Are We Taking Our Students' Work Seriously Enough?
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Vangelova","firstName":"Luba","lastName":"Vangelova","slug":"luba","email":"luba@catalystcommunicationsllc.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Luba Vangelova’s work has appeared in numerous print, online and broadcast media outlets, including The New York Times, Smithsonian, The Atlantic, and Salon. She is also working on a book about self-directed learning. Her web site is \u003ca title=\"Luba Vangelova\" href=\"http://www.LubaVangelova.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.LubaVangelova.com\u003c/a>. She also posts on \u003ca title=\"@LubaSays\" href=\"http://www.twitter.com/LubaSays\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter\u003c/a> and on her official \u003ca title=\"Facebook - Luba Vangelova\" href=\"http://www.facebook.com/LubaSays\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook\u003c/a> page.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c49027042bcd2ffbce1f5f200e2172e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"LubaSays","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":"lvangelova","sites":[{"site":"mindshift","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Luba Vangelova | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c49027042bcd2ffbce1f5f200e2172e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c49027042bcd2ffbce1f5f200e2172e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/luba"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"mindshift_33796":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_33796","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"33796","score":null,"sort":[1392130844000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"are-we-taking-our-students-work-seriously-enough","title":"Are We Taking Our Students' Work Seriously Enough?","publishDate":1392130844,"format":"aside","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33856\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-33856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/02/erinscott_-7346.jpg\" alt=\"erinscott_-7346\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/02/erinscott_-7346.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/02/erinscott_-7346-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/02/erinscott_-7346-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> \" credit=\"Erin Scott\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">In the course of studying different aspects of children’s environments, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hart\">Dr. Roger Hart\u003c/a> noticed that “a lot of supposedly participatory projects had a distinct air of tokenism. Children were being put on display, so to speak, as though they were actively participating, but they were not taken seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get people talking about this issue, Hart, who serves as director of the \u003ca href=\"http://cergnyc.org\">Children’s Environments Research Group\u003c/a> at the City University of New York and helps lead the \u003ca href=\"http://crc15.org\">Article 15 Project,\u003c/a> a children's rights organization, adapted a colleague’s ladder metaphor. He labeled the rungs:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1.\u003c/strong> Manipulation\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. \u003c/strong>Decoration\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. \u003c/strong>Tokenism\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. \u003c/strong>Assigned but informed\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. \u003c/strong>Consulted and informed\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. \u003c/strong>Adult-initiated, share decisions with children\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. \u003c/strong>Child-initiated and directed\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>8.\u003c/strong> Child-initiated, share decisions with adults\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This became known as “Hart’s ladder of participation” after it was featured in a 1992 \u003ca href=\"http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/childrens_participation.pdf\">booklet\u003c/a> promoting the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child. The globally popular convention (which was not ratified by the U.S.) prompted many high-level debates regarding children’s civil rights, and their right to participate in society. “The idea was that children aren’t being prepared for citizenship; they are citizens from birth,” Hart says. “That turns things upside down when people think about participation—it takes them from discussing ‘when should we give children a voice’ to ‘why NOT give them a voice?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two decades later, \"choice and voice\" are some of the buzzwords used by educators seeking to help children develop into independent and responsible adults, making Hart's Ladder (which is better known outside the U.S.) worth a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart, who was born in England, says: “People think American children already have a lot of voice. I thought the same thing when I first came here. But having rights implies being listened to, as well as speaking, and being taken seriously. Being listened to is even more important than having the freedom to make a lot of noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"[Adults] don’t involve them, because they don’t think the child will contribute anything serious that will really make a difference.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hart's ladder has made an impact -- educators around the world are using it as a gauge. The ideal situation, Hart says, involves children operating at the highest level at which they feel competent and confident, as long as it’s above the bottom three rungs, which represent different levels of non-participation. “The fourth rung is where kids are mobilized to have a voice, so it’s okay to start there before moving up,” he says, as long as kids are given the opportunity to critically reflect on the subject matter and seriously challenge it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart considers the top three rungs equally acceptable. “Whether the children or the adults initiate something, and whether responsibilities are shared—those distinctions are not important,” he says. And the top rung is not about children being in charge: “I don’t want children to always be in charge any more than I want adults to always be in charge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also