How Kids Learn Better By Taking Frequent Breaks Throughout The Day
Why It’s Easy to Forget the Several Things You Tried to Remember at Once
What's the 'Sweet Spot' of Difficulty For Learning?
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Walker. Used with permission of the publisher, W. W. Norton. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Schedule brain breaks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a zombie, Sami\u003ca href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">*\u003c/a>—one of my fifth graders—lumbered over to me and hissed, “I think I’m going to explode! I’m not used to this schedule.” And I believed him. An angry red rash was starting to form on his forehead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Yikes\u003c/em>, I thought, \u003cem>what a way to begin my first year of teaching in Finland\u003c/em>. It was only the third day of school, and I was already pushing a student to the breaking point. When I took him aside, I quickly discovered why he was so upset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout this first week of school, I had gotten creative with my fifth grade timetable. If you recall, students in Finland normally take a fifteen-minute break for every forty-five minutes of instruction. During a typical break, the children head outside to play and socialize with friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t see the point of these frequent pit stops. As a teacher in the United States, I’d usually spent consecutive hours with my students in the classroom. And I was trying to replicate this model in Finland. The Finnish way seemed soft, and I was convinced that kids learned better with longer stretches of instructional time. So I decided to hold my students back from their regularly scheduled break and teach two forty-five-minute lessons in a row, followed by a double break of thirty minutes. Now I knew why the red dots had appeared on Sami’s forehead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come to think of it, I wasn’t sure if the American approach had ever worked very well. My students in the States had always seemed to drag their feet after about forty-five minutes in the classroom. But they’d never thought of revolting like this shrimpy Finnish fifth grader, who was digging in his heels on the third day of school. At that moment, I decided to embrace the Finnish model of taking breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once I incorporated these short recesses into our timetable, I no longer saw feet-dragging, zombie-like kids in my classroom. Throughout the school year, my Finnish students would, without fail, enter the classroom with a bounce in their steps after a fifteen-minute break. And most important, they were more focused during lessons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first I was convinced that I had made a groundbreaking discovery: frequent breaks kept students fresh throughout the day. But then I remembered that Finns have known this for years—they’ve been providing breaks to their students since the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://books.wwnorton.com/books/978-1-324-00125-6/?utm_source=SM&utm_medium=Facebook&utm_campaign=NPB_EDU_Social+Media_Facebook_00125+MindShift+excerpt\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-47910 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Teach-Like-Finland-e1491328874828.jpg\" alt=\"Teach Like Finland\" width=\"250\" height=\"377\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my quest to understand the value of the Finnish practice, I stumbled upon the work of Anthony Pellegrini, author of the book \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Recess-Role-Education-Development-Developing/dp/0805855440\">Recess: Its Role in Education and Development \u003c/a>and emeritus professor of educational psychology at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cehd.umn.edu/edpsych/people/pelle013/\">University of Minnesota\u003c/a>—who has praised this approach for more than a decade. In East Asia, where many primary schools provide their students with a ten-minute break after about forty minutes of classroom instruction, Pellegrini observed the same phenomenon that I had witnessed at my Finnish school. After these shorter recesses, students appeared to be more focused in the classroom (Pellegrini, 2005).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not satisfied with anecdotal evidence alone, Pellegrini and his colleagues ran a series of experiments at a U.S. public elementary school to explore the relationship between recess timing and attentiveness in the classroom. In every one of the experiments, students were more attentive after a break than before a break. They also found that the children were less focused when the timing of the break was delayed—or in other words, when the lesson dragged on (Pellegrini, 2005).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Finland, primary school teachers seem to know this intuitively. They send kids outside—rain or shine—for their frequent recesses. And the children get to decide how they spend their break times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although I favor the Finnish model, I realize that unleashing fifth graders on the playground every hour would be a huge shift for most schools. According to Pellegrini, breaks don’t have to be held outdoors to be beneficial. In one of his experiments at a public elementary school, the children had their recess times inside the school, and the results matched those of other experiments where they took their breaks outside: after their breaks, the students were more focused in class (Pellegrini, 2005).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I realized in Finland, with the help of a flustered fifth grader, is that once I started to see a break as a strategy to maximize learning, I stopped feeling guilty about shortening classroom instruction. Pellegrini’s findings confirm that frequent breaks boost attentiveness in class. With this in mind, we no longer need to fear that students won’t learn what they need to learn if we let them disconnect from their work several times throughout the school day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year before I arrived in Helsinki, the American researcher and kinesiologist Debbie Rhea visited Finnish schools, and she, too, was inspired by their frequent fifteen-minute breaks. When she returned to the States, she piloted a study to evaluate the learning benefits of a Finland-inspired schedule with multiple recesses throughout the school day (Turner, 2013).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Rhea’s research project is up and running in a handful of American schools in several states, and so far the early results have been promising. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2016/01/04/more-playtime-how-kids-succeed-with-recess-four-times-a-day-at-school/\">Educators at Eagle Mountain Elementary School \u003c/a>in Fort Worth, Texas, report a significant change in their students, who receive four fifteen-minute breaks each day; for example, they are more focused, and they are not tattling as often. One first grade teacher even noticed that her students are no longer chewing on pencils (Connelly, 2016).