential spy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his research findings, Din adds: “I didn’t find any concrete examples of any sabotage by any Japanese immigrants or Japanese Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Diary Entries Lead to Internment on Angel Island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of these “enemy aliens” was a 46-year-old Japanese immigrant named Kakuro Shigenaga. A father of four young children and a salesman at a general store in Maui, Shigenaga was arrested by the FBI on Jan. 7, 1942.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1020x1274.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1920x2398.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (front, center) with his family in 1955. When he was arrested by the FBI, Kakuro was separated from his wife (front, right), father in law Toyokichi Kuwano (front, left) and four children (back row: Lorraine, Winston, Winston’s wife Ruth and Sally. Not pictured: Kakuro’s son Akira) for the duration of the war. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kakuro’s grandson, San Rafael resident Mark Shigenaga, discovered that both his grandfather and great uncle had passed through Angel Island while digging into his family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after Pearl Harbor was attacked, the FBI seized Kakuro’s diary during a sweep when Kakuro happened to be visiting his brother, Shigeo Shigenaga, in Honolulu. The FBI claimed the diary’s entries contained anti-American and pro-Japanese writings. They became the centerpiece of Kakuro’s hearing, in which he was interrogated about his potential allegiance to Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"#transcript\">transcript of his hearing\u003c/a>, Kakuro expressed regret for writing sentiments that were perceived as anti-American. Through a Japanese translator, and without legal counsel, he insisted the writings were just a part of his daily, mindless exercise and that he was “earnestly desirous of peace” between Japan and the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM-160x202.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment card follows his journey to camps around the United States. \u003ccite>( Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one critical round of questioning, Kakuro said he was not “for Japan,” but he also answered “no” when he was asked if he was against Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That answer may have gotten him interned. If he had said yes, it would have changed the fate of our whole family,” Mark said. He says his grandfather’s testimony reflects a radically honest assessment of what it meant to be a Japanese immigrant in the U.S. at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So here he was, this person that was born in Japan, who immigrated to Hawaii. And then having the country of where he was born start a war with his new home,” Mark said. “And I think a lot of Japanese at the time were conflicted that way. It’s like, how could the country we were born from, where our ancestors are from, attack us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro was found to be “a subject of the Japanese empire” and “disloyal to the U.S.” He was among the first group of 172 Japanese Hawaiian immigrants who boarded the USS Ulysses Grant in late February 1942 headed for Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro Shigenaga endured an uncomfortable 10-day sea voyage crammed into compartments below sea level. Author Patsy Saiki described the trip Kakuro and the other internees took as “days of humiliation and suffering” in a historical account of the journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, about eight ships…formed a convoy which zigzagged its way to San Francisco. There were no portholes for they were below sea-level…What made the internees miserable was that they were locked, eight or ten in a room, for three hours at a time. At the end of three hours the door was unlocked and a guard escorted the men to a makeshift oil barrel latrine…It was continued days of humiliation and suffering…Transferred into small tugboats, they sailed … to Angel Island, which housed the Quarantine Station. Some of the men had never seen San Francisco, and this glimpse of the city and its environs reminded them of the misty hills of Japan.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Upon arrival to Angel Island, Kakuro and the other men were photographed, fingerprinted and examined in the nude for “infectious diseases.” Then they were each given two blankets and were told to go upstairs to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was extremely crowded and the odors were pretty strong and just the fact that, you know, 150 to 200 people were in this room designed really to hold about 60 was pretty overwhelming,” Din said. The room is 36 feet by 70 feet, and was lined with three tiered bunk beds. Men also slept on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most stays on the island were short, as men were quickly moved to inland internment camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro stayed on Angel Island from March 1-9 in 1942, and for the next three years, he moved to five different camps across the country, including in New Mexico, Louisiana, Wisconsin and Tennessee before being released when the war ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other civilian internees, Kakuro and other “enemy alien” internees were separated from their families for the entire duration of their internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45.jpg 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga at the Department of Justice internment camp in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he was held from 1944-1945. After leaving Angel Island, Kakuro Shigenaga was transferred to five different camps throughout the United States. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Shigenaga family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Legacy of Not Belonging\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Learning that his grandfather had been interned on Angel Island, just miles from where he lives now, was revelatory for Mark. “I take hikes on Angel Island! I had no idea that he was here, decades before I landed here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro didn’t talk about his internment experience or the circumstances that led to his arrest when Mark was growing up. But discovering the way his grandfather navigated his cultural identity in the face of such high stakes added a new dimension to the man he remembers as a serious, yet gentle grandfather who he’d spend summers with as a child in Maui.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 711px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821198 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg 711w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958-160x200.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Shigenaga with his grandfather Kakuro in Kihei, Maui, in 1958. As a first-born grandson, Mark spent summers in Hawaii with Kakuro, hanging out in the general store where he worked. Mark says he was “one of the hardest working people I’ve ever seen.” \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The realization that my grandfather was on Angel Island sort of opens up this curiosity about what his experience was, not only Angel Island, but every other part of his experience and moving from camp to camp,” Mark said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Kakuro urged his own kids to move off the island of Maui to the mainland to find new opportunities, despite the country’s imperfections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821225\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1920x1925.