cautions against using the ladder to categorize people. “Someone can be on different levels at different times,” he says. “It depends where they are in the project.” The ladder also needs to be adapted to account for different cultural contexts, such as the collectivist sensibilities prevalent in Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>IN PRACTICE AT SCHOOLS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart says his ladder has most commonly been applied to non-school activities, because schools are a “special kind of institution”—they require attendance and typically have hierarchical power structures that place teachers themselves on the lower rungs of the participation ladder, with little leeway to grant greater freedom to others. Students’ participation in school governance is therefore greatly constrained. And students tend to be either completely left out of broader school-reform debates, or only represented by one or two “star” students. “It’s a system that is not about inclusive, participatory decision making,” Hart says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33850\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33850\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/02/Screen-Shot-2014-02-05-at-3.17.02-PM-300x393.png\" alt=\"YouthPolicy\" width=\"300\" height=\"393\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> \" credit=\"YouthPolicy.org\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s intrigued by the exceptions — democratic schools around the world that operate on the ladder’s highest rungs — and how such school cultures can reverberate throughout communities. Research on Colombia’s very inclusive \u003ca href=\"http://www.escuelanueva.org/portal/en/escuela-nueva-model.html\">Escuela Nueva schools \u003c/a>(which started in low-income rural regions and have been replicated elsewhere) showed that communities with such schools became much more democratic and developed more social capital, with deeper and more caring bonds developing among community members. (The effect was less profound in less homogeneous urban settings, but Hart considers it a valuable model nonetheless.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at more conventional schools, the ladder has sometimes been used to assess projects and identify opportunities for greater participation. Most school projects, he says, are conceived and designed by teachers, representing lost opportunities for more engaged and profound learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the approach taken at one school in England. Rather than giving explicit instructions on a project, a teacher operating on a higher rung asked students to reflect on what aspects of their neighborhood could be improved, discuss their ideas, settle on one, and find ways to improve it. Students decided that dog excrement was the biggest problem in their environment. With the support of teachers, they mapped the problem areas, designed a pooper scooper, and devised ways to discuss the issue with the community. They intercepted dog owners, sold them scoopers, and convinced stores to advertise them and journalists to write about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After two years, the neighborhood was free of dog poo,” Hart says. “That’s a project kids will recall for the rest of their lives, knowing they can see a problem and do something to change it.\" That's a much more powerful way to learn about environmental issues than simply following a teacher's instructions to collect and test water samples, and it promotes the kind of thinking that will be needed if humanity is to learn to live sustainably on this planet, says Hart, who also wrote a book called \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Childrens-Participation-Involving-Development-Environmental/dp/1853833223\">Children’s Participation: The Theory And Practice Of Involving Young Citizens In Community Development and Environmental Care\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HOW TO CLIMB THE RUNGS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to moving up the rungs, Hart says, is to ask groups of adults and children to reflect on examples of the rungs from their own lives. “A lot of adults are genuinely trying to be helpful,” Hart says, “but they don’t maximize a child’s chance to contribute in a way that allows the child to prepare and be confident and give an opinion that is really likely to be listened to. They don’t involve them, because they don’t think the child will contribute anything serious that will really make a difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, the higher rungs were more evident in early childhood education, Hart says, “where teachers were trained to observe and listen to children while they’re playing, and to build on that. It’s a very child-centered and respectful way of working with people.” But the encroachment of standardized testing and curricula into the youngest classrooms has introduced a rigidity that is not compatible with such approaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"1081592df99cf95cec899d61d1b33a64\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart is inspired by innovative programs at schools that are free of such restrictions. In Bogota, Colombia, city leaders began allowing teachers to experiment with ideas for developing citizenship, starting in preschool. Hart saw the process unfold when he dropped in on a classroom unannounced. “The teacher told the kids: ‘We have a guest. Shall we ask his name and why he’s here?’” he recalls. “She then asked them what they do when they have a guest in their home, and each kid answered. She then told them, ‘So you’ve heard everyone’s idea; what would be good for us to do with our guest?’ They then created a whole script of what to do with a guest, built on what children liked from their own experience, reflected on, and chose. … It was such an obvious yet unusual kind of preschool program, with four-year-olds being talked with as part of an intelligent, democratic community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some teachers are resistant (at least initially) about moving up the ladder’s rungs, because they worry about losing their familiar roles, and about feeling ignorant for not knowing the answers to children’s questions. Hart says these challenges can easily be overcome. For example, Escuela Nueva made its teacher training “horizontal,” engaging teachers from existing Escuela Nueva schools to educate newer colleagues and put them at ease. The schools also established well-stocked libraries to which the teachers could refer the children when they didn’t know the answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds simple,” Hart says, “but it made a big impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the course of studying different aspects of children’s environments, Dr. Roger Hart noticed that “a lot of supposedly participatory projects had a distinct air of tokenism. Children were being put on display, so to speak, as though they were actively participating, but they were not taken seriously.” He created Hart's Ladder to help measure the authenticity of the work educators ask students to do.