How one district has diversified its advanced math classes — without the controversy
Professors say high school math doesn’t prepare most students for their college majors
Inside the perplexing study that’s inspired colleges to drop remedial math
How to Help Students Succeed in Algebra 1 This Year
Getting Physical: How the Flagway Game Sparks Learning and Love of Math
Does Algebra Do More Harm Than Good? Community Colleges Rethink Requirements
How Much Do Visual Experiences Shape How People Think About Math?
Practical Ways to Develop Students' Mathematical Reasoning
In Teaching Algebra, the Not-So-Secret Way to Students' Hearts
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Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://us2.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TULSA, Okla. — Amoni and Zoe scattered the contents of a sandwich bag full of fruit-flavored candy across their desks as part of a math lesson on ratios.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What does it mean to have 50%?” their teacher, Kelly Woodfin, asked the sixth graders in her advanced math class. “What does it mean to have half?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amoni and Zoe, both 11, ate just one piece of candy each, as they converted the share of green apples or pink strawberries from their bag into fractions, decimals and percents. When they got stumped on a strategy for turning a decimal into a percentage, the pair’s arms shot in the air.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think, you go two steps over, and to the left,” Amoni said, her voice trailing into a question.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You’ve been doing this for two weeks, sister,” Woodfin playfully chided her. “I don’t know why you’re doubting yourself.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Years ago, when Woodfin attended \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.unionps.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Union Public Schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from kindergarten through eighth grade, she sat in fairly homogenous classrooms. Woodfin recalled her peers as predominantly white, a legacy of families moving to the suburbs as \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED145054\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tulsa schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> desegregated during the 1950s. But when she returned to teach at Union in 2012, the white student population had shrunk to a little more than half of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/scschoolfiles/1967/annual_report_12-13.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">total enrollment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Until recently, however, students in Union’s advanced math classes remained mostly white. The accelerated track in middle and high school drew mostly from elementary schools in affluent neighborhoods, where students tended to perform better on a pre-algebra placement test that they had one chance to take as fifth graders. But on a recent winter day, only two of Woodfin’s students identified as white and more than a third were still learning English.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63071\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63071\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelly Woodfin, once a student at Union Public Schools in Tulsa, Okla., teaches advanced math to a class of sixth graders. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The transformation of Woodfin’s class rosters represent more than a general shift in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://oklaschools.com/district/72I009/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">who attends Union schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, where today only one in four students is white. It’s also the result of a years-long campaign to identify and promote more students from underrepresented backgrounds into the district’s most challenging math courses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Elsewhere, concerns about who gets access to advanced math have led districts to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/does-detracking-promote-educational-equity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">end the tracking\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of students into different math classes by perceived ability or to remove accelerated classes altogether in the name of equity. Union, by contrast, has attempted to find a middle ground. The district, which overlaps part of Tulsa and its southeast suburbs, continues to track students into separate math classes beginning in sixth grade. But it has also added new ways beyond the one-time placement test for students to qualify for higher level math courses, and increased support — including in-school tutoring and longer class periods — for students who’ve shown promise in the subject.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enrollment data suggest the effort to make higher-level math accessible to more students had started to yield results before the pandemic. But there have been challenges: In the last few years, fewer students overall have enrolled in advanced math classes, although the declines for Black and Hispanic students have been less steep than for other groups. Anti-teacher sentiment, on top of Oklahoma’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/education/addressing-the-teacher-shortage-oklahoma-to-offer-bonuses-up-to-50-000/article_1e6ee1a2-e39e-11ed-85c5-efc1e0044b5c.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">low teacher salaries\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, have made it difficult to hire math educators, administrators here say. At Union High School, an Algebra 2 position remained vacant for more than a year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the district remains committed to its changes. Recently, principals and veteran math educators have persuaded some former students to join Union’s teaching ranks. Shannan Bittle, a secondary math specialist for Union, said new academic programs — like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fox23.com/news/local/union-public-schools-starts-new-year-launches-aeronautics-program/article_9b39dde6-3c62-11ee-b26c-23ea4f636a91.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">aviation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1216770762027851\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">construction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — could offer students more ways to apply higher levels of math in lucrative jobs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We try really, really hard not to keep people out” of accelerated math, she said. “But we do our best to give them the tools to succeed.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63061\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miguel, right, helps Josue with an exercise on graphing coordinates during Kelly Woodfin’s sixth-grade math class. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taking algebra or higher in middle school places a student on the path to calculus in high school, which opens the door to selective colleges and is considered a gateway course for many high-paying STEM careers. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/profile/us?surveyYear=2020\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Federal education data\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> shows white students enroll in high school calculus at nearly eight times the rate of their Black peers and about triple the average for Hispanic students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There are many Black and Latino students and students from low-income backgrounds who have demonstrated an aptitude and are yearning for more — yet they are systemically denied access to advanced math courses,” wrote the authors of a December 2023 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://edtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Advanced-Math-V9.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from nonprofits Education Trust and Just Equations. “This practice — and mindset — must change.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, approaches school districts have taken to increase diversity in math have inspired controversy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In San Francisco, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/education/the-lawsuit-that-could-change-california-math-education/article_a5b5e9c8-af1c-11ed-9b0f-07c7d381b5f1.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">school district\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> eliminated accelerated math at middle and high schools in 2014 to end the segregating of classrooms by ability, prompting parental outcry. Three years later, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.boston.com/news/the-boston-globe/2023/07/18/cambridge-schools-are-divided-over-middle-school-algebra/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cambridge Public Schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Massachusetts began dismantling its policy of tracking students into either accelerated or grade-level math. Near Detroit, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theoaklandpress.com/2023/05/17/troy-board-votes-to-eliminate-middle-school-honors-classes/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Troy school board\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> voted to remove advanced math for middle schools beginning later this year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63068\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63068\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1020x1530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-scaled.jpg 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1/24/24 10:19:25 AM — A student works at her desk during Kelly Woodfin’s 6th grade math class at the Union Schools 6th and 7th Grade Center in Tulsa, Okla.\u003cbr>Photo by Shane Bevel \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, the California state board of education last year adopted new curriculum guidelines that, among other ideas, encourage schools to delay algebra until ninth grade. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/ne/yr23/yr23rel54.asp\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">board insisted\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the framework “affirms California’s commitment to ensuring equity and excellence in math learning for all students.” But critics — including \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/california-adopts-controversial-new-math-framework-heres-whats-in-it/2023/07\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">math and science professors\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — have suggested it does the opposite, by denying students the academic preparation they need to succeed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I see the value, in theory,” Rebecka Peterson, a Union High math teacher and 2023 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ntoy.ccsso.org/rebecka-peterson-2023-national-teacher-of-the-year/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Teacher of the Year\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, said of efforts like California’s. But, she added, “Kids are so unique, and one size fits all — as a mom, it’s not what I want for my son.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peterson started working for Union schools about 12 years ago, teaching math classes ranging from intermediate algebra to advanced placement calculus. Early on, Peterson noticed the demographic split in her classes: “We’re a very culturally rich district, and yet, my calculus classes were mostly white,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She decided to talk with her principal at the time, Lisa Witcher. The pair discovered that, although Union High enrolled students from all 13 elementary campuses, Peterson’s calculus students primarily started at just three — the whitest and wealthiest of Union’s elementaries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shortly after, district administration tapped Witcher to spearhead a new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://uhs.unionps.org/college-career/edge\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">early college program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. She began recruiting students who had completed geometry as freshmen, but found only a tenth of Black freshmen in Union were eligible to enroll in that class. They hadn’t taken the prerequisite, Algebra 1, in eighth grade.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“That sparked some uncomfortable conversations,” said Witcher, who retired from the district in 2021.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ultimately, administrators traced the cause of the narrow pipeline into advanced middle and high school math to the fifth grade. That’s when schools administered a heavily word-based exam, which students had one chance to pass. District officials said the high-stakes exam disadvantaged two growing populations in Union schools: kids who were still learning English, and children from low-income families, whose parents couldn’t afford private tutors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This discovery prompted a series of changes, beginning about a decade ago. The school district did not eliminate the fifth-grade exam as an entryway into advanced math, but students can now attempt the test multiple times. Elementary schools offer math tutors starting in the third grade, with after-school programs for students struggling in the subject. Teachers can refer promising students for sixth grade advanced math, regardless of how they did on the placement exam. A central administrator also reviews student grades and growth on proficiency exams to automatically enroll students into an accelerated class. (Parents are sent a letter notifying them of the automatic enrollment, at which point they can choose to opt out.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We hunt them down from every corner of the school district,” said Todd Nelson, a former math teacher who now oversees data, research and testing for the district.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since 2016, the diversity of students enrolled in the district’s advanced math courses has increased. Hispanic students now make up 29% of enrollment, up from 18%; Black and multiracial students each represent 10% of enrollment, up from about 8% in 2016.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63064\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grader Jonathan works a problem on the smart board during Kelly Woodfin’s advanced math class. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More recently, however, participation in higher-level math has dipped in Union schools, across all student subgroups. District data show the trend, especially in high school, started before the pandemic. But administrators say the disruption of school lockdowns contributed to a lingering aversion to signing up for challenging courses. Still, the share of Black, Hispanic and multiracial students enrolling in Union’s advanced math classes has fallen at much lower rates than those of Asian and white students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We see this as the long-term process of the work that we’re doing, as opposed to fixing the problem in one year,” Nelson added.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Woodfin’s sixth grade class, 11-year-old Vianca wasn’t sure how she got into advanced math. She remembered taking a “super hard” test as a fifth grader and registered for regular math in middle school.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I guess I was just placed in here,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vianca said the subject has been a struggle this year. But a recent shift in sixth grade schedules to add more time for math means she has 90 minutes — instead of just 45 — with Woodfin each day.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“She always slows down” when it feels like too much, Vianca said of her teacher. “I can ask for help.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63063\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-800x492.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-800x492.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1020x627.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1536x945.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-2048x1260.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1920x1181.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grade teacher Kelly Woodfin uses sports metaphors to help her students during an advanced math at Union Public Schools in Tulsa, Okla. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Doubling the amount of math that both sixth graders take in Union has come with a cost. Some parents bristled at the reduction of extracurriculars, like art or music. The change required doubling the number of secondary math teachers, and principals already had a hard time recruiting teachers for those subjects. (Last school year, the turnover rate for Oklahoma teachers reached 24%, the highest rate in a decade, according to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sde.ok.gov/comprehensive-teacher-pay-reform\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">state data\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lack of teacher diversity also complicates the district’s overall mission of increasing diversity in advanced math, Bittle acknowledged. Only two out of about 90 middle and high school math teachers identify as Black, and efforts to recruit at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.langston.edu/education-behavioral-sciences\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Langston University\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the state’s only historically Black university, have yet to prove successful. Bittle added that Oklahoma’s low pay for teachers doesn’t help: Schools in neighboring states tend to offer much more than the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/careertech/educators/agricultural-education/program-funding/Salary%20Schedule%20for%202023-2024.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">roughly $40,000\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> starting salary for teachers in the Sooner State.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research on the detracking debate presents a complicated picture. About the same time that the district made its changes, one international study suggested steering bright students into accelerated classes could \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/schools-exacerbate-the-growing-achievement-gap-between-rich-and-poor-a-33-country-study-finds/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">exacerbate the rich-poor divide\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in schools. Another paper, published by the Brookings Institution in 2016, found that Black and Hispanic students \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/finding-benefits-tracking/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scored better on Advanced Placement exams\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in states that tracked more eighth graders into different ability levels in math.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This will remain murky,” said Kristen Hengtgen, a senior analyst with the Education Trust. “Detracking seems to have good intentions, but we just haven’t seen it work conclusively yet.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63069\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63069\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grader Jayda works at her desk in an advanced math class in Union Public Schools. The Tulsa-area school district has tried to increase the diversity of students on its accelerated math track. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Union remains committed to its efforts, though. And in a pin-drop quiet calculus class, where only the hum of the HVAC system disrupted the scratching of pencils, students remained committed to their own hard work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lizeth Rosas sat in the back row. Wearing bright blue smocks for a nursing program she had later in the day, the 18-year-old scribbled notes on how to find the average value of friction with a given interval.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Any questions?” her teacher invited. “Speak now, or forever hold your peace.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only eight of the 22 students in the class identified as white. Rosas first got into an advanced math as a seventh grader, she said. Last year, to her surprise, a teacher recommended she take the Advanced Placement course.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“In the beginning, I questioned myself — a lot,” she said. “I didn’t know if I was ready. It’s kind of a lot to process, and we move so fast.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rosas plans to work as a licensed practical nurse after graduation, and expects conversions of medications and IV fluids will require math. Her father, who runs his own remodeling company, can’t help with her calculus work, she said. But, her nursing program, part of a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://tulsatech.edu/about-the-district/locations/high-school-extension-programs/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">high school extension program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at the nearby Tulsa Technology Center, offers academic tutoring.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t really need it,” Rosas said. “The teachers here are really helpful. They just kind of help me. They remind me I can do it.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/how-one-district-has-diversified-its-advanced-math-classes-without-the-controversy/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">math equity\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.us2.list-manage1.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fights over ‘detracking’ math classes have roiled other districts. But Union Public Schools, in Oklahoma, took a middle ground, adding tutoring and non-test-based ways for students to qualify for advanced math.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1706902714,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":47,"wordCount":2439},"headData":{"title":"How one district has diversified its advanced math classes — without the controversy | KQED","description":"Fights over ‘detracking’ math classes have roiled some districts. But an Oklahoma district has found success with a middle ground approach.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Fights over ‘detracking’ math classes have roiled some districts. But an Oklahoma district has found success with a middle ground approach.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How one district has diversified its advanced math classes — without the controversy","datePublished":"2024-02-05T10:00:53.000Z","dateModified":"2024-02-02T19:38:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Neal Morton, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/63058/how-one-district-has-diversified-its-advanced-math-classes-without-the-controversy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about math equity was produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://us2.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TULSA, Okla. — Amoni and Zoe scattered the contents of a sandwich bag full of fruit-flavored candy across their desks as part of a math lesson on ratios.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What does it mean to have 50%?” their teacher, Kelly Woodfin, asked the sixth graders in her advanced math class. “What does it mean to have half?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amoni and Zoe, both 11, ate just one piece of candy each, as they converted the share of green apples or pink strawberries from their bag into fractions, decimals and percents. When they got stumped on a strategy for turning a decimal into a percentage, the pair’s arms shot in the air.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think, you go two steps over, and to the left,” Amoni said, her voice trailing into a question.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You’ve been doing this for two weeks, sister,” Woodfin playfully chided her. “I don’t know why you’re doubting yourself.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Years ago, when Woodfin attended \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.unionps.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Union Public Schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from kindergarten through eighth grade, she sat in fairly homogenous classrooms. Woodfin recalled her peers as predominantly white, a legacy of families moving to the suburbs as \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED145054\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tulsa schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> desegregated during the 1950s. But when she returned to teach at Union in 2012, the white student population had shrunk to a little more than half of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/scschoolfiles/1967/annual_report_12-13.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">total enrollment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Until recently, however, students in Union’s advanced math classes remained mostly white. The accelerated track in middle and high school drew mostly from elementary schools in affluent neighborhoods, where students tended to perform better on a pre-algebra placement test that they had one chance to take as fifth graders. But on a recent winter day, only two of Woodfin’s students identified as white and more than a third were still learning English.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63071\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63071\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelly Woodfin, once a student at Union Public Schools in Tulsa, Okla., teaches advanced math to a class of sixth graders. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The transformation of Woodfin’s class rosters represent more than a general shift in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://oklaschools.com/district/72I009/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">who attends Union schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, where today only one in four students is white. It’s also the result of a years-long campaign to identify and promote more students from underrepresented backgrounds into the district’s most challenging math courses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Elsewhere, concerns about who gets access to advanced math have led districts to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/does-detracking-promote-educational-equity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">end the tracking\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of students into different math classes by perceived ability or to remove accelerated classes altogether in the name of equity. Union, by contrast, has attempted to find a middle ground. The district, which overlaps part of Tulsa and its southeast suburbs, continues to track students into separate math classes beginning in sixth grade. But it has also added new ways beyond the one-time placement test for students to qualify for higher level math courses, and increased support — including in-school tutoring and longer class periods — for students who’ve shown promise in the subject.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enrollment data suggest the effort to make higher-level math accessible to more students had started to yield results before the pandemic. But there have been challenges: In the last few years, fewer students overall have enrolled in advanced math classes, although the declines for Black and Hispanic students have been less steep than for other groups. Anti-teacher sentiment, on top of Oklahoma’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/education/addressing-the-teacher-shortage-oklahoma-to-offer-bonuses-up-to-50-000/article_1e6ee1a2-e39e-11ed-85c5-efc1e0044b5c.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">low teacher salaries\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, have made it difficult to hire math educators, administrators here say. At Union High School, an Algebra 2 position remained vacant for more than a year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the district remains committed to its changes. Recently, principals and veteran math educators have persuaded some former students to join Union’s teaching ranks. Shannan Bittle, a secondary math specialist for Union, said new academic programs — like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fox23.com/news/local/union-public-schools-starts-new-year-launches-aeronautics-program/article_9b39dde6-3c62-11ee-b26c-23ea4f636a91.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">aviation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1216770762027851\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">construction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — could offer students more ways to apply higher levels of math in lucrative jobs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We try really, really hard not to keep people out” of accelerated math, she said. “But we do our best to give them the tools to succeed.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63061\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miguel, right, helps Josue with an exercise on graphing coordinates during Kelly Woodfin’s sixth-grade math class. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taking algebra or higher in middle school places a student on the path to calculus in high school, which opens the door to selective colleges and is considered a gateway course for many high-paying STEM careers. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/profile/us?surveyYear=2020\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Federal education data\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> shows white students enroll in high school calculus at nearly eight times the rate of their Black peers and about triple the average for Hispanic students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There are many Black and Latino students and students from low-income backgrounds who have demonstrated an aptitude and are yearning for more — yet they are systemically denied access to advanced math courses,” wrote the authors of a December 2023 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://edtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Advanced-Math-V9.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from nonprofits Education Trust and Just Equations. “This practice — and mindset — must change.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, approaches school districts have taken to increase diversity in math have inspired controversy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In San Francisco, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/education/the-lawsuit-that-could-change-california-math-education/article_a5b5e9c8-af1c-11ed-9b0f-07c7d381b5f1.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">school district\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> eliminated accelerated math at middle and high schools in 2014 to end the segregating of classrooms by ability, prompting parental outcry. Three years later, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.boston.com/news/the-boston-globe/2023/07/18/cambridge-schools-are-divided-over-middle-school-algebra/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cambridge Public Schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Massachusetts began dismantling its policy of tracking students into either accelerated or grade-level math. Near Detroit, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theoaklandpress.com/2023/05/17/troy-board-votes-to-eliminate-middle-school-honors-classes/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Troy school board\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> voted to remove advanced math for middle schools beginning later this year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63068\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63068\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1020x1530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-scaled.jpg 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1/24/24 10:19:25 AM — A student works at her desk during Kelly Woodfin’s 6th grade math class at the Union Schools 6th and 7th Grade Center in Tulsa, Okla.\u003cbr>Photo by Shane Bevel \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, the California state board of education last year adopted new curriculum guidelines that, among other ideas, encourage schools to delay algebra until ninth grade. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/ne/yr23/yr23rel54.asp\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">board insisted\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the framework “affirms California’s commitment to ensuring equity and excellence in math learning for all students.” But critics — including \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/california-adopts-controversial-new-math-framework-heres-whats-in-it/2023/07\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">math and science professors\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — have suggested it does the opposite, by denying students the academic preparation they need to succeed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I see the value, in theory,” Rebecka Peterson, a Union High math teacher and 2023 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ntoy.ccsso.org/rebecka-peterson-2023-national-teacher-of-the-year/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Teacher of the Year\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, said of efforts like California’s. But, she added, “Kids are so unique, and one size fits all — as a mom, it’s not what I want for my son.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peterson started working for Union schools about 12 years ago, teaching math classes ranging from intermediate algebra to advanced placement calculus. Early on, Peterson noticed the demographic split in her classes: “We’re a very culturally rich district, and yet, my calculus classes were mostly white,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She decided to talk with her principal at the time, Lisa Witcher. The pair discovered that, although Union High enrolled students from all 13 elementary campuses, Peterson’s calculus students primarily started at just three — the whitest and wealthiest of Union’s elementaries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shortly after, district administration tapped Witcher to spearhead a new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://uhs.unionps.org/college-career/edge\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">early college program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. She began recruiting students who had completed geometry as freshmen, but found only a tenth of Black freshmen in Union were eligible to enroll in that class. They hadn’t taken the prerequisite, Algebra 1, in eighth grade.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“That sparked some uncomfortable conversations,” said Witcher, who retired from the district in 2021.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ultimately, administrators traced the cause of the narrow pipeline into advanced middle and high school math to the fifth grade. That’s when schools administered a heavily word-based exam, which students had one chance to pass. District officials said the high-stakes exam disadvantaged two growing populations in Union schools: kids who were still learning English, and children from low-income families, whose parents couldn’t afford private tutors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This discovery prompted a series of changes, beginning about a decade ago. The school district did not eliminate the fifth-grade exam as an entryway into advanced math, but students can now attempt the test multiple times. Elementary schools offer math tutors starting in the third grade, with after-school programs for students struggling in the subject. Teachers can refer promising students for sixth grade advanced math, regardless of how they did on the placement exam. A central administrator also reviews student grades and growth on proficiency exams to automatically enroll students into an accelerated class. (Parents are sent a letter notifying them of the automatic enrollment, at which point they can choose to opt out.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We hunt them down from every corner of the school district,” said Todd Nelson, a former math teacher who now oversees data, research and testing for the district.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since 2016, the diversity of students enrolled in the district’s advanced math courses has increased. Hispanic students now make up 29% of enrollment, up from 18%; Black and multiracial students each represent 10% of enrollment, up from about 8% in 2016.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63064\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grader Jonathan works a problem on the smart board during Kelly Woodfin’s advanced math class. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More recently, however, participation in higher-level math has dipped in Union schools, across all student subgroups. District data show the trend, especially in high school, started before the pandemic. But administrators say the disruption of school lockdowns contributed to a lingering aversion to signing up for challenging courses. Still, the share of Black, Hispanic and multiracial students enrolling in Union’s advanced math classes has fallen at much lower rates than those of Asian and white students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We see this as the long-term process of the work that we’re doing, as opposed to fixing the problem in one year,” Nelson added.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Woodfin’s sixth grade class, 11-year-old Vianca wasn’t sure how she got into advanced math. She remembered taking a “super hard” test as a fifth grader and registered for regular math in middle school.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I guess I was just placed in here,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vianca said the subject has been a struggle this year. But a recent shift in sixth grade schedules to add more time for math means she has 90 minutes — instead of just 45 — with Woodfin each day.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“She always slows down” when it feels like too much, Vianca said of her teacher. “I can ask for help.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63063\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-800x492.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-800x492.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1020x627.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1536x945.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-2048x1260.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1920x1181.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grade teacher Kelly Woodfin uses sports metaphors to help her students during an advanced math at Union Public Schools in Tulsa, Okla. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Doubling the amount of math that both sixth graders take in Union has come with a cost. Some parents bristled at the reduction of extracurriculars, like art or music. The change required doubling the number of secondary math teachers, and principals already had a hard time recruiting teachers for those subjects. (Last school year, the turnover rate for Oklahoma teachers reached 24%, the highest rate in a decade, according to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sde.ok.gov/comprehensive-teacher-pay-reform\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">state data\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lack of teacher diversity also complicates the district’s overall mission of increasing diversity in advanced math, Bittle acknowledged. Only two out of about 90 middle and high school math teachers identify as Black, and efforts to recruit at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.langston.edu/education-behavioral-sciences\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Langston University\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the state’s only historically Black university, have yet to prove successful. Bittle added that Oklahoma’s low pay for teachers doesn’t help: Schools in neighboring states tend to offer much more than the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/careertech/educators/agricultural-education/program-funding/Salary%20Schedule%20for%202023-2024.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">roughly $40,000\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> starting salary for teachers in the Sooner State.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research on the detracking debate presents a complicated picture. About the same time that the district made its changes, one international study suggested steering bright students into accelerated classes could \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/schools-exacerbate-the-growing-achievement-gap-between-rich-and-poor-a-33-country-study-finds/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">exacerbate the rich-poor divide\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in schools. Another paper, published by the Brookings Institution in 2016, found that Black and Hispanic students \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/finding-benefits-tracking/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scored better on Advanced Placement exams\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in states that tracked more eighth graders into different ability levels in math.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This will remain murky,” said Kristen Hengtgen, a senior analyst with the Education Trust. “Detracking seems to have good intentions, but we just haven’t seen it work conclusively yet.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63069\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63069\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grader Jayda works at her desk in an advanced math class in Union Public Schools. The Tulsa-area school district has tried to increase the diversity of students on its accelerated math track. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Union remains committed to its efforts, though. And in a pin-drop quiet calculus class, where only the hum of the HVAC system disrupted the scratching of pencils, students remained committed to their own hard work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lizeth Rosas sat in the back row. Wearing bright blue smocks for a nursing program she had later in the day, the 18-year-old scribbled notes on how to find the average value of friction with a given interval.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Any questions?” her teacher invited. “Speak now, or forever hold your peace.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only eight of the 22 students in the class identified as white. Rosas first got into an advanced math as a seventh grader, she said. Last year, to her surprise, a teacher recommended she take the Advanced Placement course.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“In the beginning, I questioned myself — a lot,” she said. “I didn’t know if I was ready. It’s kind of a lot to process, and we move so fast.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rosas plans to work as a licensed practical nurse after graduation, and expects conversions of medications and IV fluids will require math. Her father, who runs his own remodeling company, can’t help with her calculus work, she said. But, her nursing program, part of a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://tulsatech.edu/about-the-district/locations/high-school-extension-programs/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">high school extension program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at the nearby Tulsa Technology Center, offers academic tutoring.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t really need it,” Rosas said. “The teachers here are really helpful. They just kind of help me. They remind me I can do it.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/how-one-district-has-diversified-its-advanced-math-classes-without-the-controversy/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">math equity\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.us2.list-manage1.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/63058/how-one-district-has-diversified-its-advanced-math-classes-without-the-controversy","authors":["byline_mindshift_63058"],"categories":["mindshift_21357","mindshift_21579"],"tags":["mindshift_912","mindshift_276","mindshift_21322","mindshift_21846","mindshift_21699","mindshift_20701","mindshift_392","mindshift_20841"],"featImg":"mindshift_63060","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_62724":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_62724","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"62724","score":null,"sort":[1699873234000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"professors-say-high-school-math-doesnt-prepare-most-students-for-their-college-majors","title":"Professors say high school math doesn’t prepare most students for their college majors","publishDate":1699873234,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Professors say high school math doesn’t prepare most students for their college majors | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The typical ambitious high school student takes advanced algebra, trigonometry, pre-calculus and calculus. None of that math may be necessary for the vast majority of undergraduates who don’t intend to major in science or another STEM field. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But those same students don’t have many of the math skills that professors think they actually do need. In a survey, humanities, arts and social science professors say they really want their students to be able to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58326/could-data-science-diversify-the-stem-field-why-courses-designed-this-century-feel-so-relevant-to-all-students\">analyze data, create charts and spreadsheets and reason mathematically\u003c/a> – skills that high school math courses often skip or rush through.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We still need the traditional algebra-to-calculus curriculum for students who are intending a STEM major,” said Gary Martin, a professor of mathematics education at Auburn University in Alabama who led the team that conducted this survey of college professors. “But that’s maybe 20%. The other 80%, what about them?” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Martin said that the survey showed that high schools should stress “reasoning and critical thinking skills, decrease the emphasis on specific mathematical topics, and increase the focus on data analysis and statistics.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This damning assessment of the content of high school math comes from a survey of about 300 Alabama college professors who oversee majors and undergraduate degree programs at both two-year and four-year public colleges in the humanities, arts, social sciences and some natural sciences. Majors that require calculus were excluded. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 2021 survey prompted Alabama’s public colleges and universities to allow more students to meet their math requirements by taking a statistics course instead of a traditional math class, such as college algebra or calculus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Martin and his colleagues later realized that the survey had implications for high school math too, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://conference-handouts.s3.amazonaws.com/2023-ncsm-washington-dc/files/0930_0_Martin_3111.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">presented these results at an Oct. 26, 2023 session\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics annual conference in Washington D.C. Full survey results are slated to be published in the winter 2024 issue of the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://amatyc.org/page/MathAMATYCEducator\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">MathAMATYC Educator\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Mathematical Association of Two-Year Colleges.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the survey, professors were asked \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">detailed questions\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> about which mathematical concepts and skills students need in their programs. Many high school math topics were unimportant to college professors. For example, most professors said they wanted students to understand functions, particularly linear and exponential functions, which are used to model trends, population changes or compound interest. But Martin said that non-STEM students didn’t really need to learn trigonometric functions, which are used in satellite navigation or mechanical engineering. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">College professors were more keen on an assortment of what was described as mathematical “practices,” including the ability to “interpret quantitative information,” “strategically infer, evaluate and reason,” “apply the mathematics they know to solve everyday life, society and the workplace,” and to “look for patterns and relationships and make generalizations.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Teachers are so focused on covering all the topics that they don’t have time to do the practices when the practices are what really matters,” said Martin.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding statistics was high on the list. An overwhelming majority of college professors said students in their programs needed to be familiar with statistics and data analysis, including concepts like correlation, causation and the importance of sample size. They wanted students to be able to “interpret displays of data and statistical analyses to understand the reasonableness of the claims being presented.” Professors say students need to be able to produce bar charts, histograms and line charts. Facility with spreadsheets, such as Excel, is useful too.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Statistics is what you need,” said Martin. “Yet, in many K-12 classrooms, statistics is the proverbial end-of-the-year unit that you may or may not get to. And if you do, you rush through it, just to say you did it. But there’s not this sense of urgency to get through the statistics, as there is to get through the math topics.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though the survey took place only in Alabama and professors in other states might have different thoughts on the math that students need, Martin suspects that there are more similarities than differences.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The mismatch between what students learn in high school and what they need in college isn’t easy to fix. Teachers generally don’t have time for longer statistics units, or the ability to go deeper into math concepts so that students can develop their reasoning skills, because high school math courses have become bloated with too many topics. However, there is no consensus on which algebra topics to jettison.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encouraging high school students to take statistics classes during their junior and senior years is also fraught. College admissions officers value calculus, almost as a proxy for intelligence. And college admissions tests tend to emphasize math skills that students will practice more on the algebra-to-calculus track. A diversion to data analysis risks putting students at a disadvantage. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The thorniest problem is that revamping high school math could force students to make big choices in school before they know what they want to study in college. Students who want to enter STEM fields still need calculus and the country needs more people to pursue STEM careers. Taking more students off of the calculus track could close doors to many students and ultimately weaken the U.S. economy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Martin said it’s also important to remember that vocational training is not the only purpose of math education. “We don’t have students read Shakespeare because they need it to be effective in whatever they’re going to do later,” he said. “It adds something to your life. I felt that it really gave me breadth as a human being.” He wants high school students to study some math concepts they will never need because there’s a beauty to them. “Appreciating mathematics is a really intriguing way of looking at the world,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Martin and his colleagues don’t have any definitive solutions, but their survey is a helpful data point in demonstrating how too few students are getting the mathematical foundations they need for the future. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-professors-say-high-school-math-doesnt-prepare-most-students-for-their-college-majors/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">high school math\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was written by Jill Barshay and produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.us2.list-manage1.