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhea’s research is exciting, and it seems like the national interest in bringing more breaks to American schools is high. However, while the tide might be changing in American education, many U.S. teachers and students lack the freedom to imitate the Finnish model. Thankfully, any classroom, even non-Finnish ones, can tap into the benefits of taking multiple breaks throughout each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47911\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-47911\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-1020x1346.jpg\" alt=\"Author Timothy Walker\" width=\"250\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-1020x1346.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-160x211.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-800x1055.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-768x1013.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-1180x1557.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-960x1266.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-240x317.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-375x495.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-520x686.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa.jpg 1466w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Author Timothy Walker \u003ccite>(David Popa)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, I thought that the true value of Finnish-style breaks is related to free play, but I no longer hold this view. I’ve concluded that the primary benefit of Finnish breaks is in the way it keeps kids focused by refreshing their brains. \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcgill.ca/psychology/daniel-j-levitin\">Daniel Levitin\u003c/a>, professor of psychology, behavioral neuroscience, and music at McGill University, believes that giving the brain time to rest, through regular breaks, leads to greater productivity and creativity. “You need to give your brain time to consolidate all the information that’s come in,” he said in an interview for the education blog MindShift (Schwartz, 2014). But even without scheduled breaks at school, the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/10/06/why-daydreaming-is-critical-to-effective-learning/\">mind rests naturally through daydreaming\u003c/a>, which “allows you to refresh and release all those neural circuits that get all bound up when you’re focused,” said Levitin. “Children shouldn’t be overly scheduled. They should have blocks of time to promote spontaneity and creativity” (Schwartz, 2014).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are different ways of offering little brain breaks, which I describe below, but one of the most important things to remember is that they need to happen regularly to benefit our students. In other words, it’s wise to schedule them throughout the day. A good start, perhaps, would be thinking about offering a whole-group brain break for every forty-five minutes of classroom instruction—just like many Finnish teachers. But even that timing could be too infrequent for your students. What’s important is that you watch your students carefully. If they seem to be dragging their feet before the forty-five-minute mark, it would seem beneficial to offer a brain break right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Timothy D. Walker is an American teacher and writer living in Finland. He has written extensively about his experiences for Education Week Teacher, Educational Leadership, and on his blog, \u003ca href=\"http://taughtbyfinland.com/\">Taught by Finland\u003c/a>. While working at a Helsinki public school, he completed his teaching practicum and received his master’s degree in elementary education from the United States. He is a contributing writer on education issues for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tim-walker/\">The Atlantic\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">*\u003c/a>The names used for students in this book are pseudonyms.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"American teacher Timothy Walker learned more effective ways to teach when he moved to Finland and pulled back from cramming too much into one day. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1492497736,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1423},"headData":{"title":"How Kids Learn Better By Taking Frequent Breaks Throughout The Day | KQED","description":"American teacher Timothy Walker learned more effective ways to teach when he moved to Finland and pulled back from cramming too much into one day. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Kids Learn Better By Taking Frequent Breaks Throughout The Day","datePublished":"2017-04-18T07:01:18.000Z","dateModified":"2017-04-18T06:42:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"47909 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=47909","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2017/04/18/how-kids-learn-better-by-taking-frequent-breaks-throughout-the-day/","disqusTitle":"How Kids Learn Better By Taking Frequent Breaks Throughout The Day","path":"/mindshift/47909/how-kids-learn-better-by-taking-frequent-breaks-throughout-the-day","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://books.wwnorton.com/books/978-1-324-00125-6/?utm_source=SM&utm_medium=Facebook&utm_campaign=NPB_EDU_Social+Media_Facebook_00125+MindShift+excerpt\">Teach Like Finlan\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://books.wwnorton.com/books/978-1-324-00125-6/?utm_source=SM&utm_medium=Facebook&utm_campaign=NPB_EDU_Social+Media_Facebook_00125+MindShift+excerpt\">d: 33 Simple Strategies For Joyful Classrooms\u003c/a> (c) 2017 by \u003c/em>\u003cem>Timothy D. Walker. Used with permission of the publisher, W. W. Norton. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Schedule brain breaks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a zombie, Sami\u003ca href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">*\u003c/a>—one of my fifth graders—lumbered over to me and hissed, “I think I’m going to explode! I’m not used to this schedule.” And I believed him. An angry red rash was starting to form on his forehead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Yikes\u003c/em>, I thought, \u003cem>what a way to begin my first year of teaching in Finland\u003c/em>. It was only the third day of school, and I was already pushing a student to the breaking point. When I took him aside, I quickly discovered why he was so upset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout this first week of school, I had gotten creative with my fifth grade timetable. If you recall, students in Finland normally take a fifteen-minute break for every forty-five minutes of instruction. During a typical break, the children head outside to play and socialize with friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t see the point of these frequent pit stops. As a teacher in the United States, I’d usually spent consecutive hours with my students in the classroom. And I was trying to replicate this model in Finland. The Finnish way seemed soft, and I was convinced that kids learned better with longer stretches of instructional time. So I decided to hold my students back from their regularly scheduled break and teach two forty-five-minute lessons in a row, followed by a double break of thirty minutes. Now I knew why the red dots had appeared on Sami’s forehead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come to think of it, I wasn’t sure if the American approach had ever worked very well. My students in the States had always seemed to drag their feet after about forty-five minutes in the classroom. But they’d never thought of revolting like this shrimpy Finnish fifth grader, who was digging in his heels on the third day of school. At that moment, I decided to embrace the Finnish model of taking breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once I incorporated these short recesses into our timetable, I no longer saw feet-dragging, zombie-like kids in my classroom. Throughout the school year, my Finnish students would, without fail, enter the classroom with a bounce in their steps after a fifteen-minute break. And most important, they were more focused during lessons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first I was convinced that I had made a groundbreaking discovery: frequent breaks kept students fresh throughout the day. But then I remembered that Finns have known this for years—they’ve been providing breaks to their students since the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://books.wwnorton.com/books/978-1-324-00125-6/?utm_source=SM&utm_medium=Facebook&utm_campaign=NPB_EDU_Social+Media_Facebook_00125+MindShift+excerpt\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-47910 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Teach-Like-Finland-e1491328874828.jpg\" alt=\"Teach Like Finland\" width=\"250\" height=\"377\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my quest to understand the value of the Finnish practice, I stumbled upon the work of Anthony Pellegrini, author of the book \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Recess-Role-Education-Development-Developing/dp/0805855440\">Recess: Its Role in Education and Development \u003c/a>and emeritus professor of educational psychology at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cehd.umn.edu/edpsych/people/pelle013/\">University of Minnesota\u003c/a>—who has praised this approach for more than a decade. In East Asia, where many primary schools provide their students with a ten-minute break after about forty minutes of classroom instruction, Pellegrini observed the same phenomenon that I had witnessed at my Finnish school. After these shorter recesses, students appeared to be more focused in the classroom (Pellegrini, 2005).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not satisfied with anecdotal evidence alone, Pellegrini and his colleagues ran a series of experiments at a U.S. public elementary school to explore the relationship between recess timing and attentiveness in the classroom. In every one of the experiments, students were more attentive after a break than before a break. They also found that the children were less focused when the timing of the break was delayed—or in other words, when the lesson dragged on (Pellegrini, 2005).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Finland, primary school teachers seem to know this intuitively. They send kids outside—rain or shine—for their frequent recesses. And the children get to decide how they spend their break times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although I favor the Finnish model, I realize that unleashing fifth graders on the playground every hour would be a huge shift for most schools. According to Pellegrini, breaks don’t have to be held outdoors to be beneficial. In one of his experiments at a public elementary school, the children had their recess times inside the school, and the results matched those of other experiments where they took their breaks outside: after their breaks, the students were more focused in class (Pellegrini, 2005).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I realized in Finland, with the help of a flustered fifth grader, is that once I started to see a break as a strategy to maximize learning, I stopped feeling guilty about shortening classroom instruction. Pellegrini’s findings confirm that frequent breaks boost attentiveness in class. With this in mind, we no longer need to fear that students won’t learn what they need to learn if we let them disconnect from their work several times throughout the school day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year before I arrived in Helsinki, the American researcher and kinesiologist Debbie Rhea visited Finnish schools, and she, too, was inspired by their frequent fifteen-minute breaks. When she returned to the States, she piloted a study to evaluate the learning benefits of a Finland-inspired schedule with multiple recesses throughout the school day (Turner, 2013).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Rhea’s research project is up and running in a handful of American schools in several states, and so far the early results have been promising. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2016/01/04/more-playtime-how-kids-succeed-with-recess-four-times-a-day-at-school/\">Educators at Eagle Mountain Elementary School \u003c/a>in Fort Worth, Texas, report a significant change in their students, who receive four fifteen-minute breaks each day; for example, they are more focused, and they are not tattling as often. One first grade teacher even noticed that her students are no longer chewing on pencils (Connelly, 2016).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhea’s research is exciting, and it seems like the national interest in bringing more breaks to American schools is high. However, while the tide might be changing in American education, many U.S. teachers and students lack the freedom to imitate the Finnish model. Thankfully, any classroom, even non-Finnish ones, can tap into the benefits of taking multiple breaks throughout each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47911\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-47911\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-1020x1346.jpg\" alt=\"Author Timothy Walker\" width=\"250\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-1020x1346.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-160x211.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-800x1055.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-768x1013.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-1180x1557.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-960x1266.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-240x317.