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1399583609,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1544},"headData":{"title":"Are We Taking Our Students' Work Seriously Enough? | KQED","description":"In the course of studying different aspects of children’s environments, Dr. Roger Hart noticed that “a lot of supposedly participatory projects had a distinct air of tokenism. Children were being put on display, so to speak, as though they were actively participating, but they were not taken seriously.” He created Hart's Ladder to help measure the authenticity of the work educators ask students to do.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"33796 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=33796","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/02/11/are-we-taking-our-students-work-seriously-enough/","disqusTitle":"Are We Taking Our Students' Work Seriously Enough?","path":"/mindshift/33796/are-we-taking-our-students-work-seriously-enough","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33856\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-33856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/02/erinscott_-7346.jpg\" alt=\"erinscott_-7346\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/02/erinscott_-7346.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/02/erinscott_-7346-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/02/erinscott_-7346-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> \" credit=\"Erin Scott\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">In the course of studying different aspects of children’s environments, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hart\">Dr. Roger Hart\u003c/a> noticed that “a lot of supposedly participatory projects had a distinct air of tokenism. Children were being put on display, so to speak, as though they were actively participating, but they were not taken seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get people talking about this issue, Hart, who serves as director of the \u003ca href=\"http://cergnyc.org\">Children’s Environments Research Group\u003c/a> at the City University of New York and helps lead the \u003ca href=\"http://crc15.org\">Article 15 Project,\u003c/a> a children's rights organization, adapted a colleague’s ladder metaphor. He labeled the rungs:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1.\u003c/strong> Manipulation\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. \u003c/strong>Decoration\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. \u003c/strong>Tokenism\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. \u003c/strong>Assigned but informed\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. \u003c/strong>Consulted and informed\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. \u003c/strong>Adult-initiated, share decisions with children\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. \u003c/strong>Child-initiated and directed\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>8.\u003c/strong> Child-initiated, share decisions with adults\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This became known as “Hart’s ladder of participation” after it was featured in a 1992 \u003ca href=\"http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/childrens_participation.pdf\">booklet\u003c/a> promoting the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child. The globally popular convention (which was not ratified by the U.S.) prompted many high-level debates regarding children’s civil rights, and their right to participate in society. “The idea was that children aren’t being prepared for citizenship; they are citizens from birth,” Hart says. “That turns things upside down when people think about participation—it takes them from discussing ‘when should we give children a voice’ to ‘why NOT give them a voice?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two decades later, \"choice and voice\" are some of the buzzwords used by educators seeking to help children develop into independent and responsible adults, making Hart's Ladder (which is better known outside the U.S.) worth a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart, who was born in England, says: “People think American children already have a lot of voice. I thought the same thing when I first came here. But having rights implies being listened to, as well as speaking, and being taken seriously. Being listened to is even more important than having the freedom to make a lot of noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"[Adults] don’t involve them, because they don’t think the child will contribute anything serious that will really make a difference.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hart's ladder has made an impact -- educators around the world are using it as a gauge. The ideal situation, Hart says, involves children operating at the highest level at which they feel competent and confident, as long as it’s above the bottom three rungs, which represent different levels of non-participation. “The fourth rung is where kids are mobilized to have a voice, so it’s okay to start there before moving up,” he says, as long as kids are given the opportunity to critically reflect on the subject matter and seriously challenge it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart considers the top three rungs equally acceptable. “Whether the children or the adults initiate something, and whether responsibilities are shared—those distinctions are not important,” he says. And the top rung is not about children being in charge: “I don’t want children to always be in charge any more than I want adults to always be in charge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also cautions against using the ladder to categorize people. “Someone can be on different levels at different times,” he says. “It depends where they are in the project.” The ladder also needs to be adapted to account for different cultural contexts, such as the collectivist sensibilities prevalent in Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>IN PRACTICE AT