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletter.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In a survey, non-STEM professors said they really want their students to be able to analyze data, create charts and spreadsheets and reason mathematically.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1699647717,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1100},"headData":{"title":"Professors say high school math doesn’t prepare most students for their college majors | KQED","description":"In a survey, non-STEM professors said they really want their students to be able to analyze data, create charts and spreadsheets and reason mathematically.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"In a survey, non-STEM professors said they really want their students to be able to analyze data, create charts and spreadsheets and reason mathematically.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Professors say high school math doesn’t prepare most students for their college majors","datePublished":"2023-11-13T11:00:34.000Z","dateModified":"2023-11-10T20:21:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"nprByline":"Jill Barshay, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/62724/professors-say-high-school-math-doesnt-prepare-most-students-for-their-college-majors","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The typical ambitious high school student takes advanced algebra, trigonometry, pre-calculus and calculus. None of that math may be necessary for the vast majority of undergraduates who don’t intend to major in science or another STEM field. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But those same students don’t have many of the math skills that professors think they actually do need. In a survey, humanities, arts and social science professors say they really want their students to be able to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58326/could-data-science-diversify-the-stem-field-why-courses-designed-this-century-feel-so-relevant-to-all-students\">analyze data, create charts and spreadsheets and reason mathematically\u003c/a> – skills that high school math courses often skip or rush through.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We still need the traditional algebra-to-calculus curriculum for students who are intending a STEM major,” said Gary Martin, a professor of mathematics education at Auburn University in Alabama who led the team that conducted this survey of college professors. “But that’s maybe 20%. The other 80%, what about them?” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Martin said that the survey showed that high schools should stress “reasoning and critical thinking skills, decrease the emphasis on specific mathematical topics, and increase the focus on data analysis and statistics.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This damning assessment of the content of high school math comes from a survey of about 300 Alabama college professors who oversee majors and undergraduate degree programs at both two-year and four-year public colleges in the humanities, arts, social sciences and some natural sciences. Majors that require calculus were excluded. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 2021 survey prompted Alabama’s public colleges and universities to allow more students to meet their math requirements by taking a statistics course instead of a traditional math class, such as college algebra or calculus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Martin and his colleagues later realized that the survey had implications for high school math too, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://conference-handouts.s3.amazonaws.com/2023-ncsm-washington-dc/files/0930_0_Martin_3111.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">presented these results at an Oct. 26, 2023 session\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics annual conference in Washington D.C. Full survey results are slated to be published in the winter 2024 issue of the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://amatyc.org/page/MathAMATYCEducator\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">MathAMATYC Educator\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Mathematical Association of Two-Year Colleges.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the survey, professors were asked \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">detailed questions\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> about which mathematical concepts and skills students need in their programs. Many high school math topics were unimportant to college professors. For example, most professors said they wanted students to understand functions, particularly linear and exponential functions, which are used to model trends, population changes or compound interest. But Martin said that non-STEM students didn’t really need to learn trigonometric functions, which are used in satellite navigation or mechanical engineering. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">College professors were more keen on an assortment of what was described as mathematical “practices,” including the ability to “interpret quantitative information,” “strategically infer, evaluate and reason,” “apply the mathematics they know to solve everyday life, society and the workplace,” and to “look for patterns and relationships and make generalizations.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Teachers are so focused on covering all the topics that they don’t have time to do the practices when the practices are what really matters,” said Martin.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding statistics was high on the list. An overwhelming majority of college professors said students in their programs needed to be familiar with statistics and data analysis, including concepts like correlation, causation and the importance of sample size. They wanted students to be able to “interpret displays of data and statistical analyses to understand the reasonableness of the claims being presented.” Professors say students need to be able to produce bar charts, histograms and line charts. Facility with spreadsheets, such as Excel, is useful too.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Statistics is what you need,” said Martin. “Yet, in many K-12 classrooms, statistics is the proverbial end-of-the-year unit that you may or may not get to. And if you do, you rush through it, just to say you did it. But there’s not this sense of urgency to get through the statistics, as there is to get through the math topics.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though the survey took place only in Alabama and professors in other states might have different thoughts on the math that students need, Martin suspects that there are more similarities than differences.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The mismatch between what students learn in high school and what they need in college isn’t easy to fix. Teachers generally don’t have time for longer statistics units, or the ability to go deeper into math concepts so that students can develop their reasoning skills, because high school math courses have become bloated with too many topics. However, there is no consensus on which algebra topics to jettison.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encouraging high school students to take statistics classes during their junior and senior years is also fraught. College admissions officers value calculus, almost as a proxy for intelligence. And college admissions tests tend to emphasize math skills that students will practice more on the algebra-to-calculus track. A diversion to data analysis risks putting students at a disadvantage. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The thorniest problem is that revamping high school math could force students to make big choices in school before they know what they want to study in college. Students who want to enter STEM fields still need calculus and the country needs more people to pursue STEM careers. Taking more students off of the calculus track could close doors to many students and ultimately weaken the U.S. economy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Martin said it’s also important to remember that vocational training is not the only purpose of math education. “We don’t have students read Shakespeare because they need it to be effective in whatever they’re going to do later,” he said. “It adds something to your life. I felt that it really gave me breadth as a human being.” He wants high school students to study some math concepts they will never need because there’s a beauty to them. “Appreciating mathematics is a really intriguing way of looking at the world,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Martin and his colleagues don’t have any definitive solutions, but their survey is a helpful data point in demonstrating how too few students are getting the mathematical foundations they need for the future. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-professors-say-high-school-math-doesnt-prepare-most-students-for-their-college-majors/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">high school math\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was written by Jill Barshay and produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.us2.list-manage1.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletter.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/62724/professors-say-high-school-math-doesnt-prepare-most-students-for-their-college-majors","authors":["byline_mindshift_62724"],"categories":["mindshift_21504","mindshift_21694"],"tags":["mindshift_276","mindshift_998","mindshift_21846","mindshift_21261","mindshift_21189","mindshift_21403","mindshift_21446","mindshift_68","mindshift_392","mindshift_21845","mindshift_47"],"featImg":"mindshift_62725","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_61606":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_61606","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"61606","score":null,"sort":[1684144842000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"inside-the-perplexing-study-thats-inspired-college-to-drop-remedial-math","title":"Inside the perplexing study that’s inspired colleges to drop remedial math","publishDate":1684144842,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Inside the perplexing study that’s inspired colleges to drop remedial math | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>When Alexandra Logue served as the chief academic officer of the City University of New York (CUNY) from 2008 to 2014, she discovered that her 25-college system was spending over $20 million a year on remedial classes. Nationwide, the cost of remedial education exceeded\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272775716304605\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> $1 billion \u003c/a>annually; many colleges operated separate departments of “developmental education,” higher-education’s euphemistic jargon for non-credit catch-up classes. “Nobody could tell me if we were doing it the right way,” Logue said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She suspected they weren’t. More than \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2016/2016405.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two-thirds of all community college students and 40 percent of undergraduates\u003c/a> in four-year colleges had to start with at least one remedial class, according to a statistical report from the U.S. Department of Education. The majority of these students dropped out without degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An experimental psychologist by training, Logue designed an experiment. She compared remedial math classes to the alternative of letting ill-prepared students proceed straight to a college course accompanied by extra help. The early results of her randomized control trial were so extraordinary that her study influenced not only CUNY in 2016 but also\u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/blog/ensuring-all-students-benefit-from-landmark-community-college-reform/#:~:text=What%20does%20the%20new%20law,actually%20enroll%20in%20those%20courses.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California lawmakers in 2017\u003c/a> to start phasing out remedial education in their state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the seven years of Logue’s study, which took place at three of CUNY’s seven two-year community colleges, the results kept getting better. Students who started with college math were successfully passing the course at a fraction of the cost of remediation, getting their math requirements out of the way, earning their degrees faster and earning thousands more in the labor market. Many public colleges, from Nevada and Colorado to Connecticut and Tennessee, have followed suit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ecs.org/50-state-comparison-developmental-education-policies/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phasing out remedial ed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other \u003ca href=\"https://completecollege.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/CCA_NoRoomForDoubt_CorequisiteSupport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data analyses\u003c/a> have also shown benefits to bypassing remedial education, but this was one of the only real-life experiments, like a clinical trial, and so it carried a lot of weight. Most importantly, it studied math, often an insurmountable requirement for many students to complete their college degrees. This study has arguably been one of the most influential attempts to use experimental evidence to change how higher education operates and is now affecting the lives of millions of college students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great feeling of satisfaction,” said Logue, now a research professor at CUNY’s Graduate Center, “because it isn’t just CUNY. It’s across the country, using this really great evidence to help make things better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third and final chapter of this long-term study was \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/0013189X221138848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in the January/February 2023 issue of the journal Educational Researcher\u003c/a>, and as I pored over this body of research, I became confused about what it proved. The study could be seen as evidence against remedial education, but it could equally be seen as evidence for letting college students meet their math requirements without taking algebra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusion stems from the study design. Instead of testing remedial versus college algebra, which would be a direct test of remedial education, the study compared remedial algebra to college statistics, a sort of apples to oranges comparison. In the experiment, CUNY randomly assigned almost 300 students who failed the algebra portion of a math placement test to an introductory statistics course. In tandem with this college class, students attended an extra two-hour workshop each week where a college classmate who had already passed the class tutored them. Researchers then compared what happened to these stats students with a similar group of almost 300 students who were sent to remedial algebra, the traditional first step for students who fail the algebra subtest. Logue had the same teachers teach sections of both courses – remedial algebra and college stats – so that no one could argue instructional quality was different. Also, only students who struggled with algebra, but not arithmetic, were part of this experiment; students with more severe math difficulties, as measured by the freshman placement test, weren’t asked to attempt the college course and were excluded from the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By all measures, the students who went straight to college stats did better. More than half of the students who bypassed remedial algebra passed the stats class and earned college credit. Ultimately, these students finished their degrees a lot faster than those who started off in remedial algebra. They were 50 percent more likely to complete a two-year associate’s degree within three years and, according to the latest chapter of this seven-year study, they were twice as likely to transfer to a four-year institution and complete a bachelor’s degree within five years. Seven years after bypassing remedial ed, students were earning $4,600 more a year in the workplace, on average, than those who started in remedial math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we can say is, for students who have been assigned to remediation, put them into statistics with extra help, and you will get a good result,” said Logue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers argue that the shift to statistics might have made the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That switch from algebra to stats is a big one for a lot of students,” said Lindsay Daugherty, a senior policy researcher at the RAND Corporation who has studied remedial education and efforts to reform it. She said all the other studies that have looked at replacing remedial classes with college courses plus extra support haven’t produced better graduation rates. “This CUNY study is the only one,” said Daugherty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only other randomized control trial of remedial education is Daugherty’s Texas experiment to \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19345747.2021.1932000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">replace remedial English courses\u003c/a> with college courses plus extra support. Going straight to college courses helped more students earn college credits in English but that didn’t help them get through college. Dropout rates were the same for students in both the remedial and the “corequisite” courses, as the college plus extra help version is often called.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the way that we did it before with these standalone [remedial] courses was not helping students, and most states and colleges have made a change and are moving towards corequisites,” said Daugherty. “But the evidence does not suggest that these corequisite courses are the magic potion that is going to change completion and persistence. It’s going to take a lot more and a lot of other support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we don’t know from this study is how to help students who are behind in math learn college algebra, a course that is similar to intermediate high school algebra, which remains a requirement for many business, health and engineering majors. All the students in this landmark CUNY study had intended to major in non-STEM fields that didn’t require algebra, such as criminal justice and the humanities, and for which college statistics would fulfill their math requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logue originally sought to conduct a simpler, cleaner study of only algebra, comparing the remedial prerequisite to the college course plus tutoring support. But she ran into problems with the algebra faculty. (There were too many different versions of college algebra for different majors and across different colleges at CUNY, each covering different topics, she said, and it was impossible to test one version of a basic college algebra course.) Meanwhile, the statistics department was open to the experiment and their introductory courses were very similar from professor to professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear from this study how essential the weekly tutoring sessions were to helping students pass the statistics course. The experiment didn’t test whether students could pass the normal college stats class without peer tutoring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that the switch from remedial algebra to college stats didn’t seem to harm anyone. Indeed, the students in the statistics group were just as likely to complete advanced math courses, along the algebra-to-calculus track, as students who started with remedial algebra, according to co-author Daniel Douglas, director of social science research at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, who led the data analysis. In the final number crunching, the stats students were just as likely to complete math-intensive degrees that required college algebra. Starting with stats didn’t thwart students from changing their minds about their majors and returning to an algebra-to-calculus track, Douglas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that a lot of community college students still fell through the cracks. Although there was a 50 percent boost to the number of students who completed an associate’s degree within three years, only a quarter of the statistics students hit this milestone. Almost three-quarters didn’t. And though bypassing math remediation and heading straight to college stats led to a 100 percent increase in the number of bachelor’s degrees, only 14 percent of the statistics students earned a four-year degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main benefit of allowing students to bypass remedial classes is speed, according to Douglas. Over the course of seven years, the students who started in remedial algebra eventually caught up and hit many of the same milestones as the students who started with statistics. “At the end of our data collection in the fall of 2020, their degree completion – the elementary algebra group and the stats group – they’re not that different,” said Douglas. As those students enter the workforce and gain experience, it’s quite possible that their wages will catch up too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CUNY spokesperson told me that their college system stopped placing new students into remedial classes in the fall of 2022. For students who are behind in math, there are now “corequisite” math classes, where the extra support is more costly and differs from the tutoring that was tested in this study I am writing about here. Now the college-level course is two hours longer each week, blurring the lines between regular instruction and extra help support, and entirely taught by instructors, not peer tutors. Many instructors who used to teach remedial courses now teach these corequisite courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For students who are significantly behind — struggling not only in algebra, but also in basic arithmetic — CUNY operates a separate pre-college program, called CUNY Start, where students take only remedial classes. These students haven’t yet matriculated at the college and don’t pay tuition, and so CUNY doesn’t count them as students. And the numbers of students in this \u003ca href=\"https://www1.cuny.edu/sites/cunystart/resources/how-are-we-doing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pre-college remedial program had been swelling before the pandemic.\u003c/a>*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www1.cuny.edu/sites/cunystart/wp-content/uploads/sites/51/2021/03/CUNYStartWorkingpaper_rev.pdf\">Students did better in these newer pre-college remedial classes\u003c/a> than those who took traditional remedial classes, according to a separate 2021 study that Logue was also involved in. But these students aren’t necessarily doing better in college and earning more credits, unless they get a lot more advising and counseling support during their college years. Helping more young adults get through college isn’t going to be easy or cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>*Clarification: This paragraph has been modified to reflect that the CUNY Start program dates to 2009 and the number of students in it grew during the 2010s. Enrollment in CUNY Start has decreased in recent years, mirroring the general drop in enrollment at community colleges. An earlier version implied that the CUNY Start program was new and that the number of students in it is still increasing. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-inside-the-perplexing-study-thats-inspired-college-to-drop-remedial-math/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">remedial math in college\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proof Points\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and other \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletters\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A study found that skipping remedial math classes and going straight into a college course can actually help students graduate more often and make more money after graduation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684275524,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1964},"headData":{"title":"Inside the perplexing study that’s inspired colleges to drop remedial math | KQED","description":"A study found that skipping remedial math classes and going straight into a college course can actually help students graduate more often and make more money after graduation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"A study found that skipping remedial math classes and going straight into a college course can actually help students graduate more often and make more money after graduation.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Inside the perplexing study that’s inspired colleges to drop remedial math","datePublished":"2023-05-15T10:00:42.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-16T22:18:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"nprByline":"Jill Barshay, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/61606/inside-the-perplexing-study-thats-inspired-college-to-drop-remedial-math","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Alexandra Logue served as the chief academic officer of the City University of New York (CUNY) from 2008 to 2014, she discovered that her 25-college system was spending over $20 million a year on remedial classes. Nationwide, the cost of remedial education exceeded\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272775716304605\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> $1 billion \u003c/a>annually; many colleges operated separate departments of “developmental education,” higher-education’s euphemistic jargon for non-credit catch-up classes. “Nobody could tell me if we were doing it the right way,” Logue said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She suspected they weren’t. More than \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2016/2016405.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two-thirds of all community college students and 40 percent of undergraduates\u003c/a> in four-year colleges had to start with at least one remedial class, according to a statistical report from the U.S. Department of Education. The majority of these students dropped out without degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An experimental psychologist by training, Logue designed an experiment. She compared remedial math classes to the alternative of letting ill-prepared students proceed straight to a college course accompanied by extra help. The early results of her randomized control trial were so extraordinary that her study influenced not only CUNY in 2016 but also\u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/blog/ensuring-all-students-benefit-from-landmark-community-college-reform/#:~:text=What%20does%20the%20new%20law,actually%20enroll%20in%20those%20courses.