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He previously produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/lowdown\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>, KQED’s multimedia news education blog. Matthew's written for numerous Bay Area publications, including the Oakland Tribune and San Francisco Chronicle. He also taught journalism classes at Fremont High School in East Oakland.\r\n\r\nEmail: mgreen@kqed.org; Twitter: @MGreenKQED","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twitter":"MGreenKQED","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"lowdown","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"education","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"elections","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"liveblog","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Matthew Green | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/matthewgreen"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"lowdown_30146":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_30146","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"30146","score":null,"sort":[1518826153000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"timeline-a-history-of-political-controversy-at-the-olympics-2","title":"TIMELINE: A History of Political Controversy at the Olympics","publishDate":1518826153,"format":"image","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">Scroll down for the interactive timeline\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's kind of inevitable, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Olympics brings together athletes from around the world, representing their countries, in an intensely competitive environment. It'd be a downright miracle if global politics didn't somehow seep into the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since the modern-day Olympics began in 1896, the organizers' of the games have consistently urged participating nations to leave their political differences at the door. There's even a rule in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.olympic.org/athlete365/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2015-06-02-Rule-50-Rio-2016-Olympic-Games-QA-EN-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Olympic Committee Charter\u003c/a> that shuns any kind of political demonstration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sport can only contribute to development and peace if it’s not used as a stage for political dissent or for trying to score points in … political contests,” said Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach before the start of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. “Have the courage to address your disagreements in a peaceful direct political dialogue and not on the backs of the athletes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn't always worked out so well. In fact, the Olympics have long been used as an arena for political posturing, a global stage to voice dissent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2018 games are no exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unprecedented move this year, Russia was officially banned from participating in the 2018 winter games after evidence surfaced that many of its athletes had been doping for years as part of a clandestine state-sponsored program. A group of 169 Russian have been allowed to individually participate in the games, but are not officially representing their country. The athletes are simply being referred to as \"Olympic Athletes from Russia,.\" During the opening ceremony, they wore nondescript gray tracksuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a move of potential diplomacy (although one viewed with suspicion by the U.S.), North Korea participated in the games, despite its longstanding nuclear tensions with South Korea. In the opening ceremony, athletes from the two Koreas marched under the same flag. They also formed a joint Korean women's hockey team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This timeline-map, based, in part, on an older interactive produced by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfr.org/interactives/politics-olympics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center on Foreign Relations\u003c/a>, tracks some of the many political tensions that have surfaced over the course of Olympic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://uploads.knightlab.com/storymapjs/52f6ac29a40773d4b276d006a9cc5ce8/politics-at-the-olympics/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1521759783,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://uploads.knightlab.com/storymapjs/52f6ac29a40773d4b276d006a9cc5ce8/politics-at-the-olympics/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":368},"headData":{"title":"TIMELINE: A History of Political Controversy at the Olympics | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"30146 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=30146","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2018/02/16/timeline-a-history-of-political-controversy-at-the-olympics-2/","disqusTitle":"TIMELINE: A History of Political Controversy at the Olympics","customPermalink":"2014/02/14/politics-at-olympics/","path":"/lowdown/30146/timeline-a-history-of-political-controversy-at-the-olympics-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">Scroll down for the interactive timeline\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's kind of inevitable, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Olympics brings together athletes from around the world, representing their countries, in an intensely competitive environment. It'd be a downright miracle if global politics didn't somehow seep into the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since the modern-day Olympics began in 1896, the organizers' of the games have consistently urged participating nations to leave their political differences at the door. There's even a rule in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.olympic.org/athlete365/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2015-06-02-Rule-50-Rio-2016-Olympic-Games-QA-EN-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Olympic Committee Charter\u003c/a> that shuns any kind of political demonstration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sport can only contribute to development and peace if it’s not used as a stage for political dissent or for trying to score points in … political contests,” said Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach before the start of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. “Have the courage to address your disagreements in a peaceful direct political dialogue and not on the backs of the athletes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn't always worked out so well. In fact, the Olympics have long been used as an arena for political posturing, a global stage to voice dissent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2018 games are no exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unprecedented move this year, Russia was officially banned from participating in the 2018 winter games after evidence surfaced that many of its athletes had been doping for years as part of a clandestine state-sponsored program. A group of 169 Russian have been allowed to individually participate in the games, but are not officially representing their country. The athletes are simply being referred to as \"Olympic Athletes from Russia,.\" During the opening ceremony, they wore nondescript gray tracksuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a move of potential diplomacy (although one viewed with suspicion by the U.S.), North Korea participated in the games, despite its longstanding nuclear tensions with South Korea. In the opening ceremony, athletes from the two Koreas marched under the same flag. They also formed a joint Korean women's hockey team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This timeline-map, based, in part, on an older interactive produced by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfr.org/interactives/politics-olympics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center on Foreign Relations\u003c/a>, tracks some of the many political tensions that have surfaced over the course of Olympic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://uploads.knightlab.com/storymapjs/52f6ac29a40773d4b276d006a9cc5ce8/politics-at-the-olympics/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/30146/timeline-a-history-of-political-controversy-at-the-olympics-2","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_509","lowdown_2402","lowdown_457","lowdown_243","lowdown_2386"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_470","lowdown_152"],"featImg":"lowdown_11822","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_14066":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_14066","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"14066","score":null,"sort":[1504893632000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911","title":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts (with Lesson Plan)","publishDate":1504893632,"format":"image","headTitle":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Your students are too young to have lived through the 9/11 attack, but that doesn’t mean it hasn’t impacted their lives. The \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/teachers/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\">Perspectives Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a> offers them a chance to tell their stories. Maybe they have a parent, older sibling or cousin who served in Afghanistan. Maybe they have seen anti-Muslim sentiment in their own communities. Invite them to share how 9/11 has affected their lives with the Perspectives Challenge. (Preview the \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/curriculum/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">curriculum here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sept. 9, 2023\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-two years ago, the United States wasn’t officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn’t even exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We deported half the number of people we do today. Our surveillance state was a fraction of its current size. And — perhaps hardest to believe — we didn’t have to take off our shoes to go through airport security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in a dramatic change in our nation’s attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It ushered in a new generation of policies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/patriotact.html\">USA Patriot Act\u003c/a>, prioritizing national security and defense, often at the expense of civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Sept-11-lesson-plan-2017-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lasting impacts of 9/11 lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These changes continue to have ripple effects across the globe, particularly in the Middle East, where American-led military operations helped foment rebellions and ongoing warfare throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are four of the many dramatic impacts — nationwide and in California — resulting from the events of that one tragic day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>I. ‘Forever Wars’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after 9/11, U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to dismantle al-Qaeda — the terrorist group that claimed responsibility for the attacks — and remove the Taliban government harboring it. Two years later, in March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and deposed President Saddam Hussein. Although not directly linked to the terrorist attacks, Hussein was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction (none were ever found). The invasion was a key part of America’s newly launched War on Terror, under the leadership of President George W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our military involvement in Afghanistan — which just ended calamitously in August, with the Taliban reclaiming control of the country — was the longest war in American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS0qENVESv0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2011, remaining U.S. troops were pulled out of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/timeline-iraq-war/p18876\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Iraq\u003c/a>, leaving that nation in a far more volatile state than when military operations first began in 2003. But the U.S. soon after resumed intermittent air strikes following the emergence of the Islamic State extremist group, which sprouted from the chaos of war and terrorized the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the Bush Administration also opened the Guantanamo Bay detention center in Cuba, where it began sending suspected enemy combatants. Held indefinitely, prisoners were denied access to trials or legal representation, and were subject to brutal interrogation techniques. There were more than 650 foreign inmates at the facility by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have long pushed to shut down the Guantanamo facility, calling it a gross violation of basic human rights and a stain on America’s image abroad. And although early in his first term, Obama vowed to close it — and significantly reduced the population\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo/detainees?mcubz=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>— he failed to completely shut it down. Former President Donald Trump was intent on keeping it open, and even sought, unsuccessfully, to refill it. Today, Guantanamo