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-550x550.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-470x470.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (right) with his grandson Mark (left) and other grandchildren Arlene and Laurie Naito in 1962. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think about how the war experience shaped the way we were brought up,” Mark said. “Basically to be as American as possible, as American and apple pie as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/STOP_AAPI_HATE_MONTHLY_REPORT_4_23_20.pdf\">anti-Asian verbal and physical attacks\u003c/a> are taking place across the country as some people blame Asian Americans for the coronavirus pandemic. I think about how that longing to be perceived as simply American — not as foreigners, “enemy aliens” or pandemic starters — is a core part of the modern-day Asian American experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the legacy of Angel Island isn’t only the important history it teaches us; it represents the persistent anxiety that many Asian Americans feel about belonging in America, and the high stakes of perpetually being perceived as “other.” It’s a feeling that’s lasted through generations, and it continues to inform how Asian Americans negotiate their identities today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Additional Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment history, as well as profiles of other Japanese internees who stayed on Angel Island, check out Grant Din’s research \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/?sfid=9152&_sf_s=JACS\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To search through Department of Justice case files of “enemy aliens” during World War II, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/internment-files\">National Archives website\u003c/a> where you can find documents including transcripts, FBI reports and other records. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Think you may have had a family member who was interned on Angel Island during World War II? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/s/WWII-Detainees-on-Angel-Island-for-web.xlsx\">database of Angel Island Japanese internees\u003c/a> and contact Grant Din: \u003ca href=\"mailto:grant@tonaidin.net\">grant@tonaidin.net\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong id=\"transcript\">Transcript of Kakuro Shigenaga Internment Hearing\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n[documentcloud url=“https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6929486-KakuroShigenagaTestimonyTranscript.html” responsive=true]\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700590673,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":44,"wordCount":2265},"headData":{"title":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island | KQED","description":"Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island","datePublished":"2020-05-28T10:00:59.000Z","dateModified":"2023-11-21T18:17:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC2105243508.mp3","path":"/news/11821133/the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-687x916.jpg 687w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-414x552.jpg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-354x472.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese internees stayed in Angel Island’s immigration barracks where Chinese immigrants had carved poems of sadness and anguish on the walls decades earlier. \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up in the Bay Area and visited the island with my class in middle school. We learned about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11443320/as-chinese-exclusion-act-turns-135-experts-point-to-parallels-today\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a> and the discrimination Chinese immigrants faced on Angel Island \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/history\">from 1910-1940\u003c/a>. They were subjected to interrogations and invasive medical exams. Some were detained for months, or even years, in the crowded barracks. The poignant poems carved by Chinese immigrants onto the walls of Angel Island’s Immigration Station are still visible to visitors today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a Bay Curious listener mused about \u003cem>another\u003c/em> part of the island’s past — something I hadn’t heard of before: “I wonder about Angel Island and the history of Japanese internment camps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a Chinese American, learning about the island’s immigration history had felt personally important, but this listener’s question about Japanese internees made me contemplate if I truly understood the full extent of Asian American history on the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>FBI Deems Those With Cultural Ties to Japan as ‘Enemy Aliens’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Angel Island’s Japanese internment history eluded even the island’s park rangers and tour guides. I met with Grant Din, a researcher and former volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, who is virtually the only expert on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a National Park Service grant, Din spent about five years digging into Angel Island’s role in the internment of Japanese people during World War II. Many are already familiar with this \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10868581/photos-3-very-different-views-of-japanese-internment\">dark chapter of American history\u003c/a>, which remains to this day one of the most egregious examples of large-scale, federally sanctioned racial profiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821185 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473.jpg 1782w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Din (right), volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, researched Angel Island’s Japanese internment history with the help of student researcher Marissa Shoji (left). \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. government arrested and detained more than 110,000 U.S. residents and citizens of Japanese descent along the West Coast. Authorized through \u003ca href=\"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=74\">Executive Order 9066\u003c/a>, the decision was deemed a necessary precaution in case any people with Japanese ancestry living in the United States were secretly colluding with Japan’s war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11821314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPBS has a new documentary series called Asian Americans, about the identity, contributions and challenges experienced throughout American history. Watch it at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">PBS.org\u003c/a>, using the PBS app or at \u003ca href=\"https://video.kqed.org/\">video.kqed.