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California lawmakers in 2017\u003c/a> to start phasing out remedial education in their state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the seven years of Logue’s study, which took place at three of CUNY’s seven two-year community colleges, the results kept getting better. Students who started with college math were successfully passing the course at a fraction of the cost of remediation, getting their math requirements out of the way, earning their degrees faster and earning thousands more in the labor market. Many public colleges, from Nevada and Colorado to Connecticut and Tennessee, have followed suit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ecs.org/50-state-comparison-developmental-education-policies/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phasing out remedial ed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other \u003ca href=\"https://completecollege.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/CCA_NoRoomForDoubt_CorequisiteSupport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data analyses\u003c/a> have also shown benefits to bypassing remedial education, but this was one of the only real-life experiments, like a clinical trial, and so it carried a lot of weight. Most importantly, it studied math, often an insurmountable requirement for many students to complete their college degrees. This study has arguably been one of the most influential attempts to use experimental evidence to change how higher education operates and is now affecting the lives of millions of college students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great feeling of satisfaction,” said Logue, now a research professor at CUNY’s Graduate Center, “because it isn’t just CUNY. It’s across the country, using this really great evidence to help make things better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third and final chapter of this long-term study was \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/0013189X221138848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in the January/February 2023 issue of the journal Educational Researcher\u003c/a>, and as I pored over this body of research, I became confused about what it proved. The study could be seen as evidence against remedial education, but it could equally be seen as evidence for letting college students meet their math requirements without taking algebra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusion stems from the study design. Instead of testing remedial versus college algebra, which would be a direct test of remedial education, the study compared remedial algebra to college statistics, a sort of apples to oranges comparison. In the experiment, CUNY randomly assigned almost 300 students who failed the algebra portion of a math placement test to an introductory statistics course. In tandem with this college class, students attended an extra two-hour workshop each week where a college classmate who had already passed the class tutored them. Researchers then compared what happened to these stats students with a similar group of almost 300 students who were sent to remedial algebra, the traditional first step for students who fail the algebra subtest. Logue had the same teachers teach sections of both courses – remedial algebra and college stats – so that no one could argue instructional quality was different. Also, only students who struggled with algebra, but not arithmetic, were part of this experiment; students with more severe math difficulties, as measured by the freshman placement test, weren’t asked to attempt the college course and were excluded from the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By all measures, the students who went straight to college stats did better. More than half of the students who bypassed remedial algebra passed the stats class and earned college credit. Ultimately, these students finished their degrees a lot faster than those who started off in remedial algebra. They were 50 percent more likely to complete a two-year associate’s degree within three years and, according to the latest chapter of this seven-year study, they were twice as likely to transfer to a four-year institution and complete a bachelor’s degree within five years. Seven years after bypassing remedial ed, students were earning $4,600 more a year in the workplace, on average, than those who started in remedial math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we can say is, for students who have been assigned to remediation, put them into statistics with extra help, and you will get a good result,” said Logue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers argue that the shift to statistics might have made the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That switch from algebra to stats is a big one for a lot of students,” said Lindsay Daugherty, a senior policy researcher at the RAND Corporation who has studied remedial education and efforts to reform it. She said all the other studies that have looked at replacing remedial classes with college courses plus extra support haven’t produced better graduation rates. “This CUNY study is the only one,” said Daugherty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only other randomized control trial of remedial education is Daugherty’s Texas experiment to \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19345747.2021.1932000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">replace remedial English courses\u003c/a> with college courses plus extra support. Going straight to college courses helped more students earn college credits in English but that didn’t help them get through college. Dropout rates were the same for students in both the remedial and the “corequisite” courses, as the college plus extra help version is often called.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the way that we did it before with these standalone [remedial] courses was not helping students, and most states and colleges have made a change and are moving towards corequisites,” said Daugherty. “But the evidence does not suggest that these corequisite courses are the magic potion that is going to change completion and persistence. It’s going to take a lot more and a lot of other support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we don’t know from this study is how to help students who are behind in math learn college algebra, a course that is similar to intermediate high school algebra, which remains a requirement for many business, health and engineering majors. All the students in this landmark CUNY study had intended to major in non-STEM fields that didn’t require algebra, such as criminal justice and the humanities, and for which college statistics would fulfill their math requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logue originally sought to conduct a simpler, cleaner study of only algebra, comparing the remedial prerequisite to the college course plus tutoring support. But she ran into problems with the algebra faculty. (There were too many different versions of college algebra for different majors and across different colleges at CUNY, each covering different topics, she said, and it was impossible to test one version of a basic college algebra course.) Meanwhile, the statistics department was open to the experiment and their introductory courses were very similar from professor to professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear from this study how essential the weekly tutoring sessions were to helping students pass the statistics course. The experiment didn’t test whether students could pass the normal college stats class without peer tutoring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that the switch from remedial algebra to college stats didn’t seem to harm anyone. Indeed, the students in the statistics group were just as likely to complete advanced math courses, along the algebra-to-calculus track, as students who started with remedial algebra, according to co-author Daniel Douglas, director of social science research at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, who led the data analysis. In the final number crunching, the stats students were just as likely to complete math-intensive degrees that required college algebra. Starting with stats didn’t thwart students from changing their minds about their majors and returning to an algebra-to-calculus track, Douglas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that a lot of community college students still fell through the cracks. Although there was a 50 percent boost to the number of students who completed an associate’s degree within three years, only a quarter of the statistics students hit this milestone. Almost three-quarters didn’t. And though bypassing math remediation and heading straight to college stats led to a 100 percent increase in the number of bachelor’s degrees, only 14 percent of the statistics students earned a four-year degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main benefit of allowing students to bypass remedial classes is speed, according to Douglas. Over the course of seven years, the students who started in remedial algebra eventually caught up and hit many of the same milestones as the students who started with statistics. “At the end of our data collection in the fall of 2020, their degree completion – the elementary algebra group and the stats group – they’re not that different,” said Douglas. As those students enter the workforce and gain experience, it’s quite possible that their wages will catch up too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CUNY spokesperson told me that their college system stopped placing new students into remedial classes in the fall of 2022. For students who are behind in math, there are now “corequisite” math classes, where the extra support is more costly and differs from the tutoring that was tested in this study I am writing about here. Now the college-level course is two hours longer each week, blurring the lines between regular instruction and extra help support, and entirely taught by instructors, not peer tutors. Many instructors who used to teach remedial courses now teach these corequisite courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For students who are significantly behind — struggling not only in algebra, but also in basic arithmetic — CUNY operates a separate pre-college program, called CUNY Start, where students take only remedial classes. These students haven’t yet matriculated at the college and don’t pay tuition, and so CUNY doesn’t count them as students. And the numbers of students in this \u003ca href=\"https://www1.cuny.edu/sites/cunystart/resources/how-are-we-doing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pre-college remedial program had been swelling before the pandemic.\u003c/a>*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www1.cuny.edu/sites/cunystart/wp-content/uploads/sites/51/2021/03/CUNYStartWorkingpaper_rev.pdf\">Students did better in these newer pre-college remedial classes\u003c/a> than those who took traditional remedial classes, according to a separate 2021 study that Logue was also involved in. But these students aren’t necessarily doing better in college and earning more credits, unless they get a lot more advising and counseling support during their college years. Helping more young adults get through college isn’t going to be easy or cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>*Clarification: This paragraph has been modified to reflect that the CUNY Start program dates to 2009 and the number of students in it grew during the 2010s. Enrollment in CUNY Start has decreased in recent years, mirroring the general drop in enrollment at community colleges. An earlier version implied that the CUNY Start program was new and that the number of students in it is still increasing. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-inside-the-perplexing-study-thats-inspired-college-to-drop-remedial-math/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">remedial math in college\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proof Points\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and other \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletters\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/61606/inside-the-perplexing-study-thats-inspired-college-to-drop-remedial-math","authors":["byline_mindshift_61606"],"categories":["mindshift_21504"],"tags":["mindshift_276","mindshift_21261","mindshift_20966","mindshift_68","mindshift_392","mindshift_381","mindshift_47","mindshift_391"],"featImg":"mindshift_61626","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_58090":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_58090","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"58090","score":null,"sort":[1626163814000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-to-help-students-succeed-in-algebra-1-this-year","title":"How to Help Students Succeed in Algebra 1 This Year","publishDate":1626163814,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is a part of \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/lessons-learned/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lessons Learned\u003c/a>, a series of stories exploring the evidence behind ideas to help children catch up and move ahead after the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ishmael Brown Jr. is a stickler for notes when he teaches algebra I to ninth graders at Spring Valley High School in Columbia, South Carolina. After he gives students a problem, he typically walks around and watches how they’re solving it; he wants to see their reasoning with the answer. Not so this year: As of May, only about a sixth of his students were in person and the rest online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many web tools out there that solve math problems, it’s easy for Brown’s online students to find a shortcut to answers and the calculations that go with them. So he has no idea if they’re learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connecting with kids has been a struggle, too. Brown’s virtual students aren’t required to turn on their cameras, so he can’t tell whether they’re paying attention. Few speak up. In person, his classes are fun, and the students engaged: “I relate whatever it is that we're doing to something closer to real life,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects are showing up in test scores. In his intermediate algebra class — the second semester of algebra I — 30 percent of his students are passing tests, compared with close to 70 percent in previous years. “I really don’t think that they’re growing,” said Brown, who’s also president of the National Tutoring Association. “I think this is a lost school year for most kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar stories are coming in from all over the country. Educators and school leaders are scrambling to figure out how to regain ground next year in a course that often makes or breaks students’ life chances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, math is what most often keeps students from graduating from college, experts say. Only half of students who take college algebra score C or higher in the course, a 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/CommonVisionFinal.pdf\">report\u003c/a> by the Mathematical Association of America noted. Math courses are “the most significant barrier to degree completion in both STEM and non-STEM fields,” the authors concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means algebra I is also the class that decides whether students get jobs involving science, technology, engineering or math. “Algebra I is the air you breathe to be in STEM,” said Nathan Levenson, a former CEO of a crane-manufacturing company and later a school superintendent in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many students it’s been a lonely year, and algebra is tougher to learn while peering at a screen, say teachers and researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58093\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1428px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-58093 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1428\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4.png 1428w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4-800x446.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4-1020x569.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4-160x89.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4-768x428.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1428px) 100vw, 1428px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ishmael Brown Jr. introduces a lesson on quadratic formulas. Few students spoke up with questions and comments during algebra I classes this year, say teachers and students. \u003ccite>(Ishmael Brown Jr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>School leaders and teachers are puzzling through a tough equation: how to keep students who missed out on a lot of algebra I content moving through grade-level math next year, usually geometry. Teaching experts say that will mean slowing down to fill in knowledge gaps —detouring from lesson plans, adding extra periods for tutoring, and more. Schools will need to put in “quality time this fall understanding what kids know and what they're able to do” and then building on that, says Michael Steele, a professor of mathematics education at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Jackson City School in Kentucky, teacher Jeffrey Coots has had about two-thirds of his algebra I students online all year. Even some of his strongest math students from prior years have struggled to stay motivated working virtually and have gotten behind. He doesn’t know what’s happening at home, and connections are often spotty — the district is located in Breathitt County, one of the nation’s poorest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really hard essentially losing a student who you know has just great things ahead of them,” he said. “I’m very worried. I think of math like Legos — you can't build a house if you don't have that first foundation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping kids connected is just one problem. Teachers don’t get enough training to begin with and certainly haven’t been trained to teach math remotely, said Mark Goldstein, vice president of curriculum and instruction at the nonprofit Center for Mathematics and Teaching. So teachers have been learning new software platforms on the go. In a group of 30 students in an online platform, they can’t watch everyone and check their students’ body language as in the classroom, he said. Breakout rooms are even harder to monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And often teachers haven’t had time to cover anything in depth. Heuvelton Central School in northwestern New York State used a hybrid schedule for middle school and high school most of the year: two groups of students on alternating schedules are in person two days a week each. The other three days they’re on their own to do homework. With only two days a week to present new material, algebra I teacher Eliza Pierce has had to skim — the class isn’t diving into the really hard problems, she said. When her students hit geometry next year in 10th grade, they’re going to be “shellshocked” if they have to move at the same pace as in past years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58092\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-58092 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-6-scaled-e1626127090945.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Algebra teacher Eliza Pierce reviews polynomial equations with her in-person and remote students in preparation for end-of-year tests at Heuvelton Central School in northwestern New York State. \u003ccite>(Jesse Coburn)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Students, too, have been struggling with all the new software, said Veronica Tenesaca, a tutor with Saga Education, which matches tutors with traditionally underserved students. She reels off the names of four new apps her students have had to learn for their algebra courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even students who have done well working virtually don’t love online learning. Zyonne Reid, a 15-year-old at J.P. Taravella High School in Florida, hasn’t wanted to speak up in her large algebra I class that meets on Microsoft Teams. “Since it’s online, teachers don’t notice you’re struggling,” she said. “And you don’t want to take up the other people’s time by asking a question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hafez Elachkar, 14, goes to Dearborn High School in Michigan. He hated math in previous years but likes his algebra I teacher, who relates what the class is learning to real life, and he’s using some of his algebra to help out in his father’s shoe business. But few students participate or ask questions, he said. When they break out into group work, no one talks except him. He’d never trade in-person math for the online version, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urban school districts like his were most likely to be fully online this year. Almost 80 percent of city districts planned to start last fall fully remote, versus 34 percent in the suburbs and 13 percent in rural areas, according to an August 2020 report by the University of Washington’s Center on Reinventing Public Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizations that tutor students in low-income districts see achievement indicators flashing red. Peer Power, a Memphis nonprofit that matches tutors with students in eight area public schools, started 16 years ago with a laser focus on algebra I after a local principal noticed that students who failed the course ended up dropping out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the group is watching students flounder in algebra despite its help, according to Chris Xa, vice president of the Peer Power Institute at the University of Memphis, which supports Peer Power’s research, funding and training of tutors. He said that by the third quarter of a normal academic year, 50 to 65 percent of kids matched with tutors are getting A’s and B’s in algebra I. This year it’s only 30 percent. UPchieve, a nonprofit that pairs low-income students with free tutors through an online platform, says students have requested 14 times more tutoring sessions in algebra I or II this year than last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58094\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1428px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-58094 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1428\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5.png 1428w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5-800x446.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5-1020x569.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5-160x89.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5-768x428.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1428px) 100vw, 1428px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ishmael Brown Jr. works through a lesson on quadratic formulas. Few students spoke up with questions and comments during algebra I classes this year, say teachers and students. \u003ccite>( Ishmael Brown Jr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Districts are scrambling to figure out what to do for the students who have gotten behind. “I think that’s the whole problem: What are we going to do?” said Paul Green, superintendent of the Jackson Independent School District. He’s loath to fail students who have lost ground. But he said there’s no way they've gotten the skills to move to higher math. One alternative in his state is repeating the class: In April the Kentucky governor signed a \u003ca href=\"https://education.ky.gov/districts/Documents/SB%20128%20Guidance.pdf\">law\u003c/a> that lets students retake courses from the current academic year in 2021-22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear that will help — research has \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/california-study-finds-harm-repeating-algebra-questions-whether-benefits-anyone/\">shown\u003c/a> that having students repeat algebra I doesn’t raise performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another way, say math teaching experts. Steele, who studies high school policies and practices related to algebra I, is advising teachers to slow down this fall — a strategy that, confusingly, the U.S. Department of Education and others have labeled “accelerated learning.” It involves schools’ putting extra time into figuring out which concepts kids missed and revisiting those, all the while keeping them at grade-level math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steele points to a task teachers could use in next year’s 10th grade geometry class. Students are asked to fold two standard 8.5-by-11-inch pieces of paper to create two rectangular prisms, one taller and thinner, the other shorter and fatter. They fill each with popcorn and soon learn the prisms hold different amounts. (The exercise is from the book “Taking Action: Implementing Effective Mathematics Teaching Practices in Grades 9-12,” published by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students are then asked to use algebraic formulas for determining volume — which they would have covered in middle school math and algebra I — to explain why. Steele likes the problem because it gives teachers the chance to review algebra concepts. A report last June from the Council of the Great City Schools, a coalition of large urban school systems, recommended similar strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykea Young has used that just-in-time approach with students in her ninth grade algebra I class all year. She teaches at Forest Park High School outside Atlanta, and her students have been online five days a week. One day in February, she launched into an exercise in which students were to graph linear equations. A minute or so in, the lesson foundered — students didn’t remember quadrants, X-axes and Y-axes, concepts that were covered in their middle school math. She dropped her lesson plan, instead pulling up an online graphing tool that let them refresh their skills. “I have to think on my feet,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tonya Clarke, K-12 math coordinator for the Clayton County school district where Forest Park High is located, said having teachers fill knowledge gaps like that quickly, as they arise — while keeping kids at grade-level math — is central to the district’s strategy for getting students back on track next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levenson has mapped out changes in scheduling and personnel to fill those learning gaps. Now a senior adviser at District Management Group, a consulting firm helping school district leaders, he worked with the Louisiana Department of Education on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.louisianabelieves.com/docs/default-source/academics/staffing-and-scheduling-guidance.pdf\">plan\u003c/a> for this fall that involves keeping students at grade-level instruction by building catch-up classes right into the regular school day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If teachers in a regular class period spot kids having trouble creating equations, those students will be grouped into a catch-up period later in the day in which a strong math teacher gives them help with that skill. Those extra periods could also include tutoring. (A study \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-research-evidence-increases-for-intensive-tutoring/\">released\u003c/a> in March found that students who received a period of “high-dosage tutoring” — meaning every day or almost every day — learned two to three times as much math as their peers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That plan will cost money because it likely means hiring highly qualified teachers to deliver the extra catch-up periods, said Levenson. Those dollars are on the way: The federal American Rescue Plan signed into law in March gives states additional millions to reopen schools and requires districts to devote at least 20 percent of what they get to addressing learning losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slowing down high school math might be just what’s needed now, say some experts. Starting in the early 1990s, schools and parents pushed ever more eighth graders to take algebra I. But studies of district policies requiring eighth grade algebra show they didn’t improve, and often hurt, student achievement in math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One goal of that early-algebra trend was to get more kids through calculus and onto a STEM degree track. That’s because in the traditional setup, three yearlong courses are required between algebra I and calculus, so getting to calculus by senior year means finishing algebra I by eighth grade. But the pandemic has accelerated a trend away from that rigid model, said Steele: More schools are allowing kids to mix and match math classes later in high school, like taking algebra II and precalculus in the same year.