has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html?mcubz=1\">fewer than 40 prisoners\u003c/a>, but still remains operational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 9/11, budgets for defense-related agencies skyrocketed: Homeland Security’s discretionary budget jumped from about $16 billion in 2002 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than $43 billion\u003c/a> in 2011. Meanwhile, the budgets of the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration and Border Patrol have all more than doubled since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, millions of young U.S. soldiers have been deployed overseas, thousands have been killed and many have returned home with debilitating physical and mental injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the start of post-9/11 U.S. military operations, some 7,000 American troops have been killed in Afghanistan and Iraq, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\">the latest figures\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Defense. That marks just a tiny fraction of total casualties in the two conflicts, which have claimed the lives of \u003ca href=\"https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2019/direct-war-death-toll-2001-801000\">hundreds of thousands\u003c/a> of Iraqi and Afghan civilians, as well as contractors, journalists, allied troops and opposition fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than 52,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan and Iraq have been wounded in action over the last 20 years. And many more have returned home physically intact but suffering from severe long-term mental health issues, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and psychological ailments linked to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thousands of veterans of the two conflicts have taken their own lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is second only to Texas in its contribution of recruits to the U.S. military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this year, 776 men and women from across the state have been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001, accounting for 11% of total U.S. casualties — more than any other state — according to an\u003ca href=\"http://projects.latimes.com/wardead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> LA Times database\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times reports, “Nearly 20% of California’s war dead were old enough to die for their country but too young to buy a drink. They left behind 453 children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of the 13 U.S. troops killed In the \u003ca class=\"link\" href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-08-26/us-troops-killed-afghanistan-airport-bombing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aug. 26 suicide bombing\u003c/a> at the Kabul airport gate were Marines from California. Occurring just days before the official end of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, the attack also killed dozens of Afghan civilians — one of the deadliest bombings in the almost two decades since the U.S.-led invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>II. Immigration and Deportation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Bush Administration created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Homeland Security\u003c/a> in 2002, a cabinet-level office that merged 22 government agencies. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Customs Service — both formerly part of the Department of Justice — were consolidated into the newly formed \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"https://www.ice.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>. The agency has overseen a massive increase in deportations; they have nearly doubled since 9/11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Department of Homeland Security’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fyearbook-immigration-statistics&ei=NKxPUPu5K87hiwKn14HADQ&usg=AFQjCNFZCr-MNftShOtU3Ycc8HPUr1M1Zg&sig2=agIJsVoj7kiDoBqPasJOQQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Yearbook of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>, there were roughly 200,000 annual deportations a year between 1999 and 2001. While that number dropped slightly in 2002, it began to steadily climb the following year. In the first two years of the Obama Administration (2009 – 2010), deportations hit a record high: nearly 400,000 annually. About half of those deported during that period were convicted of a criminal offense, although mostly low-level, non-violent crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Secure Communities\u003c/a> program, established in 2008 and officially phased out in 2014, allowed local law enforcement to check the immigration status of every person booked in a county or local jail — even if not ultimately convicted of a crime — by comparing fingerprints against federal immigration records. The program resulted in numerous instances of undocumented immigrants entering deportation proceedings after being stopped for minor infractions (like not using a turn signal while driving).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2014, when Obama announced plans to phase out the program, ICE had established Secure Communities partnerships with every single\u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> law enforcement jurisdiction \u003c/a>in the nation (all 3,181 of them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Jerry Brown — then California’s Attorney General — agreed to implement the Secure Communities. As of 2012, ICE reported it had taken nearly 48,000 “convicted criminal aliens” in California into custody. Almost half of them were deported, even though less than a quarter had been convicted of offenses considered “serious or violent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the primary destination for foreign nationals entering the country, and home to a quarter of America’s immigrant population. Of the nearly 10 million immigrants (both naturalized and undocumented) residing in the state, an estimated 4.3 million are Mexican, 28% of whom are naturalized, according to the \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>III. The Friendly-ish Skies\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Long airport lines, full body scans, the occasional pat-down (for the lucky ones). It’s all par for the course when you fly these days. But not so long ago, it wasn’t unusual to show up at the airport a half-hour before a domestic flight, keep your shoes tied tight, and skip through the metal detector while sipping a Big Gulp, all without ever having to show an ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the advent of color-coded security threat warnings, pat downs were rare, liquids were allowed, and the notion of having to go through full-body scanners was the stuff of science fiction. Heck, prior to 9/11, some airport security teams even allowed passengers to take box cutters aboard (the supposed weapon used by the 9/11 hijackers). Any knife with a blade up to four inches long was permitted. And cigarette lighters? No problem!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the terrorist attacks, airport security underwent a series of major overhauls. And a service that was once largely provided by private companies is now primarily overseen by the massive \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transportation Security Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the TSA is tasked with instituting new security procedures and managing screenings at every commercial airport checkpoint in the country (although, private contractors still operate at some airports). It marks the single largest federal start-up since the days of World War II. The agency is authorized to refer to watch lists of individuals who could pose flight safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although advocates argue that the changes have made air travel safer, the additional security steps have also tacked on a significant amount of travel time for the average passenger, while sometimes infringing on privacy rights and, in many instances, increasing scrutiny of minority travelers, particularly those of Middle Eastern descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>IV. Big surveillance\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The U.S. intelligence state boomed in the wake of 9/11. The growth resulted in a marked increase in government oversight, primarily through a vast, clandestine network of phone and web surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classified documents that were leaked in 2013 by former government contractor Edward Snowden detail the expansion of a colossal surveillance state that’s seeped into the lives of millions of ordinary Americans. The exponential growth of this apparatus — armed with a $52.6 billion budget in 2013 — was brought to light when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post\u003c/a> obtained a “black budget” report from Snowden, detailing the bureaucratic and operational landscape of the 16 spy agencies and more than 107,000 employees that now make up the U.S. intelligence community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further audits reveal that the National Security Agency alone has annually scooped up as many as 56,000 emails and other communications by Americans with no connection to terrorism, and in doing so, had violated privacy laws thousands of times per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in dramatic changes in our nation's attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1694367594,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1927},"headData":{"title":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","description":"America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in dramatic changes in our nation's attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"customPermalink":"2014/09/10/13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911/","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/lowdown/14066/13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Your students are too young to have lived through the 9/11 attack, but that doesn’t mean it hasn’t impacted their lives. The \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/teachers/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\">Perspectives Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a> offers them a chance to tell their stories. Maybe they have a parent, older sibling or cousin who served in Afghanistan. Maybe they have seen anti-Muslim sentiment in their own communities. Invite them to share how 9/11 has affected their lives with the Perspectives Challenge. (Preview the \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/curriculum/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">curriculum here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sept. 9, 2023\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-two years ago, the United States wasn’t officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn’t even exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We deported half the number of people we do today. Our surveillance state was a fraction of its current size. And — perhaps hardest to believe — we didn’t have to take off our shoes to go through airport security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in a dramatic change in our nation’s attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It ushered in a new generation of policies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/patriotact.html\">USA Patriot Act\u003c/a>, prioritizing national security and defense, often at the expense of civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Sept-11-lesson-plan-2017-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lasting impacts of 9/11 lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These changes continue to have ripple effects across the globe, particularly in the Middle East, where American-led military operations helped foment rebellions and ongoing warfare throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are four of the many dramatic impacts — nationwide and in California — resulting from the events of that one tragic day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>I. ‘Forever Wars’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after 9/11, U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to dismantle al-Qaeda — the terrorist group that claimed responsibility for the attacks — and remove the Taliban government harboring it. Two years later, in March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and deposed President Saddam Hussein. Although not directly linked to the terrorist attacks, Hussein was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction (none were ever found). The invasion was a key part of America’s newly launched War on Terror, under the leadership of President George W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our military involvement in Afghanistan — which just ended calamitously in August, with the Taliban reclaiming control of the country — was the longest war in American history.