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-375x495.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa-520x686.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/04/Timothy-Walker-David-Popa.jpg 1466w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Author Timothy Walker \u003ccite>(David Popa)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, I thought that the true value of Finnish-style breaks is related to free play, but I no longer hold this view. I’ve concluded that the primary benefit of Finnish breaks is in the way it keeps kids focused by refreshing their brains. \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcgill.ca/psychology/daniel-j-levitin\">Daniel Levitin\u003c/a>, professor of psychology, behavioral neuroscience, and music at McGill University, believes that giving the brain time to rest, through regular breaks, leads to greater productivity and creativity. “You need to give your brain time to consolidate all the information that’s come in,” he said in an interview for the education blog MindShift (Schwartz, 2014). But even without scheduled breaks at school, the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/10/06/why-daydreaming-is-critical-to-effective-learning/\">mind rests naturally through daydreaming\u003c/a>, which “allows you to refresh and release all those neural circuits that get all bound up when you’re focused,” said Levitin. “Children shouldn’t be overly scheduled. They should have blocks of time to promote spontaneity and creativity” (Schwartz, 2014).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are different ways of offering little brain breaks, which I describe below, but one of the most important things to remember is that they need to happen regularly to benefit our students. In other words, it’s wise to schedule them throughout the day. A good start, perhaps, would be thinking about offering a whole-group brain break for every forty-five minutes of classroom instruction—just like many Finnish teachers. But even that timing could be too infrequent for your students. What’s important is that you watch your students carefully. If they seem to be dragging their feet before the forty-five-minute mark, it would seem beneficial to offer a brain break right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Timothy D. Walker is an American teacher and writer living in Finland. He has written extensively about his experiences for Education Week Teacher, Educational Leadership, and on his blog, \u003ca href=\"http://taughtbyfinland.com/\">Taught by Finland\u003c/a>. While working at a Helsinki public school, he completed his teaching practicum and received his master’s degree in elementary education from the United States. He is a contributing writer on education issues for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tim-walker/\">The Atlantic\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">*\u003c/a>The names used for students in this book are pseudonyms.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/47909/how-kids-learn-better-by-taking-frequent-breaks-throughout-the-day","authors":["4354"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_20651","mindshift_20784","mindshift_799","mindshift_1040","mindshift_20531"],"featImg":"mindshift_48052","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_41120":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_41120","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"41120","score":null,"sort":[1436792915000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-its-easy-to-forget-the-several-things-you-tried-to-remember-at-once","title":"Why It’s Easy to Forget the Several Things You Tried to Remember at Once","publishDate":1436792915,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>Our days are full of things to remember, and they don't always arrive in an orderly fashion. Perhaps you begin your commute home and remember that you need to pick up milk. But then immediately, another to-do springs to mind: You never called back your friend last week. You may try to hold both in your head, but in the end the milk, the phone call or both still sometimes fall away, forgotten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new scientific model of forgetting is taking shape, which suggests keeping multiple memories or tasks in mind simultaneously can actually erode them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/1HSttVr\">already knew that memories can interfere with and weaken each other\u003c/a> while they are locked away in the recesses of long-term memory. But this new model speaks to what happens when multiple memories are coexisting front and center in our minds, in a place called \"working memory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It argues that when we let multiple memories come to mind simultaneously, those memories immediately lock into a fierce competition with each other. The milk and the phone call fight to each be remembered more than the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When these memories are tightly competing for our attention the brain steps in and actually modifies those memories,\" says Jarrod Lewis-Peacock, a neuroscientist at UT Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain crowns winners and losers. If you ended up remembering the milk and forgetting the phone call, your brain strengthens your memory for getting milk and weakens the one for phoning your friend back, so it will be easier to choose next time you're faced with that dilemma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2951848/\">Previous research\u003c/a> has demonstrated this competition-based weakening of memories over very short periods of time, but Lewis-Peacock and his colleagues recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141218/ncomms6768/full/ncomms6768.html\">put it to the test again\u003c/a>, to see if it could cause long-term forgetting. They decided to force two memories to compete: pictures of human faces and pictures of scenes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they used an advanced type of MRI technology to get a window into the minds of the study's participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Aq5XJyEv00sByCl7yz3yyI6SzOBKn7HP\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're starting to get to the point where we can pretty reliably sort of read out what a person is thinking about, seeing [and] trying to remember. And we're doing this on a moment-to-moment basis,\" says Lewis-Peacock. His team's MRI machine learned to recognize the unique pattern that emerges when each participant thinks of faces, scenes or both at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, while participants were loaded in the MRI, they were shown pictures of faces and scenes. They were then repeatedly asked to recall the pictures — in most cases just the images of scenes. \"Most of the time, I'll show you both [then] test you on the scene. You can basically forget the face at that point,\" Lewis-Peacock told them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The minds of