*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving kids extra tools next year could boost grades and confidence. At J.P. Taravella High School in Florida, Reid struggled with polynomial equations in a class several weeks ago, but got help the next day in a Saga tutoring session that is built into her regular school schedule. How does she feel about doing polynomials now? “I don’t feel great about it, but I know I can do it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Figuring out challenging things makes you feel better,” she added. “It makes you feel invincible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This story has been corrected to note that more schools are allowing students to take algebra II and precalculus in the same year.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story about algebra was produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">\u003cem>The Hechinger Report\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://eepurl.com/c36ixT\">\u003cem>Hechinger’s newsletter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Algebra 1 carries a lot consequences – making the difference between a STEM career and dropping out of high school – and this year the warning signs are everywhere that students have fallen behind. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1626453745,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":2485},"headData":{"title":"How to Help Students Succeed in Algebra 1 This Year - MindShift","description":"Algebra 1 carries a lot consequences – making the difference between a STEM career and dropping out of high school – and this year the warning signs are everywhere that students have fallen behind. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How to Help Students Succeed in Algebra 1 This Year","datePublished":"2021-07-13T08:10:14.000Z","dateModified":"2021-07-16T16:42:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"58090 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=58090","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2021/07/13/how-to-help-students-succeed-in-algebra-1-this-year/","disqusTitle":"How to Help Students Succeed in Algebra 1 This Year","nprByline":"Steven Yoder, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","path":"/mindshift/58090/how-to-help-students-succeed-in-algebra-1-this-year","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is a part of \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/lessons-learned/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lessons Learned\u003c/a>, a series of stories exploring the evidence behind ideas to help children catch up and move ahead after the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ishmael Brown Jr. is a stickler for notes when he teaches algebra I to ninth graders at Spring Valley High School in Columbia, South Carolina. After he gives students a problem, he typically walks around and watches how they’re solving it; he wants to see their reasoning with the answer. Not so this year: As of May, only about a sixth of his students were in person and the rest online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many web tools out there that solve math problems, it’s easy for Brown’s online students to find a shortcut to answers and the calculations that go with them. So he has no idea if they’re learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connecting with kids has been a struggle, too. Brown’s virtual students aren’t required to turn on their cameras, so he can’t tell whether they’re paying attention. Few speak up. In person, his classes are fun, and the students engaged: “I relate whatever it is that we're doing to something closer to real life,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects are showing up in test scores. In his intermediate algebra class — the second semester of algebra I — 30 percent of his students are passing tests, compared with close to 70 percent in previous years. “I really don’t think that they’re growing,” said Brown, who’s also president of the National Tutoring Association. “I think this is a lost school year for most kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar stories are coming in from all over the country. Educators and school leaders are scrambling to figure out how to regain ground next year in a course that often makes or breaks students’ life chances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, math is what most often keeps students from graduating from college, experts say. Only half of students who take college algebra score C or higher in the course, a 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/CommonVisionFinal.pdf\">report\u003c/a> by the Mathematical Association of America noted. Math courses are “the most significant barrier to degree completion in both STEM and non-STEM fields,” the authors concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means algebra I is also the class that decides whether students get jobs involving science, technology, engineering or math. “Algebra I is the air you breathe to be in STEM,” said Nathan Levenson, a former CEO of a crane-manufacturing company and later a school superintendent in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many students it’s been a lonely year, and algebra is tougher to learn while peering at a screen, say teachers and researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58093\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1428px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-58093 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1428\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4.png 1428w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4-800x446.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4-1020x569.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4-160x89.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-4-768x428.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1428px) 100vw, 1428px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ishmael Brown Jr. introduces a lesson on quadratic formulas. Few students spoke up with questions and comments during algebra I classes this year, say teachers and students. \u003ccite>(Ishmael Brown Jr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>School leaders and teachers are puzzling through a tough equation: how to keep students who missed out on a lot of algebra I content moving through grade-level math next year, usually geometry. Teaching experts say that will mean slowing down to fill in knowledge gaps —detouring from lesson plans, adding extra periods for tutoring, and more. Schools will need to put in “quality time this fall understanding what kids know and what they're able to do” and then building on that, says Michael Steele, a professor of mathematics education at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Jackson City School in Kentucky, teacher Jeffrey Coots has had about two-thirds of his algebra I students online all year. Even some of his strongest math students from prior years have struggled to stay motivated working virtually and have gotten behind. He doesn’t know what’s happening at home, and connections are often spotty — the district is located in Breathitt County, one of the nation’s poorest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really hard essentially losing a student who you know has just great things ahead of them,” he said. “I’m very worried. I think of math like Legos — you can't build a house if you don't have that first foundation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping kids connected is just one problem. Teachers don’t get enough training to begin with and certainly haven’t been trained to teach math remotely, said Mark Goldstein, vice president of curriculum and instruction at the nonprofit Center for Mathematics and Teaching. So teachers have been learning new software platforms on the go. In a group of 30 students in an online platform, they can’t watch everyone and check their students’ body language as in the classroom, he said. Breakout rooms are even harder to monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And often teachers haven’t had time to cover anything in depth. Heuvelton Central School in northwestern New York State used a hybrid schedule for middle school and high school most of the year: two groups of students on alternating schedules are in person two days a week each. The other three days they’re on their own to do homework. With only two days a week to present new material, algebra I teacher Eliza Pierce has had to skim — the class isn’t diving into the really hard problems, she said. When her students hit geometry next year in 10th grade, they’re going to be “shellshocked” if they have to move at the same pace as in past years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58092\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-58092 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-6-scaled-e1626127090945.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Algebra teacher Eliza Pierce reviews polynomial equations with her in-person and remote students in preparation for end-of-year tests at Heuvelton Central School in northwestern New York State. \u003ccite>(Jesse Coburn)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Students, too, have been struggling with all the new software, said Veronica Tenesaca, a tutor with Saga Education, which matches tutors with traditionally underserved students. She reels off the names of four new apps her students have had to learn for their algebra courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even students who have done well working virtually don’t love online learning. Zyonne Reid, a 15-year-old at J.P. Taravella High School in Florida, hasn’t wanted to speak up in her large algebra I class that meets on Microsoft Teams. “Since it’s online, teachers don’t notice you’re struggling,” she said. “And you don’t want to take up the other people’s time by asking a question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hafez Elachkar, 14, goes to Dearborn High School in Michigan. He hated math in previous years but likes his algebra I teacher, who relates what the class is learning to real life, and he’s using some of his algebra to help out in his father’s shoe business. But few students participate or ask questions, he said. When they break out into group work, no one talks except him. He’d never trade in-person math for the online version, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urban school districts like his were most likely to be fully online this year. Almost 80 percent of city districts planned to start last fall fully remote, versus 34 percent in the suburbs and 13 percent in rural areas, according to an August 2020 report by the University of Washington’s Center on Reinventing Public Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizations that tutor students in low-income districts see achievement indicators flashing red. Peer Power, a Memphis nonprofit that matches tutors with students in eight area public schools, started 16 years ago with a laser focus on algebra I after a local principal noticed that students who failed the course ended up dropping out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the group is watching students flounder in algebra despite its help, according to Chris Xa, vice president of the Peer Power Institute at the University of Memphis, which supports Peer Power’s research, funding and training of tutors. He said that by the third quarter of a normal academic year, 50 to 65 percent of kids matched with tutors are getting A’s and B’s in algebra I. This year it’s only 30 percent. UPchieve, a nonprofit that pairs low-income students with free tutors through an online platform, says students have requested 14 times more tutoring sessions in algebra I or II this year than last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58094\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1428px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-58094 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1428\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5.png 1428w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5-800x446.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5-1020x569.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5-160x89.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2021/07/Yoder-algebra-5-768x428.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1428px) 100vw, 1428px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ishmael Brown Jr. works through a lesson on quadratic formulas. Few students spoke up with questions and comments during algebra I classes this year, say teachers and students. \u003ccite>( Ishmael Brown Jr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Districts are scrambling to figure out what to do for the students who have gotten behind. “I think that’s the whole problem: What are we going to do?” said Paul Green, superintendent of the Jackson Independent School District. He’s loath to fail students who have lost ground. But he said there’s no way they've gotten the skills to move to higher math. One alternative in his state is repeating the class: In April the Kentucky governor signed a \u003ca href=\"https://education.ky.gov/districts/Documents/SB%20128%20Guidance.pdf\">law\u003c/a> that lets students retake courses from the current academic year in 2021-22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear that will help — research has \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/california-study-finds-harm-repeating-algebra-questions-whether-benefits-anyone/\">shown\u003c/a> that having students repeat algebra I doesn’t raise performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another way, say math teaching experts. Steele, who studies high school policies and practices related to algebra I, is advising teachers to slow down this fall — a strategy that, confusingly, the U.S. Department of Education and others have labeled “accelerated learning.” It involves schools’ putting extra time into figuring out which concepts kids missed and revisiting those, all the while keeping them at grade-level math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steele points to a task teachers could use in next year’s 10th grade geometry class. Students are asked to fold two standard 8.5-by-11-inch pieces of paper to create two rectangular prisms, one taller and thinner, the other shorter and fatter. They fill each with popcorn and soon learn the prisms hold different amounts. (The exercise is from the book “Taking Action: Implementing Effective Mathematics Teaching Practices in Grades 9-12,” published by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students are then asked to use algebraic formulas for determining volume — which they would have covered in middle school math and algebra I — to explain why. Steele likes the problem because it gives teachers the chance to review algebra concepts. A report last June from the Council of the Great City Schools, a coalition of large urban school systems, recommended similar strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykea Young has used that just-in-time approach with students in her ninth grade algebra I class all year. She teaches at Forest Park High School outside Atlanta, and her students have been online five days a week. One day in February, she launched into an exercise in which students were to graph linear equations. A minute or so in, the lesson foundered — students didn’t remember quadrants, X-axes and Y-axes, concepts that were covered in their middle school math. She dropped her lesson plan, instead pulling up an online graphing tool that let them refresh their skills. “I have to think on my feet,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tonya Clarke, K-12 math coordinator for the Clayton County school district where Forest Park High is located, said having teachers fill knowledge gaps like that quickly, as they arise — while keeping kids at grade-level math — is central to the district’s strategy for getting students back on track next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levenson has mapped out changes in scheduling and personnel to fill those learning gaps. Now a senior adviser at District Management Group, a consulting firm helping school district leaders, he worked with the Louisiana Department of Education on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.louisianabelieves.com/docs/default-source/academics/staffing-and-scheduling-guidance.pdf\">plan\u003c/a> for this fall that involves keeping students at grade-level instruction by building catch-up classes right into the regular school day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If teachers in a regular class period spot kids having trouble creating equations, those students will be grouped into a catch-up period later in the day in which a strong math teacher gives them help with that skill. Those extra periods could also include tutoring. (A study \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-research-evidence-increases-for-intensive-tutoring/\">released\u003c/a> in March found that students who received a period of “high-dosage tutoring” — meaning every day or almost every day — learned two to three times as much math as their peers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That plan will cost money because it likely means hiring highly qualified teachers to deliver the extra catch-up periods, said Levenson. Those dollars are on the way: The federal American Rescue Plan signed into law in March gives states additional millions to reopen schools and requires districts to devote at least 20 percent of what they get to addressing learning losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slowing down high school math might be just what’s needed now, say some experts. Starting in the early 1990s, schools and parents pushed ever more eighth graders to take algebra I. But studies of district policies requiring eighth grade algebra show they didn’t improve, and often hurt, student achievement in math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One goal of that early-algebra trend was to get more kids through calculus and onto a STEM degree track. That’s because in the traditional setup, three yearlong courses are required between algebra I and calculus, so getting to calculus by senior year means finishing algebra I by eighth grade. But the pandemic has accelerated a trend away from that rigid model, said Steele: More schools are allowing kids to mix and match math classes later in high school, like taking algebra II and precalculus in the same year.*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving kids extra tools next year could boost grades and confidence. At J.P. Taravella High School in Florida, Reid struggled with polynomial equations in a class several weeks ago, but got help the next day in a Saga tutoring session that is built into her regular school schedule. How does she feel about doing polynomials now? “I don’t feel great about it, but I know I can do it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Figuring out challenging things makes you feel better,” she added. “It makes you feel invincible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This story has been corrected to note that more schools are allowing students to take algebra II and precalculus in the same year.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story about algebra was produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">\u003cem>The Hechinger Report\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://eepurl.com/c36ixT\">\u003cem>Hechinger’s newsletter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/58090/how-to-help-students-succeed-in-algebra-1-this-year","authors":["byline_mindshift_58090"],"categories":["mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_21440","mindshift_276","mindshift_21343","mindshift_358","mindshift_20701","mindshift_20893","mindshift_21347","mindshift_391","mindshift_21413"],"featImg":"mindshift_58091","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_53767":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_53767","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"53767","score":null,"sort":[1560234308000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"getting-physical-how-the-flagway-game-sparks-learning-and-love-of-math","title":"Getting Physical: How the Flagway Game Sparks Learning and Love of Math","publishDate":1560234308,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Seventh-grader Ellie Snyder always hated math. Nevertheless, when she heard about a game that combined math and athletics, she thought, “Why not? I’ll try it.” Her best friend, Olyvia Marshall, already loved math. Both girls signed up for the new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.typp.org/flagway\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flagway\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> team at Mansfield City Schools in Ohio.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We were totally unprepared,” Ellie said of their first practice. “We wore jeans and hoodies.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flagway is a game that involves factoring numbers and categorizing them based on the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/M%C3%B6bius_function\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Möbius function\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Players use their solutions to navigate a color-coded course and place flags on the correct spot. Teams try to solve as many problems as possible in each round to score the most points.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last month Ellie and Olyvia’s team competed in the National Flagway Tournament as part of the National Math Festival in Washington, D.C. This time the girls wore sneakers and gym clothes, making it easier to crouch on the floor to solve problems and then jump up to race through the course of radial paths.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53800\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-53800 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_152817-e1560229964647.jpg\" alt=\"2019 National Flagway Tournament in Washington, DC\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flagway course at the 2019 National Flagway Tournament in Washington, DC. \u003ccite>(Kara Newhouse for MindShift)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flagway was created by Bob Moses, a 1960s civil rights organizer who has devoted several decades to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/02/206813091/to-60s-civil-rights-hero-math-is-kids-formula-for-success\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">increasing math literacy among low-income students and students of color\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Since the 1990s, children and teens have played Flagway in after-school programs started by Moses and his colleagues. In the past three years, however, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.typp.org/history\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Young People’s Project\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (YPP) has encouraged the development of more formal teams and leagues across seven cities. According to the p\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">layers, coaches and parents in those leagues, the game has improved students’ math literacy, engagement and teamwork.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Comprehension and engagement\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Seven! Six! Five!”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">An announcer counted down the final seconds of the latest round of the National Flagway Tournament. Parents in Hall D of the Washington Convention Center hollered and cheered from the sidelines. At the center of a Flagway course, a girl with a messy bun checked the numbers on her paper, then stutter-stepped from red to blue to yellow paths and dropped the flag on a circle. Close behind her, a boy in gym shorts took single-stride hops along a yellow-yellow-blue path. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Both players dashed around the perimeter of the course and returned to their teams just as the timer buzzed. Officials collected the flags, and teams and spectators crowded together to await updated scores and rankings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53804\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53804\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406-160x90.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406-800x450.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406-768x432.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406-1020x574.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406-1200x675.