SCHOOLS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart says his ladder has most commonly been applied to non-school activities, because schools are a “special kind of institution”—they require attendance and typically have hierarchical power structures that place teachers themselves on the lower rungs of the participation ladder, with little leeway to grant greater freedom to others. Students’ participation in school governance is therefore greatly constrained. And students tend to be either completely left out of broader school-reform debates, or only represented by one or two “star” students. “It’s a system that is not about inclusive, participatory decision making,” Hart says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33850\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33850\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/02/Screen-Shot-2014-02-05-at-3.17.02-PM-300x393.png\" alt=\"YouthPolicy\" width=\"300\" height=\"393\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> \" credit=\"YouthPolicy.org\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s intrigued by the exceptions — democratic schools around the world that operate on the ladder’s highest rungs — and how such school cultures can reverberate throughout communities. Research on Colombia’s very inclusive \u003ca href=\"http://www.escuelanueva.org/portal/en/escuela-nueva-model.html\">Escuela Nueva schools \u003c/a>(which started in low-income rural regions and have been replicated elsewhere) showed that communities with such schools became much more democratic and developed more social capital, with deeper and more caring bonds developing among community members. (The effect was less profound in less homogeneous urban settings, but Hart considers it a valuable model nonetheless.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at more conventional schools, the ladder has sometimes been used to assess projects and identify opportunities for greater participation. Most school projects, he says, are conceived and designed by teachers, representing lost opportunities for more engaged and profound learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the approach taken at one school in England. Rather than giving explicit instructions on a project, a teacher operating on a higher rung asked students to reflect on what aspects of their neighborhood could be improved, discuss their ideas, settle on one, and find ways to improve it. Students decided that dog excrement was the biggest problem in their environment. With the support of teachers, they mapped the problem areas, designed a pooper scooper, and devised ways to discuss the issue with the community. They intercepted dog owners, sold them scoopers, and convinced stores to advertise them and journalists to write about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After two years, the neighborhood was free of dog poo,” Hart says. “That’s a project kids will recall for the rest of their lives, knowing they can see a problem and do something to change it.\" That's a much more powerful way to learn about environmental issues than simply following a teacher's instructions to collect and test water samples, and it promotes the kind of thinking that will be needed if humanity is to learn to live sustainably on this planet, says Hart, who also wrote a book called \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Childrens-Participation-Involving-Development-Environmental/dp/1853833223\">Children’s Participation: The Theory And Practice Of Involving Young Citizens In Community Development and Environmental Care\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HOW TO CLIMB THE RUNGS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to moving up the rungs, Hart says, is to ask groups of adults and children to reflect on examples of the rungs from their own lives. “A lot of adults are genuinely trying to be helpful,” Hart says, “but they don’t maximize a child’s chance to contribute in a way that allows the child to prepare and be confident and give an opinion that is really likely to be listened to. They don’t involve them, because they don’t think the child will contribute anything serious that will really make a difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, the higher rungs were more evident in early childhood education, Hart says, “where teachers were trained to observe and listen to children while they’re playing, and to build on that. It’s a very child-centered and respectful way of working with people.” But the encroachment of standardized testing and curricula into the youngest classrooms has introduced a rigidity that is not compatible with such approaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart is inspired by innovative programs at schools that are free of such restrictions. In Bogota, Colombia, city leaders began allowing teachers to experiment with ideas for developing citizenship, starting in preschool. Hart saw the process unfold when he dropped in on a classroom unannounced. “The teacher told the kids: ‘We have a guest. Shall we ask his name and why he’s here?’” he recalls. “She then asked them what they do when they have a guest in their home, and each kid answered. She then told them, ‘So you’ve heard everyone’s idea; what would be good for us to do with our guest?’ They then created a whole script of what to do with a guest, built on what children liked from their own experience, reflected on, and chose. … It was such an obvious yet unusual kind of preschool program, with four-year-olds being talked with as part of an intelligent, democratic community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some teachers are resistant (at least initially) about moving up the ladder’s rungs, because they worry about losing their familiar roles, and about feeling ignorant for not knowing the answers to children’s questions. Hart says these challenges can easily be overcome. For example, Escuela Nueva made its teacher training “horizontal,” engaging teachers from existing Escuela Nueva schools to educate newer colleagues and put them at ease. The schools also established well-stocked libraries to which the teachers could refer the children when they didn’t know the answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds simple,” Hart says, “but it made a big impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/33796/are-we-taking-our-students-work-seriously-enough","authors":["4537"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_1040","mindshift_20629","mindshift_20628","mindshift_20616"],"featImg":"mindshift_33856","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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