participants were now presumably focusing on the memories of the scenes alone. \"But occasionally I'm going to sort of trick you and say 'Aha, no: On this trial I'm actually going to test your memory for the face item,' \" which forces your brain to quickly pull the face item back to mind, Lewis-Peacock says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many participants this meant suddenly both the scene and the face memories existed in their heads at once — competing with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team used their MRI to verify that both memories were present at once, and 30 minutes later they did another test for memory of that scene. Indeed, in the trials where competition had taken place, memory for scenes weakened significantly. The upshot: people had more trouble recalling a memory when it had earlier been simultaneously active with another one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jarrod Lewis-Peacock cautions that more testing is required before researchers can strongly recommend certain memory-enhancing techniques. Still, he says one interpretation of this is that \"switching between thoughts cleanly or efficiently is a good thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're done thinking about something you totally pack it away. Don't let it sit in the back of your head,\" he says. \"Because if you do, it might thrust it accidentally into competition with what you're moving on to think about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lewis-Peacock also says this competition theory of forgetting points to the limitations of our own minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think what this data is suggesting is that there might be these unintended consequences to the way that we're juggling thoughts in our head,\" he says. \"Maybe it's not just a whole big free lunch that you can try to do as many things as you can try to without any repercussions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trying+To+Remember+Multiple+Things+May+Be+The+Best+Way+To+Forget+Them&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When you have to remember many things at once, you might try to juggle all those to-do items in your head simultaneously. But new scientific research suggests there might be a better approach.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1436793048,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":783},"headData":{"title":"Why It’s Easy to Forget the Several Things You Tried to Remember at Once | KQED","description":"When you have to remember many things at once, you might try to juggle all those to-do items in your head simultaneously. But new scientific research suggests there might be a better approach.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why It’s Easy to Forget the Several Things You Tried to Remember at Once","datePublished":"2015-07-13T13:08:35.000Z","dateModified":"2015-07-13T13:10:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"41120 http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=41120","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/07/13/why-its-easy-to-forget-the-several-things-you-tried-to-remember-at-once/","disqusTitle":"Why It’s Easy to Forget the Several Things You Tried to Remember at Once","nprByline":"Chris Benderev, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/07/11/421749669/trying-to-remember-multiple-things-may-be-the-best-way-to-forget-them\">NPR\u003c/a>","nprStoryId":"421749669","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=421749669&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/07/11/421749669/trying-to-remember-multiple-things-may-be-the-best-way-to-forget-them?ft=nprml&f=421749669","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 13 Jul 2015 08:52:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 11 Jul 2015 08:11:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 13 Jul 2015 08:52:16 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2015/07/20150711_wesat_trying_to_remember_multiple_things_may_be_the_best_way_to_forget_them.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1024&d=249&p=7&story=421749669&t=progseg&e=422008425&seg=9&ft=nprml&f=421749669","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1422008479-9cfd25.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1024&d=249&p=7&story=421749669&t=progseg&e=422008425&seg=9&ft=nprml&f=421749669","path":"/mindshift/41120/why-its-easy-to-forget-the-several-things-you-tried-to-remember-at-once","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2015/07/20150711_wesat_trying_to_remember_multiple_things_may_be_the_best_way_to_forget_them.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1024&d=249&p=7&story=421749669&t=progseg&e=422008425&seg=9&ft=nprml&f=421749669","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Our days are full of things to remember, and they don't always arrive in an orderly fashion. Perhaps you begin your commute home and remember that you need to pick up milk. But then immediately, another to-do springs to mind: You never called back your friend last week. You may try to hold both in your head, but in the end the milk, the phone call or both still sometimes fall away, forgotten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new scientific model of forgetting is taking shape, which suggests keeping multiple memories or tasks in mind simultaneously can actually erode them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/1HSttVr\">already knew that memories can interfere with and weaken each other\u003c/a> while they are locked away in the recesses of long-term memory. But this new model speaks to what happens when multiple memories are coexisting front and center in our minds, in a place called \"working memory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It argues that when we let multiple memories come to mind simultaneously, those memories immediately lock into a fierce competition with each other. The milk and the phone call fight to each be remembered more than the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When these memories are tightly competing for our attention the brain steps in and actually modifies those memories,\" says Jarrod Lewis-Peacock, a neuroscientist at UT Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain crowns winners and losers. If you ended up remembering the milk and forgetting the phone call, your brain strengthens your memory for getting milk and weakens the one for phoning your friend back, so it will be easier to choose next time you're faced with that dilemma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2951848/\">Previous research\u003c/a> has demonstrated this competition-based weakening of memories over very short periods of time, but Lewis-Peacock and his colleagues recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141218/ncomms6768/full/ncomms6768.html\">put it to the test again\u003c/a>, to see if it could cause long-term forgetting. They decided to force two memories to compete: pictures of human faces and pictures of