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olyvia Marshall and two teammates from Mansfield, Ohio factoring numbers during a round of Flagway. \u003ccite>(Kara Newhouse for MindShift)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Flagway, teams of four students categorize numbers based on whether they have an even number of distinct prime factors, an odd number of distinct prime factors or prime factors that repeat. Each category corresponds to a color, and those colors tell the running player which path to follow. Here’s what would happen, for example, if a team got the numbers 30, 4 and 10:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">-30 has an odd number of prime factors (2x3x5). Odd matches red, so the player starts with a red path.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">-The number 4 has repeating prime factors (2x2), so the player follows a yellow path next.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">-Finally, the player follows a blue path, because 10 has an even number of prime factors (2x5).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Players take turns as the runner, and their teammates must write accurate factorization and express the problem in algebraic form on the flags.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Not only do they have to have all the math correct, they have to get the running correct. It’s a lot of work,” said Courtney Vahle, a graduate student in math education and athletic director for a Flagway league in Alton, Illinois.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vahle’s program brought two teams to the national tournament, and one of those teams won. Teams from Alton won in the previous two years, making them the undefeated champions for the tournament’s three-year history. That’s not because their teams are stacked with math prodigies, though.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“A lot of these kids were chosen because they expressed, on a survey we did, math anxiety,” said math professor \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.siue.edu/artsandsciences/about/index.shtml\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greg Budzban\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, who started the Alton league. The survey included questions like: \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you can't solve a math problem quickly, do you give up?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">Do you enjoy playing games where you can be active (tag, basketball, etc.)?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">Would you be interested in trying something other than a traditional math class?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We’re looking for students that the physical engagement piece is something that attracted them,” said \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Budzban, who is dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. All of the students who applied were accepted. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He said that on pre-tests, almost none of the Alton students knew the math skills involved in Flagway, such as finding least common multiples or greatest common factors. On post-tests three months later, many students earned perfect scores.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/brewley-corbin_denise_n_200912_phd.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a 2009 case study in Chicago\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the high school and college students who served as Flagway coaches also reported having increased flexibility with numbers as a result of the game. In Alton, a semester-long training for those coaches plays a role in the younger students’ success, according to Budzban. But he also attributes the positive effects of Flagway to the game itself. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Translating the abstract mathematics into competition and movement helps (students) sort of embody the learning,” he said. “You’ve got more neural pathways that are involved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indeed, researchers studying “embodied cognition” have found that when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/39684/why-kids-need-to-move-touch-and-experience-to-learn\">physical movement\u003c/a> is incorporated into the learning process, it can have \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/49541/how-seeing-and-using-gestures-make-ideas-more-memorable\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">positive effects on math and reading comprehension\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In the case of Flagway, those effects may come not only from physiology, but also the excitement of the competition. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If I had a bunch of kids sitting after school, and I gave them worksheets of prime factoring integers for two hours, they would check out in the first five minutes,” said Budzban. “There would be literally zero engagement in that activity. But these kids have been doing this for months. That kind of ability to keep them engaged, to keep them motivated, and actually doing mathematics — there’s nothing quite like that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53803\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-53803 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_152549-e1560230872379.jpg\" alt=\"2019 National Flagway Tournament in Washington, DC\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students in a team solve math problems during the tournament. \u003ccite>(Kara Newhouse for MindShift)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Teamwork\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parents at the national tournament echoed Budzban’s words about Flagway.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It gets our kids (looking) forward to doing math problems,” said Jillian Hughes, whose daughter, Jenayah Rose, competed with a team from the Mandela Residents Cooperative Association Youth Center in Boston.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hughes said that playing Flagway also reduced the amount of arguing that happens among kids at the youth center. According to Maisha Moses, executive director for the Young People’s Project, teamwork is a critical component of Flagway. While activities like math olympiads offer high-performing math students the chance to compete in teams, such opportunities are rare for students who struggle with math.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The typical remediation model is you work one-on-one with a tutor, you’re off by yourself,” said Moses. “Through Flagway, you can come together and build community and build a team around doing math together.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Christian Greene, one of Ellie Snyder’s teammates from Mansfield, put it this way when describing Flagway: “It’s a family thing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And how does Ellie feel about math just four months after joining the Flagway team?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s my favorite subject,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFVIU0tuFqk\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Flagway is a game designed for kids who have self-doubt about their math skills, enjoy being physical and are in need of something way different than worksheets. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1560529918,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1291},"headData":{"title":"Getting Physical: How the Flagway Game Sparks Learning and Love of Math | KQED","description":"Flagway is a game designed for kids who have self-doubt about their math skills, enjoy being physical and are in need of something way different than worksheets. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Getting Physical: How the Flagway Game Sparks Learning and Love of Math","datePublished":"2019-06-11T06:25:08.000Z","dateModified":"2019-06-14T16:31:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53767 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=53767","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2019/06/10/getting-physical-how-the-flagway-game-sparks-learning-and-love-of-math/","disqusTitle":"Getting Physical: How the Flagway Game Sparks Learning and Love of Math","path":"/mindshift/53767/getting-physical-how-the-flagway-game-sparks-learning-and-love-of-math","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Seventh-grader Ellie Snyder always hated math. Nevertheless, when she heard about a game that combined math and athletics, she thought, “Why not? I’ll try it.” Her best friend, Olyvia Marshall, already loved math. Both girls signed up for the new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.typp.org/flagway\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flagway\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> team at Mansfield City Schools in Ohio.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We were totally unprepared,” Ellie said of their first practice. “We wore jeans and hoodies.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flagway is a game that involves factoring numbers and categorizing them based on the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/M%C3%B6bius_function\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Möbius function\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Players use their solutions to navigate a color-coded course and place flags on the correct spot. Teams try to solve as many problems as possible in each round to score the most points.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last month Ellie and Olyvia’s team competed in the National Flagway Tournament as part of the National Math Festival in Washington, D.C. This time the girls wore sneakers and gym clothes, making it easier to crouch on the floor to solve problems and then jump up to race through the course of radial paths.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53800\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-53800 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_152817-e1560229964647.jpg\" alt=\"2019 National Flagway Tournament in Washington, DC\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flagway course at the 2019 National Flagway Tournament in Washington, DC. \u003ccite>(Kara Newhouse for MindShift)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flagway was created by Bob Moses, a 1960s civil rights organizer who has devoted several decades to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/02/206813091/to-60s-civil-rights-hero-math-is-kids-formula-for-success\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">increasing math literacy among low-income students and students of color\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Since the 1990s, children and teens have played Flagway in after-school programs started by Moses and his colleagues. In the past three years, however, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.typp.org/history\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Young People’s Project\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (YPP) has encouraged the development of more formal teams and leagues across seven cities. According to the p\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">layers, coaches and parents in those leagues, the game has improved students’ math literacy, engagement and teamwork.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Comprehension and engagement\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Seven! Six! Five!”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">An announcer counted down the final seconds of the latest round of the National Flagway Tournament. Parents in Hall D of the Washington Convention Center hollered and cheered from the sidelines. At the center of a Flagway course, a girl with a messy bun checked the numbers on her paper, then stutter-stepped from red to blue to yellow paths and dropped the flag on a circle. Close behind her, a boy in gym shorts took single-stride hops along a yellow-yellow-blue path. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Both players dashed around the perimeter of the course and returned to their teams just as the timer buzzed. Officials collected the flags, and teams and spectators crowded together to await updated scores and rankings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53804\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53804\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406-160x90.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406-800x450.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406-768x432.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406-1020x574.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_143406-1200x675.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olyvia Marshall and two teammates from Mansfield, Ohio factoring numbers during a round of Flagway. \u003ccite>(Kara Newhouse for MindShift)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Flagway, teams of four students categorize numbers based on whether they have an even number of distinct prime factors, an odd number of distinct prime factors or prime factors that repeat. Each category corresponds to a color, and those colors tell the running player which path to follow. Here’s what would happen, for example, if a team got the numbers 30, 4 and 10:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">-30 has an odd number of prime factors (2x3x5). Odd matches red, so the player starts with a red path.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">-The number 4 has repeating prime factors (2x2), so the player follows a yellow path next.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">-Finally, the player follows a blue path, because 10 has an even number of prime factors (2x5).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Players take turns as the runner, and their teammates must write accurate factorization and express the problem in algebraic form on the flags.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Not only do they have to have all the math correct, they have to get the running correct. It’s a lot of work,” said Courtney Vahle, a graduate student in math education and athletic director for a Flagway league in Alton, Illinois.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vahle’s program brought two teams to the national tournament, and one of those teams won. Teams from Alton won in the previous two years, making them the undefeated champions for the tournament’s three-year history. That’s not because their teams are stacked with math prodigies, though.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“A lot of these kids were chosen because they expressed, on a survey we did, math anxiety,” said math professor \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.siue.edu/artsandsciences/about/index.shtml\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greg Budzban\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, who started the Alton league. The survey included questions like: \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you can't solve a math problem quickly, do you give up?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">Do you enjoy playing games where you can be active (tag, basketball, etc.)?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">Would you be interested in trying something other than a traditional math class?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We’re looking for students that the physical engagement piece is something that attracted them,” said \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Budzban, who is dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. All of the students who applied were accepted. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He said that on pre-tests, almost none of the Alton students knew the math skills involved in Flagway, such as finding least common multiples or greatest common factors. On post-tests three months later, many students earned perfect scores.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/brewley-corbin_denise_n_200912_phd.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a 2009 case study in Chicago\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the high school and college students who served as Flagway coaches also reported having increased flexibility with numbers as a result of the game. In Alton, a semester-long training for those coaches plays a role in the younger students’ success, according to Budzban. But he also attributes the positive effects of Flagway to the game itself. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Translating the abstract mathematics into competition and movement helps (students) sort of embody the learning,” he said. “You’ve got more neural pathways that are involved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indeed, researchers studying “embodied cognition” have found that when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/39684/why-kids-need-to-move-touch-and-experience-to-learn\">physical movement\u003c/a> is incorporated into the learning process, it can have \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/49541/how-seeing-and-using-gestures-make-ideas-more-memorable\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">positive effects on math and reading comprehension\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In the case of Flagway, those effects may come not only from physiology, but also the excitement of the competition. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If I had a bunch of kids sitting after school, and I gave them worksheets of prime factoring integers for two hours, they would check out in the first five minutes,” said Budzban. “There would be literally zero engagement in that activity. But these kids have been doing this for months. That kind of ability to keep them engaged, to keep them motivated, and actually doing mathematics — there’s nothing quite like that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53803\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-53803 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/20190504_152549-e1560230872379.jpg\" alt=\"2019 National Flagway Tournament in Washington, DC\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students in a team solve math problems during the tournament. \u003ccite>(Kara Newhouse for MindShift)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Teamwork\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parents at the national tournament echoed Budzban’s words about Flagway.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It gets our kids (looking) forward to doing math problems,” said Jillian Hughes, whose daughter, Jenayah Rose, competed with a team from the Mandela Residents Cooperative Association Youth Center in Boston.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hughes said that playing Flagway also reduced the amount of arguing that happens among kids at the youth center. According to Maisha Moses, executive director for the Young People’s Project, teamwork is a critical component of Flagway. While activities like math olympiads offer high-performing math students the chance to compete in teams, such opportunities are rare for students who struggle with math.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The typical remediation model is you work one-on-one with a tutor, you’re off by yourself,” said Moses. “Through Flagway, you can come together and build community and build a team around doing math together.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Christian Greene, one of Ellie Snyder’s teammates from Mansfield, put it this way when describing Flagway: “It’s a family thing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And how does Ellie feel about math just four months after joining the Flagway team?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s my favorite subject,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/IFVIU0tuFqk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/IFVIU0tuFqk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/53767/getting-physical-how-the-flagway-game-sparks-learning-and-love-of-math","authors":["11487"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_276","mindshift_20784","mindshift_21273","mindshift_1040","mindshift_20893","mindshift_21173"],"featImg":"mindshift_53802","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_48740":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_48740","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"48740","score":null,"sort":[1500556297000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"does-algebra-do-more-harm-than-good-community-colleges-rethink-requirements","title":"Does Algebra Do More Harm Than Good? Community Colleges Rethink Requirements","publishDate":1500556297,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>Algebra is one of the biggest hurdles to getting a high school or college degree — particularly for students of color and first-generation undergrads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also the single most failed course in community colleges across the country. So if you're not a STEM major (science, technology, engineering, math), \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/03/469083122/some-educators-question-if-advanced-math-should-be-required\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">why even study algebra?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the argument Eloy Ortiz Oakley, chancellor of the California community college system, made today in an interview with NPR's Robert Siegel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At American community colleges, 60 percent of those enrolled are required to take at least one math course. Most — nearly 80 percent — never complete that requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakley is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/03/469083122/some-educators-question-if-advanced-math-should-be-required\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among a growing number of educators\u003c/a> who view intermediate algebra as an obstacle to students obtaining their credentials — particularly in fields that require no higher level math skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their thinking has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/10/09/354645977/who-needs-algebra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">initiatives like Community College Pathways\u003c/a>, which strays away from abstract algebra to engage students in real-world math applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What follows is an edited version of Siegel's Q&A with Oakley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are you proposing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we're proposing is to take an honest look at what our requirements are and why we even have them. So, for example, we have a number of courses of study and majors that do not require algebra. We want to take a look at other math pathways, look at the research that's been done across the country and consider math pathways that are actually relevant to the coursework that the student is pursuing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You are facing pressure to increase graduation rates — only 48 percent graduate from California community colleges with an associate's degree or transfer to a four-year institution within six years. As we've said, passing college algebra is a major barrier to graduation. But is this the easy way out? Just strike the algebra requirement to increase graduation rates instead of teaching math more effectively?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hear that a lot and unfortunately nothing could be farther from the truth. Somewhere along the lines, since the 1950s, we decided that the only measure of a student's ability to reason or to do some sort of quantitative measure is algebra. What we're saying is we want as rigorous a course as possible to determine a student's ability to succeed, but it should be relevant to their course of study. There are other math courses that we could introduce that tell us a lot more about our students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you buy the argument that there are just some forms of reasoning — whether it's graphing functions or solving quadratic equations that involve a mental discipline — that may never be actually used literally on the job, but may improve the way young people think?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an argument to be made that much of what we ask students to learn prepares them to be just better human beings, allows them to have reasoning skills. But again, the question becomes: What data do we have that suggests algebra is that course? Are there other ways that we can introduce reasoning skills that more directly relate to what a student's experience in life is and really helps them in their program of study or career of choice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A lot of students in California community colleges are hoping to prepare for a four-year college. What are you hearing from the four-year institutions? Are they at ease with you dropping the requirement? Or would they then make the students take the same algebra course they're not taking at community college?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This question is being raised at all levels of higher education — the university level as well as the community college level. There's a great body of research that's informing this discussion, much of it coming from some of our top universities, like the Dana Center at the University of Texas, or the Carnegie Foundation. So there's a lot of research behind this and I think more and more of our public and private university partners are delving into this question of what is the right level of math depending on which major a student is pursuing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And there are people writing about concepts of numeracy that may be different from what people have been teaching all this time. Do you have in mind a curriculum that would be more useful than intermediate algebra?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are piloting different math pathways within our community colleges. We're working with our university partners at CSU and the UC, trying to ensure that we can align these courses to best prepare our students to succeed in majors. And if you think about it, you think about the use of statistics not only for a social science major but for every U.S. citizen. This is a skill that we should have all of our students have with them because this affects them in their daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you at all disappointed that the high schools who are sending students to California's community colleges are not already teaching their students these algebra skills before they graduate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly, these questions come up in K-12 education, but if we consider who really drives K-12 education — that is our four-year university system. By creating requirements, we ensure that K-12 has to align with those requirements. So as long as algebra is the defining math course, K-12 will have to teach it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bob Moses , the civil rights activist, \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>started \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/02/206813091/to-60s-civil-rights-hero-math-is-kids-formula-for-success\">the Algebra Project\u003c/a>, teaching concepts of algebra to black students in the South. He \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>saw the teaching of math as a continuation of the civil rights struggle. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rates of failure in algebra are higher for minority groups than they are for white students. Why do you think that is? Do you think a different curriculum would have less disparate results by ethnic or racial group?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, we've seen in the data from many of the pilots across the country that are using alternative math pathways — that are just as rigorous as an algebra course — we've seen much greater success for students because many of these students can relate to these different kinds of math depending on which program of study they're in. They can see how it works in their daily life and how it's going to work in their career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second thing I'd say is yes, this is a civil rights issue, but this is also something that plagues all Americans — particularly low-income Americans. If you think about all the underemployed or unemployed Americans in this country who cannot connect to a job in this economy — which is unforgiving of those students who don't have a credential — the biggest barrier for them is this algebra requirement. It's what has kept them from achieving a credential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you risk a negative form of tracking? Depriving a student of the possibility of saying in community college: \"Wow, that quadratic equation is the most interesting thing I've ever seen. I think I'm going to do more stuff like this.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're certainly not saying that we're going to commit students to lower levels of math or different kinds of math. What we're saying is we want more students to have math skills that allow them to keep moving forward. We want to build bridges between the kinds of math pathways we're talking about that will allow them to continue into STEM majors. We don't want to limit students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last thing I'd say is that we are already tracking students. We are already relegating students to a life of below livable wage standards. So we've already done so, whether intentionally or unintentionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Say+Goodbye+To+X%2BY%3A+Should+Community+Colleges+Abolish+Algebra%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Eloy Ortiz Oakley, the chancellor of the California Community Colleges system, wants to kick loose the requirement of algebra for non-STEM majors.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1500556298,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1320},"headData":{"title":"Does Algebra Do More Harm Than Good? Community Colleges Rethink Requirements | KQED","description":"Eloy Ortiz Oakley, the chancellor of the California Community Colleges system, wants to kick loose the requirement of algebra for non-STEM majors.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Does Algebra Do More Harm Than Good? Community Colleges Rethink Requirements","datePublished":"2017-07-20T13:11:37.000Z","dateModified":"2017-07-20T13:11:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48740 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=48740","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2017/07/20/does-algebra-do-more-harm-than-good-community-colleges-rethink-requirements/","disqusTitle":"Does Algebra Do More Harm Than Good? Community Colleges Rethink Requirements","nprImageCredit":"LA Johnson","nprByline":"Kayla Lattimore and Julie Depenbrock","nprImageAgency":"NPR","nprStoryId":"538092649","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=538092649&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/2017/07/19/538092649/say-goodbye-to-x-y-should-community-colleges-abolish-algebra?ft=nprml&f=538092649","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 19 Jul 2017 23:08:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 19 Jul 2017 17:30:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 19 Jul 2017 17:35:37 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/07/20170719_atc_say_goodbye_to_xy_should_community_colleges_abolish_algebra.mp3?orgId=1&d=288&p=2&story=538092649&t=progseg&e=538051467&seg=14&ft=nprml&f=538092649","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1538148906-cf7a32.m3u?orgId=1&d=288&p=2&story=538092649&t=progseg&e=538051467&seg=14&ft=nprml&f=538092649","path":"/mindshift/48740/does-algebra-do-more-harm-than-good-community-colleges-rethink-requirements","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/07/20170719_atc_say_goodbye_to_xy_should_community_colleges_abolish_algebra.mp3?orgId=1&d=288&p=2&story=538092649&t=progseg&e=538051467&seg=14&ft=nprml&f=538092649","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Algebra is one of the biggest hurdles to getting a high school or college degree — particularly for students of color and first-generation undergrads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also the single most failed course in community colleges across the country. So if you're not a STEM major (science, technology, engineering, math), \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/03/469083122/some-educators-question-if-advanced-math-should-be-required\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">why even study algebra?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the argument Eloy Ortiz Oakley, chancellor of the California community college system, made today in an interview with NPR's Robert Siegel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At American community colleges, 60 percent of those enrolled are required to take at least one math course. Most — nearly 80 percent — never complete that requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakley is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/03/469083122/some-educators-question-if-advanced-math-should-be-required\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among a growing number of educators\u003c/a> who view intermediate algebra as an obstacle to students obtaining their credentials — particularly in fields that require no higher level math skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their thinking has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/10/09/354645977/who-needs-algebra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">initiatives like Community College Pathways\u003c/a>, which strays away from abstract algebra to engage students in real-world math applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What follows is an edited version of Siegel's Q&A with Oakley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are you proposing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we're proposing is to take an honest look at what our requirements are and why we even have them. So, for example, we have a number of courses of study and majors that do not require algebra. We want to take a look at other math pathways, look at the research that's been done across the country and consider math pathways that are actually relevant to the coursework that the student is pursuing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You are facing pressure to increase graduation rates — only 48 percent graduate from California community colleges with an associate's degree or transfer to a four-year institution within six years. As we've said, passing college algebra is a major barrier to graduation. But is this the easy way out? Just strike the algebra requirement to increase graduation rates instead of teaching math more effectively?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hear that a lot and unfortunately nothing could be farther from the truth. Somewhere along the lines, since the 1950s, we decided that the only measure of a student's ability to reason or to do some sort of quantitative measure is algebra. What we're saying is we want as rigorous a course as possible to determine a student's ability to succeed, but it should be relevant to their course of study. There are other math courses that we could introduce that tell us a lot more about our students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you buy the argument that there are just some forms of reasoning — whether it's graphing functions or solving quadratic equations that involve a mental discipline — that may never be actually used literally on the job, but may improve the way young people think?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an argument to be made that much of what we ask students to learn prepares them to be just better human beings, allows them to have reasoning skills. But again, the question becomes: What data do we have that suggests algebra is that course? Are there other ways that we can introduce reasoning skills that more directly relate to what a student's experience in life is and really helps them in their program of study or career of choice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A lot of students in California community colleges are hoping to prepare for a four-year college. What are you hearing from the four-year institutions? Are they at ease with you dropping the requirement? Or would they then make the students take the same algebra course they're not taking at community college?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This question is being raised at all levels of higher education — the university level as well as the community college level. There's a great body of research that's informing this discussion, much of it coming from some of our top universities, like the Dana Center at the University of Texas, or the Carnegie Foundation. So there's a lot of research behind this and I think more and more of our public and private university partners are delving into this question of what is the right level of math depending on which major a student is pursuing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And there are people writing about concepts of numeracy that may be different from what people have been teaching all this time. Do you have in mind a curriculum that would be more useful than intermediate algebra?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are piloting different math pathways within our community colleges. We're working with our university partners at CSU and the UC, trying to ensure that we can align these courses to best prepare our students to succeed in majors. And if you think about it, you think about the use of statistics not only for a social science major but for every U.S. citizen. This is a skill that we should have all of our students have with them because this affects them in their daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you at all disappointed that the high schools who are sending students to California's community colleges are not already teaching their students these algebra skills before they graduate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly, these questions come up in K-12 education, but if we consider who really drives K-12 education — that is our four-year university system. By creating requirements, we ensure that K-12 has to align with those requirements. So as long as algebra is the defining math course, K-12 will have to teach it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bob Moses , the civil rights activist, \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>started \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/02/206813091/to-60s-civil-rights-hero-math-is-kids-formula-for-success\">the Algebra Project\u003c/a>, teaching concepts of algebra to black students in the South. He \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>saw the teaching of math as a continuation of the civil rights struggle. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rates of failure in algebra are higher for minority groups than they are for white students. Why do you think that is? Do you think a different curriculum would have less disparate results by ethnic or racial group?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, we've seen in the data from many of the pilots across the country that are using alternative math pathways — that are just as rigorous as an algebra course — we've seen much greater success for students because many of these students can relate to these different kinds of math depending on which program of study they're in. They can see how it works in their daily life and how it's going to work in their career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second thing I'd say is yes, this is a civil rights issue, but this is also something that plagues all Americans — particularly low-income Americans. If you think about all the underemployed or unemployed Americans in this country who cannot connect to a job in this economy — which is unforgiving of those students who don't have a credential — the biggest barrier for them is this algebra requirement. It's what has kept them from achieving a credential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you risk a negative form of tracking? Depriving a student of the possibility of saying in community college: \"Wow, that quadratic equation is the most interesting thing I've ever seen. I think I'm going to do more stuff like this.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're certainly not saying that we're going to commit students to lower levels of math or different kinds of math. What we're saying is we want more students to have math skills that allow them to keep moving forward. We want to build bridges between the kinds of math pathways we're talking about that will allow them to continue into STEM majors. We don't want to limit students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last thing I'd say is that we are already tracking students. We are already relegating students to a life of below livable wage standards. So we've already done so, whether intentionally or unintentionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Say+Goodbye+To+X%2BY%3A+Should+Community+Colleges+Abolish+Algebra%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/48740/does-algebra-do-more-harm-than-good-community-colleges-rethink-requirements","authors":["byline_mindshift_48740"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_276","mindshift_20966","mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_392"],"featImg":"mindshift_48741","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_46420":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_46420","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"46420","score":null,"sort":[1474486862000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-much-do-visual-experiences-shape-how-people-think-about-math","title":"How Much Do Visual Experiences Shape How People Think About Math?","publishDate":1474486862,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>People born without sight appear to solve math problems using visual areas of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=fmribrain\">functional MRI\u003c/a> study of 17 people blind since birth found that areas of visual cortex became active when the participants were asked to solve algebra problems, a team from Johns Hopkins \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/09/14/1524982113\">reports\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And as the equations get harder and harder, activity in these areas goes up in a blind person,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://pbs.jhu.edu/directory/marina-bedny/\">Marina Bedny\u003c/a>, an author of the study and an assistant professor in the department of psychological and brain sciences at Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 19 sighted people doing the same problems, visual areas of the brain showed no increase in activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That really suggests that yes, blind individuals appear to be doing math with their visual cortex,\" Bedny says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published online Friday, challenge the idea that brain tissue intended for one function is limited to tasks that are closely related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To see that this structure can be reused for something very different is very surprising,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.pitt.edu/person/melissa-libertus-phd\">Melissa Libertus\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Pittsburgh. \"It shows us how plastic our brain is, how flexible it is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier research found that visual cortex could be rewired to process information from other senses, like hearing and touch. But Bedny wanted to know whether this area of the brain could do something radically different, something that had nothing to do with the senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she picked algebra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the experiment, both blind and sighted participants were asked to solve algebra problems. \"So they would hear something like: 12 minus 3 equals x, and 4 minus 2 equals x,\" Bedny says. \"And they'd have to say whether x had the same value in those two equations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both blind and sighted people, two brain areas associated with number processing became active. But only blind participants had increased activity in areas usually reserved for vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result suggests the brain can rewire visual cortex to do just about anything, Bedny says. And if that's true, she says, it could lead to new treatments for people who've had a stroke or other injury that has damaged one part of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drugs or even mental exercises might help a patient \"use a different part of your brain to do the same function,\" Bedny says. \"And that would be really exciting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Blind+People+Do+Algebra%2C+The+Brain%27s+Visual+Areas+Light+Up&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A study of 17 people who have been blind since birth found that areas of the brain usually devoted to visual information become active when a blind person is solving math problems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1474486862,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":412},"headData":{"title":"How Much Do Visual Experiences Shape How People Think About Math? | KQED","description":"A study of 17 people who have been blind since birth found that areas of the brain usually devoted to visual information become active when a blind person is solving math problems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Much Do Visual Experiences Shape How People Think About Math?","datePublished":"2016-09-21T19:41:02.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-21T19:41:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"46420 http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=46420","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2016/09/21/how-much-do-visual-experiences-shape-how-people-think-about-math/","disqusTitle":"How Much Do Visual Experiences Shape How People Think About Math?","nprImageCredit":"Stuart Kinlough","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images/Ikon Images","nprStoryId":"494593600","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=494593600&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/09/19/494593600/when-blind-people-do-algebra-the-brain-s-visual-areas-light-up?ft=nprml&f=494593600","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 19 Sep 2016 18:23:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 19 Sep 2016 14:08:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 19 Sep 2016 18:36:07 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/09/20160919_atc_when_blind_people_do_algebra_the_brains_visual_areas_light_up.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=228&p=2&story=494593600&t=progseg&e=494578075&seg=18&ft=nprml&f=494593600","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1494619563-32de6e.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=228&p=2&story=494593600&t=progseg&e=494578075&seg=18&ft=nprml&f=494593600","path":"/mindshift/46420/how-much-do-visual-experiences-shape-how-people-think-about-math","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/09/20160919_atc_when_blind_people_do_algebra_the_brains_visual_areas_light_up.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=228&p=2&story=494593600&t=progseg&e=494578075&seg=18&ft=nprml&f=494593600","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People born without sight appear to solve math problems using visual areas of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=fmribrain\">functional MRI\u003c/a> study of 17 people blind since birth found that areas of visual cortex became active when the participants were asked to solve algebra problems, a team from Johns Hopkins \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/09/14/1524982113\">reports\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And as the equations get harder and harder, activity in these areas goes up in a blind person,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://pbs.jhu.edu/directory/marina-bedny/\">Marina Bedny\u003c/a>, an author of the study and an assistant professor in the department of psychological and brain sciences at Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 19 sighted people doing the same problems, visual areas of the brain showed no increase in activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That really suggests that yes, blind individuals appear to be doing math with their visual cortex,\" Bedny says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published online Friday, challenge the idea that brain tissue intended for one function is limited to tasks that are closely related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To see that this structure can be reused for something very different is very surprising,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.pitt.edu/person/melissa-libertus-phd\">Melissa Libertus\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Pittsburgh. \"It shows us how plastic our brain is, how flexible it is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier research found that visual cortex could be rewired to process information from other senses, like hearing and touch. But Bedny wanted to know whether this area of the brain could do something radically different, something that had nothing to do with the senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she picked algebra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the experiment, both blind and sighted participants were asked to solve algebra problems. \"So they would hear something like: 12 minus 3 equals x, and 4 minus 2 equals x,\" Bedny says. \"And they'd have to say whether x had the same value in those two equations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both blind and sighted people, two brain areas associated with number processing became active. But only blind participants had increased activity in areas usually reserved for vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result suggests the brain can rewire visual cortex to do just about anything, Bedny says. And if that's true, she says, it could lead to new treatments for people who've had a stroke or other injury that has damaged one part of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drugs or even mental exercises might help a patient \"use a different part of your brain to do the same function,\" Bedny says. \"And that would be really exciting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Blind+People+Do+Algebra%2C+The+Brain%27s+Visual+Areas+Light+Up&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/46420/how-much-do-visual-experiences-shape-how-people-think-about-math","authors":["byline_mindshift_46420"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_276","mindshift_767","mindshift_1040","mindshift_392"],"featImg":"mindshift_46421","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_43365":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_43365","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"43365","score":null,"sort":[1452841776000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"practical-ways-to-develop-students-mathematical-reasoning","title":"Practical Ways to Develop Students' Mathematical Reasoning","publishDate":1452841776,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>Traditional math class was all about solving problem sets as fast as possible, but increasingly math teachers are slowing down to allow kids the time and space to reason through their answers and explain their thinking to peers. For those who seek a demonstration of that path, take a look at the Teaching Channel video below. Third grade teacher Jen Saul leads a lesson meant to support students' mathematical problem solving abilities. She works hard to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/08/24/growth-mindset-how-to-normalize-mistake-making-and-struggle-in-class/\" target=\"_blank\">normalize struggle\u003c/a> and has students find three different ways to represent the same problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can assure themselves and don't have to wait for the teacher to come around and say, 'yeah, you got it.'\" Saul said of the approach. She makes sure students have time to work independently before they share their strategies with one another, a time when they practice using math language and explaining their thinking. Meanwhile, Saul is rotating around the room, supporting students and pushing their thinking along. One of the most important parts, she says, is when she invites students to come to the front and share their solutions. This student-led solution time reinforces the class culture and helps students see one another as experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/151043653?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algebra is another important area of math and is often seen as the gateway subject to higher math. While students may see algebra as a time to memorize equations, strong teachers know this is an incredibly important time to make sure students' math reasoning is solid. In the video below, math coach Audra McPhillips explains how she leads eighth graders through the process of developing a conjecture about functions. She asks them to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/11/30/not-a-math-person-how-to-remove-obstacles-to-learning-math/\" target=\"_blank\">look for patterns\u003c/a> and has intentionally given them three examples that have something in common (the rate of change) and a point of difference (the y-intercept), meant to push student thinking a little further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McPhillips does very little telling students how to think, instead she lets them develop a conjecture that they believe to be true beyond the examples in front of them and requires them to explain why. Note, she doesn't expect all students to write a conjecture by the end of the lesson, but she does have them fill out exit slips to record what they learned and how far they got as a quick reflection before they head to their next class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/149822045?