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zS0qENVESv0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zS0qENVESv0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In December 2011, remaining U.S. troops were pulled out of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/timeline-iraq-war/p18876\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Iraq\u003c/a>, leaving that nation in a far more volatile state than when military operations first began in 2003. But the U.S. soon after resumed intermittent air strikes following the emergence of the Islamic State extremist group, which sprouted from the chaos of war and terrorized the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the Bush Administration also opened the Guantanamo Bay detention center in Cuba, where it began sending suspected enemy combatants. Held indefinitely, prisoners were denied access to trials or legal representation, and were subject to brutal interrogation techniques. There were more than 650 foreign inmates at the facility by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have long pushed to shut down the Guantanamo facility, calling it a gross violation of basic human rights and a stain on America’s image abroad. And although early in his first term, Obama vowed to close it — and significantly reduced the population\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo/detainees?mcubz=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>— he failed to completely shut it down. Former President Donald Trump was intent on keeping it open, and even sought, unsuccessfully, to refill it. Today, Guantanamo has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html?mcubz=1\">fewer than 40 prisoners\u003c/a>, but still remains operational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 9/11, budgets for defense-related agencies skyrocketed: Homeland Security’s discretionary budget jumped from about $16 billion in 2002 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than $43 billion\u003c/a> in 2011. Meanwhile, the budgets of the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration and Border Patrol have all more than doubled since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, millions of young U.S. soldiers have been deployed overseas, thousands have been killed and many have returned home with debilitating physical and mental injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the start of post-9/11 U.S. military operations, some 7,000 American troops have been killed in Afghanistan and Iraq, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\">the latest figures\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Defense. That marks just a tiny fraction of total casualties in the two conflicts, which have claimed the lives of \u003ca href=\"https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2019/direct-war-death-toll-2001-801000\">hundreds of thousands\u003c/a> of Iraqi and Afghan civilians, as well as contractors, journalists, allied troops and opposition fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than 52,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan and Iraq have been wounded in action over the last 20 years. And many more have returned home physically intact but suffering from severe long-term mental health issues, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and psychological ailments linked to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thousands of veterans of the two conflicts have taken their own lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is second only to Texas in its contribution of recruits to the U.S. military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this year, 776 men and women from across the state have been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001, accounting for 11% of total U.S. casualties — more than any other state — according to an\u003ca href=\"http://projects.latimes.com/wardead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> LA Times database\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times reports, “Nearly 20% of California’s war dead were old enough to die for their country but too young to buy a drink. They left behind 453 children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of the 13 U.S. troops killed In the \u003ca class=\"link\" href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-08-26/us-troops-killed-afghanistan-airport-bombing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aug. 26 suicide bombing\u003c/a> at the Kabul airport gate were Marines from California. Occurring just days before the official end of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, the attack also killed dozens of Afghan civilians — one of the deadliest bombings in the almost two decades since the U.S.-led invasion.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>II. Immigration and Deportation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Bush Administration created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Homeland Security\u003c/a> in 2002, a cabinet-level office that merged 22 government agencies. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Customs Service — both formerly part of the Department of Justice — were consolidated into the newly formed \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"https://www.ice.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>. The agency has overseen a massive increase in deportations; they have nearly doubled since 9/11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Department of Homeland Security’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fyearbook-immigration-statistics&ei=NKxPUPu5K87hiwKn14HADQ&usg=AFQjCNFZCr-MNftShOtU3Ycc8HPUr1M1Zg&sig2=agIJsVoj7kiDoBqPasJOQQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Yearbook of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>, there were roughly 200,000 annual deportations a year between 1999 and 2001. While that number dropped slightly in 2002, it began to steadily climb the following year. In the first two years of the Obama Administration (2009 – 2010), deportations hit a record high: nearly 400,000 annually. About half of those deported during that period were convicted of a criminal offense, although mostly low-level, non-violent crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Secure Communities\u003c/a> program, established in 2008 and officially phased out in 2014, allowed local law enforcement to check the immigration status of every person booked in a county or local jail — even if not ultimately convicted of a crime — by comparing fingerprints against federal immigration records. The program resulted in numerous instances of undocumented immigrants entering deportation proceedings after being stopped for minor infractions (like not using a turn signal while driving).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2014, when Obama announced plans to phase out the program, ICE had established Secure Communities partnerships with every single\u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> law enforcement jurisdiction \u003c/a>in the nation (all 3,181 of them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Jerry Brown — then California’s Attorney General — agreed to implement the Secure Communities. As of 2012, ICE reported it had taken nearly 48,000 “convicted criminal aliens” in California into custody. Almost half of them were deported, even though less than a quarter had been convicted of offenses considered “serious or violent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the primary destination for foreign nationals entering the country, and home to a quarter of America’s immigrant population. Of the nearly 10 million immigrants (both naturalized and undocumented) residing in the state, an estimated 4.3 million are Mexican, 28% of whom are naturalized, according to the \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>III. The Friendly-ish Skies\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Long airport lines, full body scans, the occasional pat-down (for the lucky ones). It’s all par for the course when you fly these days. But not so long ago, it wasn’t unusual to show up at the airport a half-hour before a domestic flight, keep your shoes tied tight, and skip through the metal detector while sipping a Big Gulp, all without ever having to show an ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the advent of color-coded security threat warnings, pat downs were rare, liquids were allowed, and the notion of having to go through full-body scanners was the stuff of science fiction. Heck, prior to 9/11, some airport security teams even allowed passengers to take box cutters aboard (the supposed weapon used by the 9/11 hijackers). Any knife with a blade up to four inches long was permitted. And cigarette lighters? No problem!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the terrorist attacks, airport security underwent a series of major overhauls. And a service that was once largely provided by private companies is now primarily overseen by the massive \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transportation Security Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the TSA is tasked with instituting new security procedures and managing screenings at every commercial airport checkpoint in the country (although, private contractors still operate at some airports). It marks the single largest federal start-up since the days of World War II. The agency is authorized to refer to watch lists of individuals who could pose flight safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although advocates argue that the changes have made air travel safer, the additional security steps have also tacked on a significant amount of travel time for the average passenger, while sometimes infringing on privacy rights and, in many instances, increasing scrutiny of minority travelers, particularly those of Middle Eastern descent.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>IV. Big surveillance\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The U.S. intelligence state boomed in the wake of 9/11. The growth resulted in a marked increase in government oversight, primarily through a vast, clandestine network of phone and web surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classified documents that were leaked in 2013 by former government contractor Edward Snowden detail the expansion of a colossal surveillance state that’s seeped into the lives of millions of ordinary Americans. The exponential growth of this apparatus — armed with a $52.6 billion budget in 2013 — was brought to light when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post\u003c/a> obtained a “black budget” report from Snowden, detailing the bureaucratic and operational landscape of the 16 spy agencies and more than 107,000 employees that now make up the U.S. intelligence community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further audits reveal that the National Security Agency alone has annually scooped up as many as 56,000 emails and other communications by Americans with no connection to terrorism, and in doing so, had violated privacy laws thousands of times per year.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/14066/13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_245","lowdown_509","lowdown_2362","lowdown_2399","lowdown_457","lowdown_2365","lowdown_2359","lowdown_2397"],"tags":["lowdown_168","lowdown_2337","lowdown_524"],"featImg":"lowdown_23785","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_27746":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_27746","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"27746","score":null,"sort":[1501678806000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-north-korea-became-one-of-the-americas-biggest-security-threats-a-brief-history-with-lesson-plan","title":"How North Korea Became One Of America's Biggest Security Threats (with Lesson Plan)","publishDate":1501678806,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/1g9j_ZkuJig\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/North-Korea-in-Context-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: History of North Korea (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>North Korea, the cloistered, enigmatic nation nearly 7,000 miles from Washington, D.C., has again emerged as one of the biggest national security threats to the United States and its Asian allies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late July, North Korea reportedly \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-idUSKBN1AD1ZB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tested\u003c/a> an intercontinental ballistic missile that experts say could be capable of reaching Los Angeles and other West Coast cities. It's the second long-range missile launched by the government in the last month, elevating its threat level and prompting the U.S. and South Korea to stage a joint missile exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most repressive, isolated and impoverished nations on earth, North Korea has nonetheless managed to successfully develop a huge army with an arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles. And under the notoriously erratic direction of its young leader, Kim Jong-un, the nation has repeatedly threatened to strike U.S. allies in the region, including South Korea and Japan, where thousands of American troops are stationed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to rising tensions, Vice President Mike Pence in April visited South Korean and warned North Korea that the \"era of strategic patience is over.