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Japanese civilians, including families with young children, were uprooted from their homes and businesses. They were relocated to internment camps in remote areas throughout the U.S. Close to two-thirds of them were American-born and thus legal U.S. citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, there was the group that Din researched: another category of Japanese internees who had secretly been under close scrutiny by the Department of Justice and FBI for months, even years before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 17,000 Japanese issei immigrants (first generation residents born in Japan) were suspected of “subversive activities” and deemed the most “dangerous” threat to American security. The U.S. government called them “enemy aliens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After digging through national archives and researching historical accounts, Din compiled a database of these internees. About \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/wwiidetainees\">700 West Coast Japanese residents\u003c/a>, mostly from Hawaii, were briefly interned on Angel Island beginning in February 1942. The island was one of several temporary locations — another Bay Area location includes \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Sharp%20Park%20(detention%20facility)/\">Sharp Park in Pacifica\u003c/a> — where internees stayed for a week or so until being relocated to more permanent camps throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-632x474.jpeg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-536x402.jpeg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Japanese internees arrived at Angel Island, they were housed in the same facilities where Chinese immigrants had been detained over previous decades. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government was suspicious of this group of people because of their perceived ties to Japan or Japanese culture. The FBI tracked their movements, collected intel from informants and kept secret dossiers. Some of these individuals were community leaders, Buddhist and Shinto ministers or members of kendo and other martial arts clubs. Others had contributed to organizations deemed “pro-Japan” by the U.S. government or worked in Japanese consulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or sometimes, Din discovered, it was simply their hobbies: “I found that just the fact that one photographer had photographs of the Golden Gate Bridge, and a dam near Fresno under construction, was enough for them to label him a potential spy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his research findings, Din adds: “I didn’t find any concrete examples of any sabotage by any Japanese immigrants or Japanese Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Diary Entries Lead to Internment on Angel Island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of these “enemy aliens” was a 46-year-old Japanese immigrant named Kakuro Shigenaga. A father of four young children and a salesman at a general store in Maui, Shigenaga was arrested by the FBI on Jan. 7, 1942.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1020x1274.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1920x2398.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (front, center) with his family in 1955. When he was arrested by the FBI, Kakuro was separated from his wife (front, right), father in law Toyokichi Kuwano (front, left) and four children (back row: Lorraine, Winston, Winston’s wife Ruth and Sally. Not pictured: Kakuro’s son Akira) for the duration of the war. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kakuro’s grandson, San Rafael resident Mark Shigenaga, discovered that both his grandfather and great uncle had passed through Angel Island while digging into his family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after Pearl Harbor was attacked, the FBI seized Kakuro’s diary during a sweep when Kakuro happened to be visiting his brother, Shigeo Shigenaga, in Honolulu. The FBI claimed the diary’s entries contained anti-American and pro-Japanese writings. They became the centerpiece of Kakuro’s hearing, in which he was interrogated about his potential allegiance to Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"#transcript\">transcript of his hearing\u003c/a>, Kakuro expressed regret for writing sentiments that were perceived as anti-American. Through a Japanese translator, and without legal counsel, he insisted the writings were just a part of his daily, mindless exercise and that he was “earnestly desirous of peace” between Japan and the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM-160x202.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment card follows his journey to camps around the United States. \u003ccite>( Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one critical round of questioning, Kakuro said he was not “for Japan,” but he also answered “no” when he was asked if he was against Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That answer may have gotten him interned. If he had said yes, it would have changed the fate of our whole family,” Mark said. He says his grandfather’s testimony reflects a radically honest assessment of what it meant to be a Japanese immigrant in the U.S. at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So here he was, this person that was born in Japan, who immigrated to Hawaii. And then having the country of where he was born start a war with his new home,” Mark said. “And I think a lot of Japanese at the time were conflicted that way. It’s like, how could the country we were born from, where our ancestors are from, attack us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro was found to be “a subject of the Japanese empire” and “disloyal to the U.S.” He was among the first group of 172 Japanese Hawaiian immigrants who boarded the USS Ulysses Grant in late February 1942 headed for Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro Shigenaga endured an uncomfortable 10-day sea voyage crammed into compartments below sea level. Author Patsy Saiki described the trip Kakuro and the other internees took as “days of humiliation and suffering” in a historical account of the journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, about eight ships…formed a convoy which zigzagged its way to San Francisco. There were no portholes for they were below sea-level…What made the internees miserable was that they were locked, eight or ten in a room, for three hours at a time. At the end of three hours the door was unlocked and a guard escorted the men to a makeshift oil barrel latrine…It was continued days of humiliation and suffering…Transferred into small tugboats, they sailed … to Angel Island, which housed the Quarantine Station. Some of the men had never seen San Francisco, and this glimpse of the city and its environs reminded them of the misty hills of Japan.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Upon arrival to Angel Island, Kakuro and the other men were photographed, fingerprinted and examined in the nude for “infectious diseases.” Then they were each given two blankets and were told to go upstairs to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was extremely crowded and the odors were pretty strong and just the fact that, you know, 150 to 200 people were in this room designed really to hold about 60 was pretty overwhelming,” Din said. The room is 36 feet by 70 feet, and was lined with three tiered bunk beds. Men also slept on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most stays on the island were short, as men were quickly moved to inland internment camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro stayed on Angel Island from March 1-9 in 1942, and for the next three years, he moved to five different camps across the country, including in New Mexico, Louisiana, Wisconsin and Tennessee before being released when the war ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other civilian internees, Kakuro and other “enemy alien” internees were separated from their families for the entire duration of their internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45.jpg 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga at the Department of Justice internment camp in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he was held from 1944-1945. After leaving Angel Island, Kakuro Shigenaga was transferred to five different camps throughout the United States. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Shigenaga family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Legacy of Not Belonging\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Learning that his grandfather had been interned on Angel Island, just miles from where he lives now, was revelatory for Mark. “I take hikes on Angel Island! I had no idea that he was here, decades before I landed here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro didn’t talk about his internment experience or the circumstances that led to his arrest when Mark was growing up. But discovering the way his grandfather navigated his cultural identity in the face of such high stakes added a new dimension to the man he remembers as a serious, yet gentle grandfather who he’d spend summers with as a child in Maui.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 711px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821198 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg 711w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958-160x200.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Shigenaga with his grandfather Kakuro in Kihei, Maui, in 1958. As a first-born grandson, Mark spent summers in Hawaii with Kakuro, hanging out in the general store where he worked. Mark says he was “one of the hardest working people I’ve ever seen.” \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The realization that my grandfather was on Angel Island sort of opens up this curiosity about what his experience was, not only Angel Island, but every other part of his experience and moving from camp to camp,” Mark said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Kakuro urged his own kids to move off the island of Maui to the mainland to find new opportunities, despite the country’s imperfections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821225\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1920x1925.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-550x550.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-470x470.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (right) with his grandson Mark (left) and other grandchildren Arlene and Laurie Naito in 1962. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think about how the war experience shaped the way we were brought up,” Mark said. “Basically to be as American as possible, as American and apple pie as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/STOP_AAPI_HATE_MONTHLY_REPORT_4_23_20.pdf\">anti-Asian verbal and physical attacks\u003c/a> are taking place across the country as some people blame Asian Americans for the coronavirus pandemic. I think about how that longing to be perceived as simply American — not as foreigners, “enemy aliens” or pandemic starters — is a core part of the modern-day Asian American experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the legacy of Angel Island isn’t only the important history it teaches us; it represents the persistent anxiety that many Asian Americans feel about belonging in America, and the high stakes of perpetually being perceived as “other.” It’s a feeling that’s lasted through generations, and it continues to inform how Asian Americans negotiate their identities today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Additional Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment history, as well as profiles of other Japanese internees who stayed on Angel Island, check out Grant Din’s research \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/?sfid=9152&_sf_s=JACS\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To search through Department of Justice case files of “enemy aliens” during World War II, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/internment-files\">National Archives website\u003c/a> where you can find documents including transcripts, FBI reports and other records. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Think you may have had a family member who was interned on Angel Island during World War II? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/s/WWII-Detainees-on-Angel-Island-for-web.xlsx\">database of Angel Island Japanese internees\u003c/a> and contact Grant Din: \u003ca href=\"mailto:grant@tonaidin.net\">grant@tonaidin.net\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong id=\"transcript\">Transcript of Kakuro Shigenaga Internment Hearing\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"documentcloud","attributes":{"named":{"url":"“https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6929486-KakuroShigenagaTestimonyTranscript.html”","responsive":"true","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11821133/the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","authors":["8617"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_28025","news_24788","news_6431","news_17856","news_2267","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11821307","label":"source_news_11821133"},"news_11802066":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11802066","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11802066","score":null,"sort":[1582327833000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-us-imprisoned-california-kids-in-world-war-ii-heart-mountain-bears-the-scars","title":"The US Imprisoned California Kids in World War II. Heart Mountain Bears the Scars","publishDate":1582327833,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report Magazine | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":26731,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>The California Assembly's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11802590/california-lawmakers-expected-to-apologize-for-u-s-internment-of-japanese-americans\">official apology\u003c/a> for the state's role in the incarceration of Japanese Americans comes after many of those formerly incarcerated have passed away. But some of the survivors who were children during World War II continue to make annual pilgrimages to their former incarceration site each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Ester Abe, a former incarceree at Heart Mountain\"]'I saw that Heart Mountain on the horizon and I kind of choked up. It came to life for my daughter.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Japanese Americans from Los Angeles, Santa Clara and San Francisco were sent to \u003ca href=\"https://heartmountain.org/\">Heart Mountain\u003c/a>, Wyoming. Anna Sale of WNYC’s \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/deathsexmoney\">Death, Sex & Money\u003c/a>\" recently traveled to Heart Mountain to talk to incarcerees and their family members for an episode of her podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The California Report Magazine's host Sasha Khokha spoke with Sale, in a conversation that's been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Why 'Death, Sex & Money' Visited Heart Mountain\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We say our show is about the things we think about a lot and need to talk about more. I'd heard about the pilgrimages to these former incarceration sites, and just the scraps that I picked up, I thought, 'This is a story that's about just that.' It's often the children and grandchildren are piecing together the stories, and they drip, drip, drip out. So I wanted to hear what it was like when people who live at this site in Heart Mountain, what do they talk about? What kinds of questions do their children and grandchildren have for them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802068\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802068\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1092\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-160x91.