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many math teachers struggle to develop their students' mathematical reasoning skills. Two teachers take on some of the trickiest subjects, providing an example of how to let students lead math solutions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1452841776,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://player.vimeo.com/video/151043653","https://player.vimeo.com/video/149822045"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":392},"headData":{"title":"Practical Ways to Develop Students' Mathematical Reasoning | KQED","description":"Many math teachers struggle to develop their students' mathematical reasoning skills. Two teachers take on some of the trickiest subjects, providing an example of how to let students lead math solutions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Practical Ways to Develop Students' Mathematical Reasoning","datePublished":"2016-01-15T07:09:36.000Z","dateModified":"2016-01-15T07:09:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43365 http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=43365","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2016/01/14/practical-ways-to-develop-students-mathematical-reasoning/","disqusTitle":"Practical Ways to Develop Students' Mathematical Reasoning","path":"/mindshift/43365/practical-ways-to-develop-students-mathematical-reasoning","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Traditional math class was all about solving problem sets as fast as possible, but increasingly math teachers are slowing down to allow kids the time and space to reason through their answers and explain their thinking to peers. For those who seek a demonstration of that path, take a look at the Teaching Channel video below. Third grade teacher Jen Saul leads a lesson meant to support students' mathematical problem solving abilities. She works hard to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/08/24/growth-mindset-how-to-normalize-mistake-making-and-struggle-in-class/\" target=\"_blank\">normalize struggle\u003c/a> and has students find three different ways to represent the same problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can assure themselves and don't have to wait for the teacher to come around and say, 'yeah, you got it.'\" Saul said of the approach. She makes sure students have time to work independently before they share their strategies with one another, a time when they practice using math language and explaining their thinking. Meanwhile, Saul is rotating around the room, supporting students and pushing their thinking along. One of the most important parts, she says, is when she invites students to come to the front and share their solutions. This student-led solution time reinforces the class culture and helps students see one another as experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/151043653?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algebra is another important area of math and is often seen as the gateway subject to higher math. While students may see algebra as a time to memorize equations, strong teachers know this is an incredibly important time to make sure students' math reasoning is solid. In the video below, math coach Audra McPhillips explains how she leads eighth graders through the process of developing a conjecture about functions. She asks them to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/11/30/not-a-math-person-how-to-remove-obstacles-to-learning-math/\" target=\"_blank\">look for patterns\u003c/a> and has intentionally given them three examples that have something in common (the rate of change) and a point of difference (the y-intercept), meant to push student thinking a little further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McPhillips does very little telling students how to think, instead she lets them develop a conjecture that they believe to be true beyond the examples in front of them and requires them to explain why. Note, she doesn't expect all students to write a conjecture by the end of the lesson, but she does have them fill out exit slips to record what they learned and how far they got as a quick reflection before they head to their next class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/149822045?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/43365/practical-ways-to-develop-students-mathematical-reasoning","authors":["234"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_276","mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_392","mindshift_20652"],"featImg":"mindshift_43366","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_32768":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_32768","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"32768","score":null,"sort":[1386608899000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"to-learn-algebra-the-not-so-secret-way-to-students-hearts","title":"In Teaching Algebra, the Not-So-Secret Way to Students' Hearts","publishDate":1386608899,"format":"aside","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32774\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/yourdon/3088582622/sizes/l/in/photolist-5GVN1w-5RoVsN-5RMojM-6duKSR-6oWF4t-6sQKz2-6JbmQP-6VqmCS-fVL8gP-dG65cG-8bVTKt-9nUk8p-apnzxa-fgADYS-8E715f-cLwVqG-9QqJVp-bUFKh8-9erv2f-8v7Qhe-91pMRT-9czgNd-9bPwdn-9bSthh-8TmcBo-9bPspa-9bSsiW-8Tmapf-9kViF2-8Pud4h-8ozUiw-8Pomnt-8Pq3AD-bT81VB-9c1SW2-dPmysg-aNJGna-atmVGb-atjgXg-atmVHS-atmVJU-atjh22-atmVD1-atmVyE-atmVEL-atjh56-dihhor-8SQWdz-cv2q4m-9vsgzR-eFguLD/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-32774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/interests300.jpg\" alt=\"interests300\" width=\"640\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/interests300.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/interests300-400x188.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/interests300-320x150.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\" credit=\"Ed Yourdon/Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Education researchers are beginning to validate what many teachers have long known -- connecting learning to student interests helps the information stick. This seems to work particularly well with math, a subject many students say they dislike because they can’t see its relevance to their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I started spending time in classrooms I realized the math wasn't being applied to the students’ world in a meaningful way,” said Candace Walkington, assistant professor in the department of teaching and learning at Southern Methodist University. She conducted a \u003ca href=\"http://www.smu.edu/~/media/Site/Simmons/Research/RME/docs/CW/ICLS_Submission_2012_Final.ashx?la=en\" target=\"_blank\">year-long study\u003c/a> on 141 ninth graders at a Pennsylvania high school to see whether tailoring questions to individual student interests could help students learn difficult and often abstract algebra concepts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We picked out the students who seemed to be struggling the most in Algebra I and we found that for this sub-group of students personalization was more effective.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers studied a classroom using \u003ca href=\"http://mathseries.carnegielearning.com/\">Carnegie Learning \u003c/a>software called Cognitive Tutor, a program that has been studied frequently. In the study, half of the students chose one of several categories that interested them -- things like music, movies, sports, social media -- and were given an algebra curriculum based on those topics. The other half received no interest-based personalization. All the problems had the same underlying structure and were meant to teach the same concept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walkington found that students who had received interest-based personalization mastered concepts faster. What's more, in order to ensure that learning was robust, retained over time, and would accelerate future learning, she also looked at student performance in a later unit that had no interest-based personalization for any of the students. “Students that had previously received personalization, even though it was gone, were doing better on these more difficult problems as well,” said Walkington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">\u003cstrong>[RELATED: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/07/nine-tenets-of-passion-based-learning/\">Nine Tenents of Passion Based Learning\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also found that struggling students improved the most when their interests were taken into account. “We picked out the students who seemed to be struggling the most in Algebra I and we found that for this sub-group of students that were way behind the personalization was more effective,” Walkington said. Specifically, the study tested students’ ability to turn story problems into algebraic equations -- what’s called algebraic expression writing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one of the most challenging skills to teach students because it’s a very abstract skill,” Walkington said. She hypothesizes that the abstract nature of the concepts actually allowed students to more easily generalize and apply the same knowledge to a wide variety of situations and to more difficult problems in later units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walkington is working to expand her study to all the ninth graders in a school district of 9,000 students. “The bigger, you make it the harder it is to tap into the interests of students,” Walkington said. But she’s confident that there are some general-interest categories that many students share, like sports and movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WITHOUT TECHNOLOGY\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But can this tactic help a teacher with a class of 30 students that doesn’t use this particular math software? Teachers in the studied school asked this question, so Walkington developed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cwalkington.com/MT_Article.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">practical guide\u003c/a> for them to use. She chose to conduct the study using the Carnegie blended learning curriculum because it was easy to layer on the interest-based personalization to the existing program. It also provided her with a wealth of data about how students approached the problems. That said, a teacher could use interest-driven questions without any math software.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From her guide:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Two Examples of Personalization\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">Personalization can be accomplished on simple mathematics story problems. For example, a typical algebra problem might read: “A particular assembly line in an automobile company plant can produce thirteen cars every hour.” Based on this scenario, students might be asked to write an expression or solve for how many cars are produced after certain numbers of hours. Below are some examples of how this problem could be personalized:\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Shopping\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>The website of your favorite clothing store, Hot Topic, sells thirteen superhero t-shirts every hour.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Computers\u003c/strong>: A recent video blog you posted about your life on YouTube gets thirteen hits every hour.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Food: \u003c/strong>Your favorite restaurant \"Steak 'n Shake\" sells thirteen caramel pretzel shakes every hour.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Music: \u003c/strong>Pandora Internet radio plays thirteen of your favorite pop songs every hour.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Cell Phones: \u003c/strong>On your new iPhone 5 you send your best friend thirteen texts every hour.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">While these problems involve relatively simple modifications, our research has shown that this type of personalization is effective for improving student learning.\u003c/div>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>[RELATED: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/11/how-the-power-of-interest-drives-learning/\">How the Power of Interest Drives Learning\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping students see algebra in their daily lives is one way to apply this technique. In the same way, video games have point systems that allow players to level up after they've won a certain number of points. Students understand these systems intimately, but aren’t often asked to think about them through the lens of algebra. Similarly, students have a sense of how often they text and how their texting habits compare to others, but they aren’t often asked to express that relationship in an equation. Helping students to see the math in their own lives could get them thinking differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way teachers can personalize algebra would be to ask questions that are likely to appeal to student interests. Walkington found that students find story problems that deal with social issues of communicating with family and friends accessible. Concepts of work and business were less accessible, as were problems that dealt with physics concepts like motion, time, and space. Problems based on home references like pets were more interesting to students and garnered better results. Using these broad guidelines, teachers can try to write questions that appeal to more students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walkington has also experimented with having students personalize their own math instruction, writing, sharing and solving story problems in small groups. She’s found that even students with relatively little math knowledge can create complex story problems and express them with algebra if there's interest in the topic. This is a great way to have students construct their own knowledge while applying it to their passions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A great time to use this tactic is when introducing an abstract idea or foundational topic in algebra. That’s when educators will see the most benefit of grounding the topic in student interests, Walkington said. It’s important to elicit student interest in the math concepts, however, and not just the question’s topic. This intervention could work well with struggling students too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to layer the algebra onto those relationships that already exist,” Walkington said. “And that’s not an obvious thing because it doesn’t look anything like algebra at first. It just looks like a relationship.” She’s confident from her own experience of learning to love math that when students see its applicability to things they care about, they learn more easily and deeply.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Education researchers are beginning to validate what many teachers have long known: connecting learning to student interests helps the information stick. Here's an example of how one algebra teacher made it work in her class.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1420658168,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1202},"headData":{"title":"In Teaching Algebra, the Not-So-Secret Way to Students' Hearts | KQED","description":"Education researchers are beginning to validate what many teachers have long known: connecting learning to student interests helps the information stick. Here's an example of how one algebra teacher made it work in her class.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Teaching Algebra, the Not-So-Secret Way to Students' Hearts","datePublished":"2013-12-09T17:08:19.000Z","dateModified":"2015-01-07T19:16:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"32768 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=32768","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/12/09/to-learn-algebra-the-not-so-secret-way-to-students-hearts/","disqusTitle":"In Teaching Algebra, the Not-So-Secret Way to Students' Hearts","path":"/mindshift/32768/to-learn-algebra-the-not-so-secret-way-to-students-hearts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32774\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/yourdon/3088582622/sizes/l/in/photolist-5GVN1w-5RoVsN-5RMojM-6duKSR-6oWF4t-6sQKz2-6JbmQP-6VqmCS-fVL8gP-dG65cG-8bVTKt-9nUk8p-apnzxa-fgADYS-8E715f-cLwVqG-9QqJVp-bUFKh8-9erv2f-8v7Qhe-91pMRT-9czgNd-9bPwdn-9bSthh-8TmcBo-9bPspa-9bSsiW-8Tmapf-9kViF2-8Pud4h-8ozUiw-8Pomnt-8Pq3AD-bT81VB-9c1SW2-dPmysg-aNJGna-atmVGb-atjgXg-atmVHS-atmVJU-atjh22-atmVD1-atmVyE-atmVEL-atjh56-dihhor-8SQWdz-cv2q4m-9vsgzR-eFguLD/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-32774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/interests300.jpg\" alt=\"interests300\" width=\"640\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/interests300.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/interests300-400x188.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2013/11/interests300-320x150.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\" credit=\"Ed Yourdon/Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Education researchers are beginning to validate what many teachers have long known -- connecting learning to student interests helps the information stick. This seems to work particularly well with math, a subject many students say they dislike because they can’t see its relevance to their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I started spending time in classrooms I realized the math wasn't being applied to the students’ world in a meaningful way,” said Candace Walkington, assistant professor in the department of teaching and learning at Southern Methodist University. She conducted a \u003ca href=\"http://www.smu.edu/~/media/Site/Simmons/Research/RME/docs/CW/ICLS_Submission_2012_Final.ashx?la=en\" target=\"_blank\">year-long study\u003c/a> on 141 ninth graders at a Pennsylvania high school to see whether tailoring questions to individual student interests could help students learn difficult and often abstract algebra concepts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We picked out the students who seemed to be struggling the most in Algebra I and we found that for this sub-group of students personalization was more effective.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers studied a classroom using \u003ca href=\"http://mathseries.carnegielearning.com/\">Carnegie Learning \u003c/a>software called Cognitive Tutor, a program that has been studied frequently. In the study, half of the students chose one of several categories that interested them -- things like music, movies, sports, social media -- and were given an algebra curriculum based on those topics. The other half received no interest-based personalization. All the problems had the same underlying structure and were meant to teach the same concept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walkington found that students who had received interest-based personalization mastered concepts faster. What's more, in order to ensure that learning was robust, retained over time, and would accelerate future learning, she also looked at student performance in a later unit that had no interest-based personalization for any of the students. “Students that had previously received personalization, even though it was gone, were doing better on these more difficult problems as well,” said Walkington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">\u003cstrong>[RELATED: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/07/nine-tenets-of-passion-based-learning/\">Nine Tenents of Passion Based Learning\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also found that struggling students improved the most when their interests were taken into account. “We picked out the students who seemed to be struggling the most in Algebra I and we found that for this sub-group of students that were way behind the personalization was more effective,” Walkington said. Specifically, the study tested students’ ability to turn story problems into algebraic equations -- what’s called algebraic expression writing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one of the most challenging skills to teach students because it’s a very abstract skill,” Walkington said. She hypothesizes that the abstract nature of the concepts actually allowed students to more easily generalize and apply the same knowledge to a wide variety of situations and to more difficult problems in later units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walkington is working to expand her study to all the ninth graders in a school district of 9,000 students. “The bigger, you make it the harder it is to tap into the interests of students,” Walkington said. But she’s confident that there are some general-interest categories that many students share, like sports and movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WITHOUT TECHNOLOGY\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But can this tactic help a teacher with a class of 30 students that doesn’t use this particular math software? Teachers in the studied school asked this question, so Walkington developed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cwalkington.com/MT_Article.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">practical guide\u003c/a> for them to use. She chose to conduct the study using the Carnegie blended learning curriculum because it was easy to layer on the interest-based personalization to the existing program. It also provided her with a wealth of data about how students approached the problems. That said, a teacher could use interest-driven questions without any math software.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From her guide:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Two Examples of Personalization\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">Personalization can be accomplished on simple mathematics story problems. For example, a typical algebra problem might read: “A particular assembly line in an automobile company plant can produce thirteen cars every hour.” Based on this scenario, students might be asked to write an expression or solve for how many cars are produced after certain numbers of hours. Below are some examples of how this problem could be personalized:\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Shopping\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>The website of your favorite clothing store, Hot Topic, sells thirteen superhero t-shirts every hour.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Computers\u003c/strong>: A recent video blog you posted about your life on YouTube gets thirteen hits every hour.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Food: \u003c/strong>Your favorite restaurant \"Steak 'n Shake\" sells thirteen caramel pretzel shakes every hour.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Music: \u003c/strong>Pandora Internet radio plays thirteen of your favorite pop songs every hour.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003cstrong>Cell Phones: \u003c/strong>On your new iPhone 5 you send your best friend thirteen texts every hour.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">While these problems involve relatively simple modifications, our research has shown that this type of personalization is effective for improving student learning.\u003c/div>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>[RELATED: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/11/how-the-power-of-interest-drives-learning/\">How the Power of Interest Drives Learning\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping students see algebra in their daily lives is one way to apply this technique. In the same way, video games have point systems that allow players to level up after they've won a certain number of points. Students understand these systems intimately, but aren’t often asked to think about them through the lens of algebra. Similarly, students have a sense of how often they text and how their texting habits compare to others, but they aren’t often asked to express that relationship in an equation. Helping students to see the math in their own lives could get them thinking differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way teachers can personalize algebra would be to ask questions that are likely to appeal to student interests. Walkington found that students find story problems that deal with social issues of communicating with family and friends accessible. Concepts of work and business were less accessible, as were problems that dealt with physics concepts like motion, time, and space. Problems based on home references like pets were more interesting to students and garnered better results. Using these broad guidelines, teachers can try to write questions that appeal to more students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walkington has also experimented with having students personalize their own math instruction, writing, sharing and solving story problems in small groups. She’s found that even students with relatively little math knowledge can create complex story problems and express them with algebra if there's interest in the topic. This is a great way to have students construct their own knowledge while applying it to their passions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A great time to use this tactic is when introducing an abstract idea or foundational topic in algebra. That’s when educators will see the most benefit of grounding the topic in student interests, Walkington said. It’s important to elicit student interest in the math concepts, however, and not just the question’s topic. This intervention could work well with struggling students too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to layer the algebra onto those relationships that already exist,” Walkington said. “And that’s not an obvious thing because it doesn’t look anything like algebra at first. It just looks like a relationship.” She’s confident from her own experience of learning to love math that when students see its applicability to things they care about, they learn more easily and deeply.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/32768/to-learn-algebra-the-not-so-secret-way-to-students-hearts","authors":["234"],"categories":["mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_276","mindshift_20586","mindshift_1040","mindshift_20585"],"featImg":"mindshift_32775","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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