\" And later that month, top Trump administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-briefs-senators-on-very-grave-threat-from-north-korea/2017/04/26/12a5c21a-2a9e-11e7-be51-b3fc6ff7faee_story.html?utm_term=.67c9a1b64aff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">held a rare meeting\u003c/a> at the White House to brief the entire U.S. Senate on what one senior aide called \"a very grave threat\" posed by North Korea. The administration, though, offered few details on how it planned to address the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive-idUSKBN17U04E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interview with Reuters\u003c/a>, Trump said: \"There is a chance that we could end up having a major, major conflict with North Korea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, however that he'd prefer to peacefully resolve the crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bordering South Korea, one of Asia's most robust economies, North Korea has been walled for decades, a nation of roughly 25 million that's existed under the brutal totalitarian rule of the Kim family for three generations. Although reports of massive prison camps, food shortages, grinding poverty and shocking human rights violations elicit horror from outside observers, North Korea has also become a source of international intrigue as one of the world's last hermit kingdoms, a secretive society that few outsiders have ever set foot in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/v70-fi6PPU0\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1910-1945:\u003c/strong> Japanese colonization\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Japan colonizes Korea (north and south), beginning a 35-year period of often brutal military rule that include efforts to wipe out Korea’s language and cultural identity. The Japanese also introduce modern industrial development, especially in the north where coal and hydroelectric power resources are plentiful, prompting a mass exodus from the countryside to cities. Japanese rule ends in 1945, when U.S. and Russian forces capture the peninsula at the conclusion of World War II. By then, Korea is the second-most industrialized nation in Asia (after Japan). During this period, Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, emerges as a prominent guerrilla fighter in the colonial resistance movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1945-1948:\u003c/strong> The 38th parallel\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27737\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27737 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg 456w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-160x164.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-240x246.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-375x385.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Split at the 38th parallel \u003ccite>(ourtimebd.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the end of World War II, Japan surrenders to the Allies and relinquishes its control of Korea. The Soviet Union and United States agree to temporarily split postwar control of the peninsula until an independent and unified Korean government can be established. The Soviets occupy everything north of the 38th parallel. But as tensions grow between the two nations, efforts to forge a unified Korean government fall apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1948: \u003c/strong>North and South Korea form distinct states\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By August 1948, the pro-U.S. Republic of Korea (South Korea) is established in Seoul, led by Syngman Rhee, a staunch anti-communist. Just three weeks later, the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) emerges in Pyongyang, with communist guerrilla leader Kim Il-sung assuming power. Both leaders assert jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula and its people.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1950-1953:\u003c/strong> The Korean War\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On June 25, 1950, North Korean military forces, supported by the Soviet Union and China, invade the South in an effort to unify Korea under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. The U.S. comes to the aid of the South. Three years of intense fighting result in vast physical destruction and as many as 3 million casualties, including roughly 35,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27738\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27738\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-375x271.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of thousands of Koreans flee south during the war after the North Korean army crosses the 38th Parallel. \u003ccite>(U.S. Defense Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1953, both sides sign an armistice with a cease-fire line -- the demilitarized zone (DMZ) -– into approximately equal-sized territories. The now-heavily fortified border is in roughly the same position -- on the 38\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> parallel -- almost exactly where it was before the war started. The armistice is intended as a temporary measure, but a formal peace treaty ending the war is never actually signed (which means the war never technically ended).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1953–1970s:\u003c/strong> Building a Stalinist state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Under Kim Il-sung’s leadership, North Korea becomes a self-defined workers' state. It implements Juche, an ideology of self-reliance promoting Korean autonomy. The country institutes a command economy, a system in which the government, rather than the free market, determines production. The state seizes control of all private property and organizations, officially taking ownership of everything, including people’s homes, businesses, and even the clothes on their back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27741\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Koreans bowing in front of the statues of Kim Il-sung (left) and Kim Jong-il at the Mansudae Grand Monument in Pyongyang. \u003ccite>(J.A. de Roo/Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land and agriculture are collectivized under state control. The regime rebuilds Pyongyang as a socialist capital, erecting numerous monuments to Kim Il-sung as part of a sweeping effort to build a cult of personality. It also takes over control of the media, restricts international travel and squashes any form of opposition, forcing dissenters into harsh prison camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With major backing from the Soviet Union during the postwar reconstruction period, North Korea invests in mineral extraction and other heavy industries, rapidly developing its civilian and military economy at a rate that initially appears to outpace its rival to the south. For a time, urbanization continues to increase, as does school enrollment and infrastructure development. North Korea is billed a “workers’ paradise” by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also during this period that the Soviet Union helps North Korea build nuclear reactors for energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But huge inequalities begin to surface, as the regime implements the songbun system that divides the population is divided into different social classes according to perceived loyalty. The new order dictates where people can live, what jobs they can have and where children can attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Late 1970s–1990s: Isolation\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By the 1980s, though, as the South Korean economy begins to boom, North Korea stagnates; it continues to focus heavily on mining and steel production and fails to sufficiently innovate and diversify its industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27742\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27742 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-160x173.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-800x864.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-768x829.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1180x1274.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-240x259.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-375x405.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-520x561.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite image of the Korean Peninsula at night, showing North Korea in almost complete darkness. The one small bright spot is Pyongyang, the capital. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The economy is also dramatically impacted by the economic decline of the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, its primary source of aid and trade. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 leaves North Korea politically, economically and militarily isolated, with China as its only major remaining ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 1994, amid this steep decline, Kim Il-sung dies of a sudden heart attack and is succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-il. The following year, widespread flooding destroys crops and infrastructure, prompting a three-year famine when the state-run economy fails to produce enough food. Hundreds of thousands of people die of starvation, while scores of survivors, particularly children, suffer severe malnutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state rationing system crumbles, a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029http:/www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029\">black market economy\u003c/a> emerges, with millions of North Koreans making or smuggling whatever they can sell or barter to survive. This underground economy takes root, and eventually forces the government to take marginal steps toward economic liberalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>1994 – 2016: The nuclear era\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Increasingly isolated, and without the protection of the Soviet Union, Kim Jong-il’s government announces a new policy called “Songun,\" or \"Military First.” It makes the Korean People’s Army the state’s most powerful political and economic force in the nation, and the largest recipient of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under this new system, North Korea uses its nuclear reactors to begin developing a nuclear weapons program. By 2003, it withdraws from the 1995 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. Three years later, North Korea claims to have successfully tested its first nuclear weapon, prompting the U.N. Security Council to impose a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/14/nkorea.sanctions/\">broad array\u003c/a> of trade and travel sanctions. Despite U.S. and international efforts to halt its nuclear ambitions, North Korea continues to develop its arsenal and conducts subsequent tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong-un, watches a military drill in this image provided by the state’s Korean Central News Agency. \u003ccite>(KNCN via Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the death of Kim Jong-il in 2011, his son Kim Jong-un, still in his mid-20s, takes over as North Korea’s third supreme leader. Portraying himself as a modern version of his grandfather, he purges, demotes and, in several instances, executes regime officials to further secure his power base. The new regime cracks down on border crossings and further limits access to foreign media and internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite initial hopes from outside observers that Kim will take steps to mend his nation’s frayed relations with the West, he continues to consolidate power threaten other nations – most notably South Korea and the U.S. – and accelerates the development and testing of nuclear weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\">http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\">http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1502311705,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1693},"headData":{"title":"How North Korea Became One Of America's Biggest Security Threats (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27746 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=27746","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/08/02/how-north-korea-became-one-of-the-americas-biggest-security-threats-a-brief-history-with-lesson-plan/","disqusTitle":"How North Korea Became One Of America's Biggest Security Threats (with Lesson Plan)","path":"/lowdown/27746/how-north-korea-became-one-of-the-americas-biggest-security-threats-a-brief-history-with-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/1g9j_ZkuJig'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/1g9j_ZkuJig'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/North-Korea-in-Context-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: History of North Korea (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>North Korea, the cloistered, enigmatic nation nearly 7,000 miles from Washington, D.C., has again emerged as one of the biggest national security threats to the United States and its Asian allies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late July, North Korea reportedly \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-idUSKBN1AD1ZB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tested\u003c/a> an intercontinental ballistic missile that experts say could be capable of reaching Los Angeles and other West Coast cities. It's the second long-range missile launched by the government in the last month, elevating its threat level and prompting the U.S. and South Korea to stage a joint missile exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most repressive, isolated and impoverished nations on earth, North Korea has nonetheless managed to successfully develop a huge army with an arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles. And under the notoriously erratic direction of its young leader, Kim Jong-un, the nation has repeatedly threatened to strike U.S. allies in the region, including South Korea and Japan, where thousands of American troops are stationed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to rising tensions, Vice President Mike Pence in April visited South Korean and warned North Korea that the \"era of strategic patience is over.