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-800x455.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-1020x580.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shigeru Yabu gives a tour of a new replica barrack onsite at Heart Mountain. \u003ccite>(Darrell Kunitomi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Talking to Survivors Returning for the First Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Ester Abe was the first person I met when we got off the school bus [from the hotel in Cody]. This was her first time back since she was a young girl and she’d brought her two adult children with her. I was struck by talking to her. She looked up on the horizon. It's called Heart Mountain because there are these two rounded peaks and I wanted to know why she had returned with her two adult children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Speaking with Sale in the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/deathsexmoney\">Death, Sex & Money\u003c/a>\" episode, Ester Abe said, \"I saw that Heart Mountain on the horizon and I kind of choked up. It came to life for my daughter. She saw our name in the registrar of books and it kind of woke her up. She thought, oh, this is true. For us to be here and talk about it freely, everybody’s memories are coming out, it's big.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Experiencing Incarceration as a Child \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It was really striking to me that the people who were able to narrate first-person accounts of Heart Mountain were youth. I met a lot of people who said, 'My memories of this place were kid memories.' They didn’t experience what adults felt, having to step away from businesses from their role in the community. They were kids. You heard a lot of stories about how fun it was to play in the river or exploring the animals and the wildlife that lived near Heart Mountain. It was interesting to hear these childlike memories on top of the meaning of what it was to be an American citizen and sent away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"This sounds kind of idiotic, but as a kid, there was no fear,\" Shigeru Yabu told Sale. \"As a youngster, we're looking for adventure. We didn't think about the guard towers, we didn't think about the barbed wires. We just wanted excitement,\" said Yabu, who was forced from his home in San Francisco at age 10.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802867\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1484px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802867\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Shirley Ann Higuchi's parents\" width=\"1484\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut.jpg 1484w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-800x577.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-1020x736.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1484px) 100vw, 1484px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of Shirley Ann Higuchi's parents at Heart Mountain where they met. Setsuko, her mother, is fourth from the right on the front row, and Bill, her father, is sitting to her left. \u003ccite>(Courtesty of Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>On What It'\u003c/b>\u003cb>s Like for the Children and Grandchildren of Incarcerees to Visit Heart Mountain \u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It was a different tone when you got them off to the side and asked them what it was like to be there. It was less swapping of memories and light. It was more trying to piece together the more why and how. Some people were there with their elderly parents, but some people were there who’ve lost their parents and were there to learn more about what had happened from what they pieced together from family stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Shirley Ann Higuchi. She now at once recognizes that [incarceration] is how her parents came together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"But [if it wasn't] for that incarceration, I wouldn’t be here talking to you. When they bumped into each other years later at UC Berkeley, their faces looked identical to when they were kids. That recognition turned into a love affair and marriage,\" Higuchi told Sale.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she was able to feel more anger about the incarceration than her mother was ever able to express during her lifetime. She talked a lot about how her mother was controlling, even when Shirley was an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802878\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-1020x678.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shirley Ann Higuchi addresses attendees at the annual pilgrimage to Heart Mountain. \u003ccite>(Courtesty of Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The psychologist turned to me, and says, 'Shirley, of course your mother's controlling. She was ripped from her home and put in a prison camp pre-adolesence, and she walked everything, and you're wondering why she's controlling? It would be strange if your mother wasn't controlling,'\" \u003c/em>\u003cem>Higuchi told Sale.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I actually said to Shirley, 'I love that you come to these pilgrimages and one of the things you talk to other children of incarcerees is 'How do your parents drive you crazy?' It wasn't something that I intuitively anticipated hearing. But of course, the ways people who were incarcerated at Heart Mountain raised their children affected not just Shirley's family, but lots of families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[After hearing her mother gloss over her experiences at Heart Mountain for so many years,] Shirley learned something surprising after her mother's death. [She] had been sending money to create a memorial and museum at the site of the former incarceration center [which was built in 2011]. Shirley discovered that her mother had stayed in touch and had been quite active in the effort to remember what had happened there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation that was happening at the pilgrimage was not just about the past. It was about what this means today. I heard from former incarcerees and their children and grandchildren talking about the ways the current political environment makes them think about this history and the obligation and responsibility they have to talk about what happened, and to make sure this doesn't happen again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Death, Sex & Money's Anna Sale talks with Japanese-Americans from California who were incarcerated as children at Heart Mountain, Wyoming. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1582330158,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1159},"headData":{"title":"The US Imprisoned California Kids in World War II. Heart Mountain Bears the Scars | KQED","description":"Death, Sex & Money's Anna Sale talks with Japanese-Americans from California who were incarcerated as children at Heart Mountain, Wyoming. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"The US Imprisoned California Kids in World War II. Heart Mountain Bears the Scars","datePublished":"2020-02-21T23:30:33.000Z","dateModified":"2020-02-22T00:09:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11802066 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11802066","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/21/the-us-imprisoned-california-kids-in-world-war-ii-heart-mountain-bears-the-scars/","disqusTitle":"The US Imprisoned California Kids in World War II. Heart Mountain Bears the Scars","audioTrackLength":903,"path":"/news/11802066/the-us-imprisoned-california-kids-in-world-war-ii-heart-mountain-bears-the-scars","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/f8900592-6ec1-421d-ba88-ab680188fd10/audio.mp3","audioDuration":903000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Assembly's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11802590/california-lawmakers-expected-to-apologize-for-u-s-internment-of-japanese-americans\">official apology\u003c/a> for the state's role in the incarceration of Japanese Americans comes after many of those formerly incarcerated have passed away. But some of the survivors who were children during World War II continue to make annual pilgrimages to their former incarceration site each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'I saw that Heart Mountain on the horizon and I kind of choked up. It came to life for my daughter.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Ester Abe, a former incarceree at Heart Mountain","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Japanese Americans from Los Angeles, Santa Clara and San Francisco were sent to \u003ca href=\"https://heartmountain.org/\">Heart Mountain\u003c/a>, Wyoming. Anna Sale of WNYC’s \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/deathsexmoney\">Death, Sex & Money\u003c/a>\" recently traveled to Heart Mountain to talk to incarcerees and their family members for an episode of her podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The California Report Magazine's host Sasha Khokha spoke with Sale, in a conversation that's been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Why 'Death, Sex & Money' Visited Heart Mountain\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We say our show is about the things we think about a lot and need to talk about more. I'd heard about the pilgrimages to these former incarceration sites, and just the scraps that I picked up, I thought, 'This is a story that's about just that.' It's often the children and grandchildren are piecing together the stories, and they drip, drip, drip out. So I wanted to hear what it was like when people who live at this site in Heart Mountain, what do they talk about? What kinds of questions do their children and grandchildren have for them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802068\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802068\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1092\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-160x91.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-800x455.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-1020x580.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shigeru Yabu gives a tour of a new replica barrack onsite at Heart Mountain. \u003ccite>(Darrell Kunitomi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Talking to Survivors Returning for the First Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Ester Abe was the first person I met when we got off the school bus [from the hotel in Cody]. This was her first time back since she was a young girl and she’d brought her two adult children with her. I was struck by talking to her. She looked up on the horizon. It's called Heart Mountain because there are these two rounded peaks and I wanted to know why she had returned with her two adult children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Speaking with Sale in the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/deathsexmoney\">Death, Sex & Money\u003c/a>\" episode, Ester Abe said, \"I saw that Heart Mountain on the horizon and I kind of choked up. It came to life for my daughter. She saw our name in the registrar of books and it kind of woke her up. She thought, oh, this is true. For us to be here and talk about it freely, everybody’s memories are coming out, it's big.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Experiencing Incarceration as a Child \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It was really striking to me that the people who were able to narrate first-person accounts of Heart Mountain were youth. I met a lot of people who said, 'My memories of this place were kid memories.' They didn’t experience what adults felt, having to step away from businesses from their role in the community. They were kids. You heard a lot of stories about how fun it was to play in the river or exploring the animals and the wildlife that lived near Heart Mountain. It was interesting to hear these childlike memories on top of the meaning of what it was to be an American citizen and sent away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"This sounds kind of idiotic, but as a kid, there was no fear,\" Shigeru Yabu told Sale. \"As a youngster, we're looking for adventure. We didn't think about the guard towers, we didn't think about the barbed wires. We just wanted excitement,\" said Yabu, who was forced from his home in San Francisco at age 10.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802867\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1484px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802867\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Shirley Ann Higuchi's parents\" width=\"1484\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut.jpg 1484w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-800x577.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-1020x736.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1484px) 100vw, 1484px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of Shirley Ann Higuchi's parents at Heart Mountain where they met. Setsuko, her mother, is fourth from the right on the front row, and Bill, her father, is sitting to her left. \u003ccite>(Courtesty of Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>On What It'\u003c/b>\u003cb>s Like for the Children and Grandchildren of Incarcerees to Visit Heart Mountain \u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It was a different tone when you got them off to the side and asked them what it was like to be there. It was less swapping of memories and light. It was more trying to piece together the more why and how. Some people were there with their elderly parents, but some people were there who’ve lost their parents and were there to learn more about what had happened from what they pieced together from family stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Shirley Ann Higuchi. She now at once recognizes that [incarceration] is how her parents came together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"But [if it wasn't] for that incarceration, I wouldn’t be here talking to you. When they bumped into each other years later at UC Berkeley, their faces looked identical to when they were kids. That recognition turned into a love affair and marriage,\" Higuchi told Sale.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she was able to feel more anger about the incarceration than her mother was ever able to express during her lifetime. She talked a lot about how her mother was controlling, even when Shirley was an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802878\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-1020x678.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shirley Ann Higuchi addresses attendees at the annual pilgrimage to Heart Mountain. \u003ccite>(Courtesty of Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The psychologist turned to me, and says, 'Shirley, of course your mother's controlling. She was ripped from her home and put in a prison camp pre-adolesence, and she walked everything, and you're wondering why she's controlling? It would be strange if your mother wasn't controlling,'\" \u003c/em>\u003cem>Higuchi told Sale.