scenes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they used an advanced type of MRI technology to get a window into the minds of the study's participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're starting to get to the point where we can pretty reliably sort of read out what a person is thinking about, seeing [and] trying to remember. And we're doing this on a moment-to-moment basis,\" says Lewis-Peacock. His team's MRI machine learned to recognize the unique pattern that emerges when each participant thinks of faces, scenes or both at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, while participants were loaded in the MRI, they were shown pictures of faces and scenes. They were then repeatedly asked to recall the pictures — in most cases just the images of scenes. \"Most of the time, I'll show you both [then] test you on the scene. You can basically forget the face at that point,\" Lewis-Peacock told them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The minds of participants were now presumably focusing on the memories of the scenes alone. \"But occasionally I'm going to sort of trick you and say 'Aha, no: On this trial I'm actually going to test your memory for the face item,' \" which forces your brain to quickly pull the face item back to mind, Lewis-Peacock says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many participants this meant suddenly both the scene and the face memories existed in their heads at once — competing with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team used their MRI to verify that both memories were present at once, and 30 minutes later they did another test for memory of that scene. Indeed, in the trials where competition had taken place, memory for scenes weakened significantly. The upshot: people had more trouble recalling a memory when it had earlier been simultaneously active with another one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jarrod Lewis-Peacock cautions that more testing is required before researchers can strongly recommend certain memory-enhancing techniques. Still, he says one interpretation of this is that \"switching between thoughts cleanly or efficiently is a good thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're done thinking about something you totally pack it away. Don't let it sit in the back of your head,\" he says. \"Because if you do, it might thrust it accidentally into competition with what you're moving on to think about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lewis-Peacock also says this competition theory of forgetting points to the limitations of our own minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think what this data is suggesting is that there might be these unintended consequences to the way that we're juggling thoughts in our head,\" he says. \"Maybe it's not just a whole big free lunch that you can try to do as many things as you can try to without any repercussions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trying+To+Remember+Multiple+Things+May+Be+The+Best+Way+To+Forget+Them&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/41120/why-its-easy-to-forget-the-several-things-you-tried-to-remember-at-once","authors":["byline_mindshift_41120"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_20651","mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_20556","mindshift_380"],"featImg":"mindshift_41121","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_34690":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_34690","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"34690","score":null,"sort":[1395410405000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whats-the-sweet-spot-of-difficulty-for-learning","title":"What's the 'Sweet Spot' of Difficulty For Learning?","publishDate":1395410405,"format":"aside","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32567\" class=\"wp-caption center\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-32567\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/doing-homework360.jpg\" alt=\"doing-homework360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/doing-homework360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/doing-homework360-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/doing-homework360-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">In an NPR \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/03/can-focus-on-grit-work-in-school-cultures-that-reward-grades/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> earlier this week, Tovia Smith reported on the growing number of schools that are trying to instill “grit”— perseverance in the face of adversity — in their students. Smith focused on one such school:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tom Hoerr leads the New City School, a private elementary school in St. Louis, Mo., that has been working on grit. ‘One of the sayings that you hear around here a great deal is, “If our kids have graduated from here with nothing but success, then we have failed them, because they haven’t learned how to respond to frustration and failure,”‘ says Hoerr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of focusing on the theory known as 'multiple intelligences' and trying to teach kids in their own style, Hoerr says he’s now pulling kids out of their comfort zones intentionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘The message is that life isn’t always easy,’ Hoerr says. His goal is to make sure ‘that no matter how talented [students are], they hit the wall, so they can learn to pick themselves up, hit the wall again and pick themselves up again, and ultimately persevere and succeed.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a major adjustment for everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the adjustment involved seems to be the whiplash associated with following one set of educational trends (“multiple intelligences” and “learning styles”), then shifting gears to follow another set (“grit” and the “growth mindset”).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grit, an idea developed by Penn professor Angela Duckworth, and the growth mindset, a concept researched by Stanford professor Carol Dweck, have more empirical support than the appealing-sounding but unproven theories of multiple intelligences and learning styles. (For more about the learning styles theory, click \u003ca href=\"http://anniemurphypaul.com/2013/10/forget-about-learning-styles-heres-something-better/\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> \"Once the learner has attained some degree of mastery, ratcheting up the difficulty will help her stay in her 'sweet spot' of engagement, where the task is not too hard as to be frustrating and not so easy as to be boring.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But even putting the question of educational trends aside, the experience of principal Tom Hoerr as documented in the NPR segment brings up a question that parents and teachers wrestle with all the time: Should we be making learning easier for kids—or harder?