\" And later that month, top Trump administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-briefs-senators-on-very-grave-threat-from-north-korea/2017/04/26/12a5c21a-2a9e-11e7-be51-b3fc6ff7faee_story.html?utm_term=.67c9a1b64aff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">held a rare meeting\u003c/a> at the White House to brief the entire U.S. Senate on what one senior aide called \"a very grave threat\" posed by North Korea. The administration, though, offered few details on how it planned to address the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive-idUSKBN17U04E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interview with Reuters\u003c/a>, Trump said: \"There is a chance that we could end up having a major, major conflict with North Korea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, however that he'd prefer to peacefully resolve the crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bordering South Korea, one of Asia's most robust economies, North Korea has been walled for decades, a nation of roughly 25 million that's existed under the brutal totalitarian rule of the Kim family for three generations. Although reports of massive prison camps, food shortages, grinding poverty and shocking human rights violations elicit horror from outside observers, North Korea has also become a source of international intrigue as one of the world's last hermit kingdoms, a secretive society that few outsiders have ever set foot in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/v70-fi6PPU0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/v70-fi6PPU0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1910-1945:\u003c/strong> Japanese colonization\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Japan colonizes Korea (north and south), beginning a 35-year period of often brutal military rule that include efforts to wipe out Korea’s language and cultural identity. The Japanese also introduce modern industrial development, especially in the north where coal and hydroelectric power resources are plentiful, prompting a mass exodus from the countryside to cities. Japanese rule ends in 1945, when U.S. and Russian forces capture the peninsula at the conclusion of World War II. By then, Korea is the second-most industrialized nation in Asia (after Japan). During this period, Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, emerges as a prominent guerrilla fighter in the colonial resistance movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1945-1948:\u003c/strong> The 38th parallel\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27737\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27737 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg 456w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-160x164.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-240x246.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-375x385.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Split at the 38th parallel \u003ccite>(ourtimebd.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the end of World War II, Japan surrenders to the Allies and relinquishes its control of Korea. The Soviet Union and United States agree to temporarily split postwar control of the peninsula until an independent and unified Korean government can be established. The Soviets occupy everything north of the 38th parallel. But as tensions grow between the two nations, efforts to forge a unified Korean government fall apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1948: \u003c/strong>North and South Korea form distinct states\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By August 1948, the pro-U.S. Republic of Korea (South Korea) is established in Seoul, led by Syngman Rhee, a staunch anti-communist. Just three weeks later, the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) emerges in Pyongyang, with communist guerrilla leader Kim Il-sung assuming power. Both leaders assert jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula and its people.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1950-1953:\u003c/strong> The Korean War\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On June 25, 1950, North Korean military forces, supported by the Soviet Union and China, invade the South in an effort to unify Korea under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. The U.S. comes to the aid of the South. Three years of intense fighting result in vast physical destruction and as many as 3 million casualties, including roughly 35,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27738\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27738\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-375x271.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of thousands of Koreans flee south during the war after the North Korean army crosses the 38th Parallel. \u003ccite>(U.S. Defense Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1953, both sides sign an armistice with a cease-fire line -- the demilitarized zone (DMZ) -– into approximately equal-sized territories. The now-heavily fortified border is in roughly the same position -- on the 38\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> parallel -- almost exactly where it was before the war started. The armistice is intended as a temporary measure, but a formal peace treaty ending the war is never actually signed (which means the war never technically ended).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1953–1970s:\u003c/strong> Building a Stalinist state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Under Kim Il-sung’s leadership, North Korea becomes a self-defined workers' state. It implements Juche, an ideology of self-reliance promoting Korean autonomy. The country institutes a command economy, a system in which the government, rather than the free market, determines production. The state seizes control of all private property and organizations, officially taking ownership of everything, including people’s homes, businesses, and even the clothes on their back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27741\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Koreans bowing in front of the statues of Kim Il-sung (left) and Kim Jong-il at the Mansudae Grand Monument in Pyongyang. \u003ccite>(J.A. de Roo/Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land and agriculture are collectivized under state control. The regime rebuilds Pyongyang as a socialist capital, erecting numerous monuments to Kim Il-sung as part of a sweeping effort to build a cult of personality. It also takes over control of the media, restricts international travel and squashes any form of opposition, forcing dissenters into harsh prison camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With major backing from the Soviet Union during the postwar reconstruction period, North Korea invests in mineral extraction and other heavy industries, rapidly developing its civilian and military economy at a rate that initially appears to outpace its rival to the south. For a time, urbanization continues to increase, as does school enrollment and infrastructure development. North Korea is billed a “workers’ paradise” by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also during this period that the Soviet Union helps North Korea build nuclear reactors for energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But huge inequalities begin to surface, as the regime implements the songbun system that divides the population is divided into different social classes according to perceived loyalty. The new order dictates where people can live, what jobs they can have and where children can attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Late 1970s–1990s: Isolation\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By the 1980s, though, as the South Korean economy begins to boom, North Korea stagnates; it continues to focus heavily on mining and steel production and fails to sufficiently innovate and diversify its industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27742\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27742 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-160x173.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-800x864.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-768x829.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1180x1274.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-240x259.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-375x405.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-520x561.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite image of the Korean Peninsula at night, showing North Korea in almost complete darkness. The one small bright spot is Pyongyang, the capital. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The economy is also dramatically impacted by the economic decline of the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, its primary source of aid and trade. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 leaves North Korea politically, economically and militarily isolated, with China as its only major remaining ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 1994, amid this steep decline, Kim Il-sung dies of a sudden heart attack and is succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-il. The following year, widespread flooding destroys crops and infrastructure, prompting a three-year famine when the state-run economy fails to produce enough food. Hundreds of thousands of people die of starvation, while scores of survivors, particularly children, suffer severe malnutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state rationing system crumbles, a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029http:/www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029\">black market economy\u003c/a> emerges, with millions of North Koreans making or smuggling whatever they can sell or barter to survive. This underground economy takes root, and eventually forces the government to take marginal steps toward economic liberalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>1994 – 2016: The nuclear era\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Increasingly isolated, and without the protection of the Soviet Union, Kim Jong-il’s government announces a new policy called “Songun,\" or \"Military First.” It makes the Korean People’s Army the state’s most powerful political and economic force in the nation, and the largest recipient of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under this new system, North Korea uses its nuclear reactors to begin developing a nuclear weapons program. By 2003, it withdraws from the 1995 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. Three years later, North Korea claims to have successfully tested its first nuclear weapon, prompting the U.N. Security Council to impose a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/14/nkorea.sanctions/\">broad array\u003c/a> of trade and travel sanctions. Despite U.S. and international efforts to halt its nuclear ambitions, North Korea continues to develop its arsenal and conducts subsequent tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong-un, watches a military drill in this image provided by the state’s Korean Central News Agency. \u003ccite>(KNCN via Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the death of Kim Jong-il in 2011, his son Kim Jong-un, still in his mid-20s, takes over as North Korea’s third supreme leader. Portraying himself as a modern version of his grandfather, he purges, demotes and, in several instances, executes regime officials to further secure his power base. The new regime cracks down on border crossings and further limits access to foreign media and internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite initial hopes from outside observers that Kim will take steps to mend his nation’s frayed relations with the West, he continues to consolidate power threaten other nations – most notably South Korea and the U.S. – and accelerates the development and testing of nuclear weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\">http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\">http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/27746/how-north-korea-became-one-of-the-americas-biggest-security-threats-a-brief-history-with-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_509","lowdown_2399"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2601"],"featImg":"lowdown_26716","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_27194":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_27194","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"27194","score":null,"sort":[1496448507000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from","title":"Trump Just Backed Out of the Paris Climate Deal. Here's What the U.S. Is Walking Away From","publishDate":1496448507,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/MRCRiMNg_kM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump on Thursday announced plans to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris climate accord, a landmark international agreement to reduce planet-warming emissions that nearly every country in the world signed on to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're getting out,\" Trump said at a ceremony at the White House Rose Garden, a fulfillment of his long-held campaign promise to walk away from an agreement he's assailed as a bad deal for American workers and industries and one that gives other countries an edge over the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our withdrawal from the agreement represents a reassertion of American workers’ sovereignty,” he added, noting the possibility of renegotiating the deal under terms more favorable to U.S. interests. \"I was elected to represent the citizens of Pittsburgh, not Paris.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years before becoming president, Trump criticized the very \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/us/politics/climate-change-trump-hoax-scott-pruitt.