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I actually said to Shirley, 'I love that you come to these pilgrimages and one of the things you talk to other children of incarcerees is 'How do your parents drive you crazy?' It wasn't something that I intuitively anticipated hearing. But of course, the ways people who were incarcerated at Heart Mountain raised their children affected not just Shirley's family, but lots of families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[After hearing her mother gloss over her experiences at Heart Mountain for so many years,] Shirley learned something surprising after her mother's death. [She] had been sending money to create a memorial and museum at the site of the former incarceration center [which was built in 2011]. Shirley discovered that her mother had stayed in touch and had been quite active in the effort to remember what had happened there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation that was happening at the pilgrimage was not just about the past. It was about what this means today. I heard from former incarcerees and their children and grandchildren talking about the ways the current political environment makes them think about this history and the obligation and responsibility they have to talk about what happened, and to make sure this doesn't happen again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11802066/the-us-imprisoned-california-kids-in-world-war-ii-heart-mountain-bears-the-scars","authors":["254"],"programs":["news_72","news_26731"],"categories":["news_6188","news_8"],"tags":["news_18538","news_2842","news_6431","news_17856","news_2267"],"featImg":"news_11802711","label":"news_26731"},"news_11802043":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11802043","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11802043","score":null,"sort":[1581972709000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-to-apologize-for-internment-of-japanese-americans","title":"California to Apologize for Internment of Japanese Americans","publishDate":1581972709,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Les Ouchida was born an American just outside of Sacramento, but his citizenship mattered little after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States declared war. Based solely on their Japanese ancestry, the 5 year old and his family were taken from their home in 1942 and imprisoned far away in Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were among 120,000 Japanese Americans held at 10 internment camps during World War II, their only fault being “we had the wrong last names and wrong faces,” said Ouchida, now 82 and living a short drive from where he grew up and was taken as a boy due to fear that Japanese Americans would side with Japan in the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, California’s Legislature is expected to approve a resolution offering an apology to Ouchida and other internment victims for the state’s role in aiding the U.S. government’s policy and condemning actions that helped fan anti-Japanese discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s executive order No. 9066 establishing the camps was signed on Feb. 19, 1942, and 2/19 now is marked by Japanese Americans as a Day of Remembrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation=\"Al Muratsuchi, California assemblyman\"]'We like to talk a lot about how we lead the nation by example. Unfortunately, in this case, California led the racist anti-Japanese American movement.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Al Muratsuchi was born in Japan and is one the roughly 430,000 people of Japanese descent living in California, the largest population of any state. The Democrat who represents Manhattan Beach and other beach communities near Los Angeles introduced the resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We like to talk a lot about how we lead the nation by example,” he said. “Unfortunately, in this case, California led the racist anti-Japanese American movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A congressional commission in 1983 concluded that the detentions were a result of “racial prejudice, war hysteria and failure of political leadership.” Five years later, the U.S. government formally apologized and paid $20,000 in reparations to each victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money didn’t come close to replacing what was lost. Ouchida says his father owned a profitable delivery business with 20 trucks. He never fully recovered from losing his business and died early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California resolution doesn’t come with any compensation. It targets the actions of the California Legislature at the time for supporting the internments. Two camps were located in the state — Manzanar on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in central California and Tule Lake near the Oregon state line, the largest of all the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want the California Legislature to officially acknowledge and apologize while these camp survivors are still alive,” Muratsuchi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said anti-Japanese sentiment began in California as early as 1913, when the state passed the California Alien Land Law, targeting Japanese farmers who some in California’s massive agricultural industry perceived as a threat. Seven years later the state barred anyone with Japanese ancestry from buying farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internment of Ouchida, his older brother and parents began in Fresno, California. Three months later they were sent to Jerome, Arkansas, where they stayed for most of the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given their young ages at the time, many living victims such as Ouchida don’t remember much of life in the camps. But he does recall straw-filled mattresses and little privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communal bathrooms had rows of toilets with no barriers between users. “They put a bag over their heads when they went to the bathroom” for privacy, said Ouchida, who teaches about the internments at the California Museum in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation=\"Les Ouchida, whose family was held in an internment camp during World War II\"]'Even if it took time, we have the goodness to still apologize.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the last camp was closed in 1946, Ouchida’s family was shipped to a facility in Arizona. When the family was freed, they took a Greyhound bus back to California. When it reached a stop sign near their community outside Sacramento, “I still remember the ladies on the bus started crying,” Ouchida said. “Because they were home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resolution, co-introduced by California Assembly Republican Leader Marie Waldron of Escondido, makes a passing reference to “recent national events” and says they serve as a reminder “to learn from the mistakes of the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muratsuchi said the inspiration for that passage were migrant children held in U.S. government custody over the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ouchida said Japanese families like his always considered themselves loyal citizens before and after the internments. He holds no animosity toward the U.S. or California governments, choosing to focus on positive outgrowths like the permanent exhibit at the California Museum that provides an unvarnished view of the internments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it took time, we have the goodness to still apologize,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On Thursday, California’s Legislature is expected to approve a resolution offering an apology to internment victims for the state’s role in aiding the U.S. government’s policy and condemning actions that helped fan anti-Japanese discrimination.