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, according to research in cognitive science and psychology, is \u003cem>both\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, let’s think about how and why we might make learning easier. This has to do with what psychologists call “cognitive load”— the amount of information we have to keep in mind as we solve a problem. Decades of research has shown that this capacity is quite limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvard psychologist George Miller famously said that we could keep seven pieces of information in our minds at a time (he called it “the magic number seven”), but he was looking at studies that used numbers or letters or simple symbols. When the pieces of information are more complex, like concepts or facts, the number of them that we can keep in mind goes down, to about four. And if we are actively manipulating or combining those pieces of information, as we do in most kinds of real-life problem-solving, the number of things our minds can hang on to drops even further, to maybe two or three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that many tasks we ask students to do impose too great a cognitive load. They lose track of what they’re doing, they make mistakes, they get lost and give up. Even if they hang on long enough to solve the problem, they don’t have enough mental capacity left over to reflect on what they’ve done — and reflection is where learning really happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"26ed3a2f0dde0acdbf016792e68e1a24\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So: the way in which we should make learning easier is to reduce cognitive load, especially when we are introducing new or complicated materials. (Parents and teachers, who are already experts at this stuff, often don’t realize how much cognitive load they’re imposing on kids and other novices.) Slow it down. Break complicated ideas into smaller pieces, taking them one at a time. Offer lots of opportunities for practice with feedback. Avoid using jargon and other technical terms. Eliminate extraneous or distracting information and focus only on what the learner needs to know at this moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MAKING IT HARDER\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Makes sense. But what about making learning harder? Is there ever a reason to do that? Yes, and the reason is twofold. The first reason to make learning harder is to make it interesting. Learning something new and complicated is hard in itself, as we saw above. Lightening the learner’s cognitive load will allow her to learn more effectively without becoming frustrated or confused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once the learner has attained some degree of mastery, ratcheting up the difficulty will help her stay in her “sweet spot” of engagement, where the task is not too hard as to be frustrating and not so easy as to be boring. This is also the place where learners can practice encountering adversity and challenge and overcoming them, a key experience in the development of grit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second reason to make learning harder is that it makes learning work better. UCLA psychologist Robert Bjork has developed the idea of “desirable difficulties”—difficulties that we actually \u003cem>want\u003c/em> to introduce into students’ learning to make it more effective. Bjork notes that many of the learning activities that make students feel competent and successful—like reading over a textbook passage several times so that it feels familiar—actually do very little to help them learn. What they should do instead is something like this: close that textbook and ask themselves to recall from memory what they’ve just read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t feel as good. They’ll struggle to remember the words that were just in front of their eyes. But this activity, known as retrieval practice (or simply self-testing) is an example of a desirable difficulty that will dramatically increase students’ learning. You can read more about desirable difficulties \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2006/march-06/the-science-of-learning-and-the-learning-of-science.html\">here\u003c/a>, in an article by Bjork himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike learning styles, cognitive load theory and the theory of desirable difficulties have lots of research support. You won’t have to worry that another fad will come along to displace them in a few years. And in the meantime, you’ll have a good answer to the question of whether we should be making learning easier or harder. Remember: it’s both.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Parents and teachers wrestle with all the time: Should we be making learning easier for kids—or harder? The answer, according to research in cognitive science and psychology, is both.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1395359144,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1113},"headData":{"title":"What's the 'Sweet Spot' of Difficulty For Learning? | KQED","description":"Parents and teachers wrestle with all the time: Should we be making learning easier for kids—or harder? The answer, according to research in cognitive science and psychology, is both.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What's the 'Sweet Spot' of Difficulty For Learning?","datePublished":"2014-03-21T14:00:05.000Z","dateModified":"2014-03-20T23:45:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"34690 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=34690","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/03/21/whats-the-sweet-spot-of-difficulty-for-learning/","disqusTitle":"What's the 'Sweet Spot' of Difficulty For Learning?","path":"/mindshift/34690/whats-the-sweet-spot-of-difficulty-for-learning","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32567\" class=\"wp-caption center\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-32567\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/doing-homework360.jpg\" alt=\"doing-homework360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/doing-homework360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/doing-homework360-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/doing-homework360-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">In an NPR \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/03/can-focus-on-grit-work-in-school-cultures-that-reward-grades/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> earlier this week, Tovia Smith reported on the growing number of schools that are trying to instill “grit”— perseverance in the face of adversity — in their students. Smith focused on one such school:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tom Hoerr leads the New City School, a private elementary school in St. Louis, Mo., that has been working on grit. ‘One of the sayings that you hear around here a great deal is, “If our kids have graduated from here with nothing but success, then we have failed them, because they haven’t learned how to respond to frustration and failure,”‘ says Hoerr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of focusing on the theory known as 'multiple intelligences' and trying to teach kids in their own style, Hoerr says he’s now pulling kids out of their comfort zones intentionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘The message is that life isn’t always easy,’ Hoerr says. His goal is to make sure ‘that no matter how talented [students are], they hit the wall, so they can learn to pick themselves up, hit the wall again and pick themselves up again, and ultimately persevere and succeed.