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">concept of climate change\u003c/a>, calling it everything from “nonexistent\" and “mythical” to a \"very expensive, hoax!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement ends months of speculation over the direction he would go in. Some of the most conservative members of his administration — namely top aide Steve Bannon and head of the Environmental Protection Agency, Scott Pruitt -- had advocated strongly for walking away from the deal. More recently, though, a number of influential advisers, including his son-in-law Jared Kushner and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson (the former head of Exxon Mobil) -- had lobbied for staying the course, in part to avoid likely diplomatic blowback. So too had a host of major corporations, including several energy industry giants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the U.S. withdrawal sent shock waves around the country and the world, prompting scores of foreign leaders and U.S. city and state officials doubled down on their commitment to reducing carbon emissions. Per the terms of the agreement, the U.S. will likely withdraw over a 3-year period, which means it won't officially exit until, coincidentally, a day after the next presidential election. It will then join Syria and Nicaragua as the only three countries not involved in the pact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Key goals of the deal\u003c/strong> (from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35084374\">BBC\u003c/a>)\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Curb the rise (\"peak\") in global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as soon as possible and by the second half of this century establish a balance between GHG sources and \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/32354-what-is-a-carbon-sink.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sinks\u003c/a> (natural systems that suck up GHGs in the atmosphere and and store them).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Keep global temperature increase \"well below\" 2 degrees Celsius (about 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) and continue to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Review progress every five years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Wealthy nations commit to spending $100 billion a year, by 2020, to finance climate initiatives in developing nations, with a commitment to continue financing in the future.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In December 2015, representatives of 195 nations agreed to limit greenhouse gas emissions by a set amount over a specified time period, with the overall goal of preventing global average surface temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius (about 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-Industrial Revolution temperatures (when we started burning large amounts of fossil fuels). Anything beyond that would likely result in irreversible, catastrophic environmental consequences throughout the world, including rapid sea level rise and devastating floods and drought, according to a broad scientific consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United Nations conference on climate change, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cop21paris.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">COP21\u003c/a> (Conference of Parties), followed nearly 20 years of mostly failed efforts. The deal also includes pledges from the world's wealthiest nations and largest emitters to raise billions each year to help poor countries build more sustainable economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/5a27f02a-9f9b-11e5-922c-0e3a376473ab/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27221\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-1020x757.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-1020x757.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-160x119.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-800x594.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-768x570.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-1180x876.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-960x713.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-240x178.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-375x278.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-520x386.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Historical emissions\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration, which took a lead role in brokering the Paris accord, committed the U.S. to reducing emissions by at least 26 percent of 2005 levels over the next decade, and offering \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/us/politics/obama-climate-change-fund-3-billion-announcement.html\">$3 billion in aid \u003c/a>for poorer countries by 2020. Although it makes up less than 5 percent of the world's population, the U.S. is second only to China in greenhouse gas emissions, and historically, the largest contributor to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In cumulative terms, we certainly own this problem more than anybody else does,\" David G. Victor, director of the Laboratory on International Law and Regulation,\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/06/01/climate/us-biggest-carbon-polluter-in-history-will-it-walk-away-from-the-paris-climate-deal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> told The New York Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's why Trump's decision to renege on America's commitment to reducing emissions has dealt such a harsh blow to a deal that many world leaders consider the last, best international opportunity to avoid the most destructive impacts of a changing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visualization below was created by \u003ca href=\"http://duncanclark.net\">Duncan Clark\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://bosker.wordpress.com\">Robin Houston \u003c/a>of the the design \u003ca href=\"http://kiln.it\">Kiln\u003c/a>. It uses a distorted interactive map to show how much each nation has contributed to carbon emissions and how vulnerable each is to its impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.carbonmap.org/\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1496707653,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/5a27f02a-9f9b-11e5-922c-0e3a376473ab/embed_map","https://www.carbonmap.org/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":800},"headData":{"title":"Trump Just Backed Out of the Paris Climate Deal. Here's What the U.S. Is Walking Away From | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27194 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=27194","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/06/02/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from/","disqusTitle":"Trump Just Backed Out of the Paris Climate Deal. Here's What the U.S. Is Walking Away From","path":"/lowdown/27194/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/MRCRiMNg_kM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/MRCRiMNg_kM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump on Thursday announced plans to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris climate accord, a landmark international agreement to reduce planet-warming emissions that nearly every country in the world signed on to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're getting out,\" Trump said at a ceremony at the White House Rose Garden, a fulfillment of his long-held campaign promise to walk away from an agreement he's assailed as a bad deal for American workers and industries and one that gives other countries an edge over the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our withdrawal from the agreement represents a reassertion of American workers’ sovereignty,” he added, noting the possibility of renegotiating the deal under terms more favorable to U.S. interests. \"I was elected to represent the citizens of Pittsburgh, not Paris.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years before becoming president, Trump criticized the very \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/us/politics/climate-change-trump-hoax-scott-pruitt.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">concept of climate change\u003c/a>, calling it everything from “nonexistent\" and “mythical” to a \"very expensive, hoax!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement ends months of speculation over the direction he would go in. Some of the most conservative members of his administration — namely top aide Steve Bannon and head of the Environmental Protection Agency, Scott Pruitt -- had advocated strongly for walking away from the deal. More recently, though, a number of influential advisers, including his son-in-law Jared Kushner and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson (the former head of Exxon Mobil) -- had lobbied for staying the course, in part to avoid likely diplomatic blowback. So too had a host of major corporations, including several energy industry giants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the U.S. withdrawal sent shock waves around the country and the world, prompting scores of foreign leaders and U.S. city and state officials doubled down on their commitment to reducing carbon emissions. Per the terms of the agreement, the U.S. will likely withdraw over a 3-year period, which means it won't officially exit until, coincidentally, a day after the next presidential election. It will then join Syria and Nicaragua as the only three countries not involved in the pact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Key goals of the deal\u003c/strong> (from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35084374\">BBC\u003c/a>)\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Curb the rise (\"peak\") in global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as soon as possible and by the second half of this century establish a balance between GHG sources and \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/32354-what-is-a-carbon-sink.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sinks\u003c/a> (natural systems that suck up GHGs in the atmosphere and and store them).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Keep global temperature increase \"well below\" 2 degrees Celsius (about 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) and continue to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Review progress every five years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Wealthy nations commit to spending $100 billion a year, by 2020, to finance climate initiatives in developing nations, with a commitment to continue financing in the future.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In December 2015, representatives of 195 nations agreed to limit greenhouse gas emissions by a set amount over a specified time period, with the overall goal of preventing global average surface temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius (about 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-Industrial Revolution temperatures (when we started burning large amounts of fossil fuels). Anything beyond that would likely result in irreversible, catastrophic environmental consequences throughout the world, including rapid sea level rise and devastating floods and drought, according to a broad scientific consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United Nations conference on climate change, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cop21paris.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">COP21\u003c/a> (Conference of Parties), followed nearly 20 years of mostly failed efforts. The deal also includes pledges from the world's wealthiest nations and largest emitters to raise billions each year to help poor countries build more sustainable economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/5a27f02a-9f9b-11e5-922c-0e3a376473ab/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27221\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-1020x757.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-1020x757.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-160x119.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-800x594.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-768x570.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-1180x876.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-960x713.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-240x178.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-375x278.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions-520x386.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/historical_emissions.