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1582052707,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":842},"headData":{"title":"California to Apologize for Internment of Japanese Americans | KQED","description":"On Thursday, California’s Legislature is expected to approve a resolution offering an apology to internment victims for the state’s role in aiding the U.S. government’s policy and condemning actions that helped fan anti-Japanese discrimination.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"California to Apologize for Internment of Japanese Americans","datePublished":"2020-02-17T20:51:49.000Z","dateModified":"2020-02-18T19:05:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11802043 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11802043","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/17/california-to-apologize-for-internment-of-japanese-americans/","disqusTitle":"California to Apologize for Internment of Japanese Americans","source":"Associated Press","sourceUrl":"https://apnews.com/34d4c0a707d4ba115e3745d74505600d","nprByline":"Cuneyt Dil","path":"/news/11802043/california-to-apologize-for-internment-of-japanese-americans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Les Ouchida was born an American just outside of Sacramento, but his citizenship mattered little after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States declared war. Based solely on their Japanese ancestry, the 5 year old and his family were taken from their home in 1942 and imprisoned far away in Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were among 120,000 Japanese Americans held at 10 internment camps during World War II, their only fault being “we had the wrong last names and wrong faces,” said Ouchida, now 82 and living a short drive from where he grew up and was taken as a boy due to fear that Japanese Americans would side with Japan in the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, California’s Legislature is expected to approve a resolution offering an apology to Ouchida and other internment victims for the state’s role in aiding the U.S. government’s policy and condemning actions that helped fan anti-Japanese discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s executive order No. 9066 establishing the camps was signed on Feb. 19, 1942, and 2/19 now is marked by Japanese Americans as a Day of Remembrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'We like to talk a lot about how we lead the nation by example. Unfortunately, in this case, California led the racist anti-Japanese American movement.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Al Muratsuchi, California assemblyman","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Al Muratsuchi was born in Japan and is one the roughly 430,000 people of Japanese descent living in California, the largest population of any state. The Democrat who represents Manhattan Beach and other beach communities near Los Angeles introduced the resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We like to talk a lot about how we lead the nation by example,” he said. “Unfortunately, in this case, California led the racist anti-Japanese American movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A congressional commission in 1983 concluded that the detentions were a result of “racial prejudice, war hysteria and failure of political leadership.” Five years later, the U.S. government formally apologized and paid $20,000 in reparations to each victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money didn’t come close to replacing what was lost. Ouchida says his father owned a profitable delivery business with 20 trucks. He never fully recovered from losing his business and died early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California resolution doesn’t come with any compensation. It targets the actions of the California Legislature at the time for supporting the internments. Two camps were located in the state — Manzanar on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in central California and Tule Lake near the Oregon state line, the largest of all the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want the California Legislature to officially acknowledge and apologize while these camp survivors are still alive,” Muratsuchi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said anti-Japanese sentiment began in California as early as 1913, when the state passed the California Alien Land Law, targeting Japanese farmers who some in California’s massive agricultural industry perceived as a threat. Seven years later the state barred anyone with Japanese ancestry from buying farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internment of Ouchida, his older brother and parents began in Fresno, California. Three months later they were sent to Jerome, Arkansas, where they stayed for most of the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given their young ages at the time, many living victims such as Ouchida don’t remember much of life in the camps. But he does recall straw-filled mattresses and little privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communal bathrooms had rows of toilets with no barriers between users. “They put a bag over their heads when they went to the bathroom” for privacy, said Ouchida, who teaches about the internments at the California Museum in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'Even if it took time, we have the goodness to still apologize.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"left","citation":"Les Ouchida, whose family was held in an internment camp during World War II","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the last camp was closed in 1946, Ouchida’s family was shipped to a facility in Arizona. When the family was freed, they took a Greyhound bus back to California. When it reached a stop sign near their community outside Sacramento, “I still remember the ladies on the bus started crying,” Ouchida said. “Because they were home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resolution, co-introduced by California Assembly Republican Leader Marie Waldron of Escondido, makes a passing reference to “recent national events” and says they serve as a reminder “to learn from the mistakes of the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muratsuchi said the inspiration for that passage were migrant children held in U.S. government custody over the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ouchida said Japanese families like his always considered themselves loyal citizens before and after the internments. He holds no animosity toward the U.S. or California governments, choosing to focus on positive outgrowths like the permanent exhibit at the California Museum that provides an unvarnished view of the internments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it took time, we have the goodness to still apologize,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11802043/california-to-apologize-for-internment-of-japanese-americans","authors":["byline_news_11802043"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_2704","news_6431","news_17856"],"featImg":"news_10868642","label":"source_news_11802043"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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