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a major adjustment for everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the adjustment involved seems to be the whiplash associated with following one set of educational trends (“multiple intelligences” and “learning styles”), then shifting gears to follow another set (“grit” and the “growth mindset”).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grit, an idea developed by Penn professor Angela Duckworth, and the growth mindset, a concept researched by Stanford professor Carol Dweck, have more empirical support than the appealing-sounding but unproven theories of multiple intelligences and learning styles. (For more about the learning styles theory, click \u003ca href=\"http://anniemurphypaul.com/2013/10/forget-about-learning-styles-heres-something-better/\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> \"Once the learner has attained some degree of mastery, ratcheting up the difficulty will help her stay in her 'sweet spot' of engagement, where the task is not too hard as to be frustrating and not so easy as to be boring.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But even putting the question of educational trends aside, the experience of principal Tom Hoerr as documented in the NPR segment brings up a question that parents and teachers wrestle with all the time: Should we be making learning easier for kids—or harder?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, according to research in cognitive science and psychology, is \u003cem>both\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, let’s think about how and why we might make learning easier. This has to do with what psychologists call “cognitive load”— the amount of information we have to keep in mind as we solve a problem. Decades of research has shown that this capacity is quite limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvard psychologist George Miller famously said that we could keep seven pieces of information in our minds at a time (he called it “the magic number seven”), but he was looking at studies that used numbers or letters or simple symbols. When the pieces of information are more complex, like concepts or facts, the number of them that we can keep in mind goes down, to about four. And if we are actively manipulating or combining those pieces of information, as we do in most kinds of real-life problem-solving, the number of things our minds can hang on to drops even further, to maybe two or three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that many tasks we ask students to do impose too great a cognitive load. They lose track of what they’re doing, they make mistakes, they get lost and give up. Even if they hang on long enough to solve the problem, they don’t have enough mental capacity left over to reflect on what they’ve done — and reflection is where learning really happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So: the way in which we should make learning easier is to reduce cognitive load, especially when we are introducing new or complicated materials. (Parents and teachers, who are already experts at this stuff, often don’t realize how much cognitive load they’re imposing on kids and other novices.) Slow it down. Break complicated ideas into smaller pieces, taking them one at a time. Offer lots of opportunities for practice with feedback. Avoid using jargon and other technical terms. Eliminate extraneous or distracting information and focus only on what the learner needs to know at this moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MAKING IT HARDER\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Makes sense. But what about making learning harder? Is there ever a reason to do that? Yes, and the reason is twofold. The first reason to make learning harder is to make it interesting. Learning something new and complicated is hard in itself, as we saw above. Lightening the learner’s cognitive load will allow her to learn more effectively without becoming frustrated or confused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once the learner has attained some degree of mastery, ratcheting up the difficulty will help her stay in her “sweet spot” of engagement, where the task is not too hard as to be frustrating and not so easy as to be boring. This is also the place where learners can practice encountering adversity and challenge and overcoming them, a key experience in the development of grit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second reason to make learning harder is that it makes learning work better. UCLA psychologist Robert Bjork has developed the idea of “desirable difficulties”—difficulties that we actually \u003cem>want\u003c/em> to introduce into students’ learning to make it more effective. Bjork notes that many of the learning activities that make students feel competent and successful—like reading over a textbook passage several times so that it feels familiar—actually do very little to help them learn. What they should do instead is something like this: close that textbook and ask themselves to recall from memory what they’ve just read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t feel as good. They’ll struggle to remember the words that were just in front of their eyes. But this activity, known as retrieval practice (or simply self-testing) is an example of a desirable difficulty that will dramatically increase students’ learning. You can read more about desirable difficulties \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2006/march-06/the-science-of-learning-and-the-learning-of-science.html\">here\u003c/a>, in an article by Bjork himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike learning styles, cognitive load theory and the theory of desirable difficulties have lots of research support. You won’t have to worry that another fad will come along to displace them in a few years. And in the meantime, you’ll have a good answer to the question of whether we should be making learning easier or harder. Remember: it’s both.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/34690/whats-the-sweet-spot-of-difficulty-for-learning","authors":["4355"],"categories":["mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_20651","mindshift_1040"],"featImg":"mindshift_32567","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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