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Historical emissions\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration, which took a lead role in brokering the Paris accord, committed the U.S. to reducing emissions by at least 26 percent of 2005 levels over the next decade, and offering \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/us/politics/obama-climate-change-fund-3-billion-announcement.html\">$3 billion in aid \u003c/a>for poorer countries by 2020. Although it makes up less than 5 percent of the world's population, the U.S. is second only to China in greenhouse gas emissions, and historically, the largest contributor to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In cumulative terms, we certainly own this problem more than anybody else does,\" David G. Victor, director of the Laboratory on International Law and Regulation,\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/06/01/climate/us-biggest-carbon-polluter-in-history-will-it-walk-away-from-the-paris-climate-deal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> told The New York Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's why Trump's decision to renege on America's commitment to reducing emissions has dealt such a harsh blow to a deal that many world leaders consider the last, best international opportunity to avoid the most destructive impacts of a changing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visualization below was created by \u003ca href=\"http://duncanclark.net\">Duncan Clark\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://bosker.wordpress.com\">Robin Houston \u003c/a>of the the design \u003ca href=\"http://kiln.it\">Kiln\u003c/a>. It uses a distorted interactive map to show how much each nation has contributed to carbon emissions and how vulnerable each is to its impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.carbonmap.org/\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/27194/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_509","lowdown_242","lowdown_457","lowdown_572","lowdown_243"],"tags":["lowdown_394","lowdown_2337"],"featImg":"lowdown_26662","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_26701":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_26701","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"26701","score":null,"sort":[1493189822000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-north-korea-became-a-rogue-state-a-brief-history-with-lesson-plan","title":"A Brief History of North Korea and How it Became One of America's Biggest Threats (with Lesson Plan)","publishDate":1493189822,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/1g9j_ZkuJig\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/North-Korea-in-Context-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: History of North Korea (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In late July, the North Korean government is reported to \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-idUSKBN1AD1ZB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have tested\u003c/a> an intercontinental ballistic missile that experts say could be capable of reaching Los Angeles and other West Coast cities. It's the second long range missile launched in the last month, elevating the threat level and prompting the U.S. and South Korea to stage a joint missile exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most repressive, isolated and impoverished nations on earth, North Korea has nonetheless managed to successfully develop a huge army with an arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles that pose a direct threat to the U.S. and its Asian allies. And under the notoriously erratic direction of its young leader, Kim Jong-un, the nation has repeatedly threatened to strike U.S. allies in the region, including South Korea and Japan, where thousands of American troops are stationed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to rising tensions, Vice President Mike Pence in April visited South Korean and warned North Korea that the \"era of strategic patience is over.\" And later that month, top Trump administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-briefs-senators-on-very-grave-threat-from-north-korea/2017/04/26/12a5c21a-2a9e-11e7-be51-b3fc6ff7faee_story.html?utm_term=.67c9a1b64aff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">held a rare meeting\u003c/a> at the White House to brief the entire U.S. Senate on what one senior aide called \"a very grave threat\" posed by North Korea. The administration, though, offered few details on how it planned to address the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive-idUSKBN17U04E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interview with Reuters\u003c/a>, Trump said: \"There is a chance that we could end up having a major, major conflict with North Korea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, however that he'd prefer to peacefully resolve the crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bordering South Korea, one of Asia's most robust economies, North Korea has been walled for decades, a nation of roughly 25 million that's existed under the brutal totalitarian rule of the Kim family for three generations. Although reports of massive prison camps, food shortages, grinding poverty and shocking human rights violations elicit horror from outside observers, North Korea has also become a source of international intrigue as one of the world's last hermit kingdoms, a secretive society that few outsiders have ever set foot in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/v70-fi6PPU0\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1910-1945:\u003c/strong> Japanese colonization\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Japan colonizes Korea (north and south), beginning a 35-year period of often brutal military rule that include efforts to wipe out Korea’s language and cultural identity. The Japanese also introduce modern industrial development, especially in the north where coal and hydroelectric power resources are plentiful, prompting a mass exodus from the countryside to cities. Japanese rule ends in 1945, when U.S. and Russian forces capture the peninsula at the conclusion of World War II. By then, Korea is the second-most industrialized nation in Asia (after Japan). During this period, Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, emerges as a prominent guerrilla fighter in the colonial resistance movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1945-1948:\u003c/strong> The 38th parallel\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27737\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27737 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg 456w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-160x164.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-240x246.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-375x385.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Split at the 38th parallel \u003ccite>(ourtimebd.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the end of World War II, Japan surrenders to the Allies and relinquishes its control of Korea. The Soviet Union and United States agree to temporarily split postwar control of the peninsula until an independent and unified Korean government can be established. The Soviets occupy everything north of the 38th parallel. But as tensions grow between the two nations, efforts to forge a unified Korean government fall apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1948: \u003c/strong>North and South Korea form distinct states\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By August 1948, the pro-U.S. Republic of Korea (South Korea) is established in Seoul, led by Syngman Rhee, a staunch anti-communist. Just three weeks later, the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) emerges in Pyongyang, with communist guerrilla leader Kim Il-sung assuming power. Both leaders assert jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula and its people.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1950-1953:\u003c/strong> The Korean War\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On June 25, 1950, North Korean military forces, supported by the Soviet Union and China, invade the South in an effort to unify Korea under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. The U.S. comes to the aid of the South. Three years of intense fighting result in vast physical destruction and as many as 3 million casualties, including roughly 35,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27738\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27738\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-375x271.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of thousands of Koreans flee to the south during the war after the North Korean army crosses the 38th Parallel. \u003ccite>(U.S. Defense Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1953, both sides sign an armistice with a cease-fire line -- the demilitarized zone (DMZ) – into approximately equal-sized territories. The now-heavily fortified border is in roughly the same position -- on the 38\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> parallel -- almost exactly where it was before the war started. The armistice is intended as a temporary measure, but a formal peace treaty ending the war is never actually signed (which means the war never technically ended).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1953–1970s:\u003c/strong> Building a Stalinist state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Under Kim Il-sung’s leadership, North Korea becomes a self-defined workers' state. It implements Juche, an ideology of self-reliance promoting Korean autonomy. The country institutes a command economy, a system in which the government, rather than the free market, determines production. The state seizes control of all private property and organizations, officially taking ownership of everything, including people’s homes, businesses, and even the clothes on their back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27741\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Koreans bowing in front of the statues of Kim Il-sung (left) and Kim Jong-il at the Mansudae Grand Monument in Pyongyang. \u003ccite>(J.A. de Roo/Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land and agriculture are collectivized under state control. The regime rebuilds Pyongyang as a socialist capital, erecting numerous monuments to Kim Il-sung as part of a sweeping effort to build a cult of personality. It also takes over control of the media, restricts international travel and squashes any form of opposition, forcing dissenters into harsh prison camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With major backing from the Soviet Union during the postwar reconstruction period, North Korea invests in mineral extraction and other heavy industries, rapidly developing its civilian and military economy at a rate that initially appears to outpace its rival to the south. For a time, urbanization continues to increase, as does school enrollment and infrastructure development. North Korea is billed a “workers’ paradise” by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also during this period that the Soviet Union helps North Korea build nuclear reactors for energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But huge inequalities begin to surface, as the regime implements the songbun system that divides the population is divided into different social classes according to perceived loyalty. The new order dictates where people can live, what jobs they can have and where children can attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Late 1970s–1990s: Isolation\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By the 1980s, though, as the South Korean economy begins to boom, North Korea stagnates; it continues to focus heavily on mining and steel production and fails to sufficiently innovate and diversify its industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27742\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27742 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-160x173.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-800x864.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-768x829.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1180x1274.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-240x259.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-375x405.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-520x561.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite image of the Korean Peninsula at night, showing North Korea in almost complete darkness. The one small bright spot is Pyongyang, the capital. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The economy is also dramatically impacted by the economic decline of the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, its primary source of aid and trade. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 leaves North Korea politically, economically and militarily isolated, with China as its only major remaining ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 1994, amid this steep decline, Kim Il-sung dies of a sudden heart attack and is succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-il. The following year, widespread flooding destroys crops and infrastructure, prompting a three-year famine when the state-run economy fails to produce enough food. Hundreds of thousands of people die of starvation, while scores of survivors, particularly children, suffer severe malnutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state rationing system crumbles, a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029http:/www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029\">black market economy\u003c/a> emerges, with millions of North Koreans making or smuggling whatever they can sell or barter to survive. This underground economy takes root, and eventually forces the government to take marginal steps toward economic liberalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>1994 – 2016: The nuclear era\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Increasingly isolated, and with the loss of protection from the Soviet Union, Kim Jong-il’s government announces a new policy called “Songun,\" or \"Military First.” It makes the Korean People’s Army the state’s most powerful political and economic force in the nation, and the largest recipient of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under this new system, North Korea uses its nuclear reactors to begin developing a nuclear weapons program. By 2003, it withdraws from the 1995 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. Three years later, North Korea claims to have successfully tested its first nuclear weapon, prompting the U.N. Security Council to impose a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/14/nkorea.sanctions/\">broad array\u003c/a> of trade and travel sanctions. Despite U.S. and international efforts to halt its nuclear ambitions, North Korea continues to develop its arsenal and conducts subsequent tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the death of Kim Jong-il in 2011, his son Kim Jong-un, still in his mid-20s, takes over as North Korea’s third supreme leader. Portraying himself as a modern version of his grandfather, Jong-il purges, demotes and, in several instances, executes regime officials to further secure his power base. The new regime cracks down on border crossings and further limits access to foreign media and internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27743\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Korea’s leader Kim Jong Un watches a military drill in this handout photo by North Korea’s Korean Central News Agency. \u003ccite>(KNCN via Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite initial hopes from outside observers that Jong-un will take steps to mend his nation’s frayed relations with the West, he continues to consolidate power threaten other nations – most notably South Korea and the U.S. – and accelerates the development and testing of nuclear weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\">http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\">http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1502389039,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1683},"headData":{"title":"A Brief History of North Korea and How it Became One of America's Biggest Threats (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26701 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=26701","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/04/25/how-north-korea-became-a-rogue-state-a-brief-history-with-lesson-plan/","disqusTitle":"A Brief History of North Korea and How it Became One of America's Biggest Threats (with Lesson Plan)","path":"/lowdown/26701/how-north-korea-became-a-rogue-state-a-brief-history-with-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/1g9j_ZkuJig'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/1g9j_ZkuJig'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/North-Korea-in-Context-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: History of North Korea (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In late July, the North Korean government is reported to \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-idUSKBN1AD1ZB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have tested\u003c/a> an intercontinental ballistic missile that experts say could be capable of reaching Los Angeles and other West Coast cities. It's the second long range missile launched in the last month, elevating the threat level and prompting the U.S. and South Korea to stage a joint missile exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most repressive, isolated and impoverished nations on earth, North Korea has nonetheless managed to successfully develop a huge army with an arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles that pose a direct threat to the U.S. and its Asian allies. And under the notoriously erratic direction of its young leader, Kim Jong-un, the nation has repeatedly threatened to strike U.S. allies in the region, including South Korea and Japan, where thousands of American troops are stationed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to rising tensions, Vice President Mike Pence in April visited South Korean and warned North Korea that the \"era of strategic patience is over.\" And later that month, top Trump administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-briefs-senators-on-very-grave-threat-from-north-korea/2017/04/26/12a5c21a-2a9e-11e7-be51-b3fc6ff7faee_story.html?utm_term=.67c9a1b64aff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">held a rare meeting\u003c/a> at the White House to brief the entire U.S. Senate on what one senior aide called \"a very grave threat\" posed by North Korea. The administration, though, offered few details on how it planned to address the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive-idUSKBN17U04E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interview with Reuters\u003c/a>, Trump said: \"There is a chance that we could end up having a major, major conflict with North Korea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, however that he'd prefer to peacefully resolve the crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bordering South Korea, one of Asia's most robust economies, North Korea has been walled for decades, a nation of roughly 25 million that's existed under the brutal totalitarian rule of the Kim family for three generations. Although reports of massive prison camps, food shortages, grinding poverty and shocking human rights violations elicit horror from outside observers, North Korea has also become a source of international intrigue as one of the world's last hermit kingdoms, a secretive society that few outsiders have ever set foot in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/v70-fi6PPU0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/v70-fi6PPU0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1910-1945:\u003c/strong> Japanese colonization\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Japan colonizes Korea (north and south), beginning a 35-year period of often brutal military rule that include efforts to wipe out Korea’s language and cultural identity. The Japanese also introduce modern industrial development, especially in the north where coal and hydroelectric power resources are plentiful, prompting a mass exodus from the countryside to cities. Japanese rule ends in 1945, when U.S. and Russian forces capture the peninsula at the conclusion of World War II. By then, Korea is the second-most industrialized nation in Asia (after Japan). During this period, Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, emerges as a prominent guerrilla fighter in the colonial resistance movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1945-1948:\u003c/strong> The 38th parallel\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27737\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27737 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg 456w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-160x164.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-240x246.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-375x385.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Split at the 38th parallel \u003ccite>(ourtimebd.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the end of World War II, Japan surrenders to the Allies and relinquishes its control of Korea. The Soviet Union and United States agree to temporarily split postwar control of the peninsula until an independent and unified Korean government can be established. The Soviets occupy everything north of the 38th parallel. But as tensions grow between the two nations, efforts to forge a unified Korean government fall apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1948: \u003c/strong>North and South Korea form distinct states\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By August 1948, the pro-U.S. Republic of Korea (South Korea) is established in Seoul, led by Syngman Rhee, a staunch anti-communist. Just three weeks later, the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) emerges in Pyongyang, with communist guerrilla leader Kim Il-sung assuming power. Both leaders assert jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula and its people.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1950-1953:\u003c/strong> The Korean War\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On June 25, 1950, North Korean military forces, supported by the Soviet Union and China, invade the South in an effort to unify Korea under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. The U.S. comes to the aid of the South. Three years of intense fighting result in vast physical destruction and as many as 3 million casualties, including roughly 35,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27738\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27738\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-375x271.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of thousands of Koreans flee to the south during the war after the North Korean army crosses the 38th Parallel. \u003ccite>(U.S. Defense Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1953, both sides sign an armistice with a cease-fire line -- the demilitarized zone (DMZ) – into approximately equal-sized territories. The now-heavily fortified border is in roughly the same position -- on the 38\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> parallel -- almost exactly where it was before the war started. The armistice is intended as a temporary measure, but a formal peace treaty ending the war is never actually signed (which means the war never technically ended).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1953–1970s:\u003c/strong> Building a Stalinist state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Under Kim Il-sung’s leadership, North Korea becomes a self-defined workers' state. It implements Juche, an ideology of self-reliance promoting Korean autonomy. The country institutes a command economy, a system in which the government, rather than the free market, determines production. The state seizes control of all private property and organizations, officially taking ownership of everything, including people’s homes, businesses, and even the clothes on their back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27741\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Koreans bowing in front of the statues of Kim Il-sung (left) and Kim Jong-il at the Mansudae Grand Monument in Pyongyang. \u003ccite>(J.A. de Roo/Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land and agriculture are collectivized under state control. The regime rebuilds Pyongyang as a socialist capital, erecting numerous monuments to Kim Il-sung as part of a sweeping effort to build a cult of personality. It also takes over control of the media, restricts international travel and squashes any form of opposition, forcing dissenters into harsh prison camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With major backing from the Soviet Union during the postwar reconstruction period, North Korea invests in mineral extraction and other heavy industries, rapidly developing its civilian and military economy at a rate that initially appears to outpace its rival to the south. For a time, urbanization continues to increase, as does school enrollment and infrastructure development. North Korea is billed a “workers’ paradise” by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also during this period that the Soviet Union helps North Korea build nuclear reactors for energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But huge inequalities begin to surface, as the regime implements the songbun system that divides the population is divided into different social classes according to perceived loyalty. The new order dictates where people can live, what jobs they can have and where children can attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Late 1970s–1990s: Isolation\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By the 1980s, though, as the South Korean economy begins to boom, North Korea stagnates; it continues to focus heavily on mining and steel production and fails to sufficiently innovate and diversify its industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27742\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27742 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-160x173.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-800x864.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-768x829.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1180x1274.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-240x259.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-375x405.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-520x561.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite image of the Korean Peninsula at night, showing North Korea in almost complete darkness. The one small bright spot is Pyongyang, the capital. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The economy is also dramatically impacted by the economic decline of the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, its primary source of aid and trade. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 leaves North Korea politically, economically and militarily isolated, with China as its only major remaining ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 1994, amid this steep decline, Kim Il-sung dies of a sudden heart attack and is succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-il. The following year, widespread flooding destroys crops and infrastructure, prompting a three-year famine when the state-run economy fails to produce enough food. Hundreds of thousands of people die of starvation, while scores of survivors, particularly children, suffer severe malnutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state rationing system crumbles, a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029http:/www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029\">black market economy\u003c/a> emerges, with millions of North Koreans making or smuggling whatever they can sell or barter to survive. This underground economy takes root, and eventually forces the government to take marginal steps toward economic liberalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>1994 – 2016: The nuclear era\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Increasingly isolated, and with the loss of protection from the Soviet Union, Kim Jong-il’s government announces a new policy called “Songun,\" or \"Military First.” It makes the Korean People’s Army the state’s most powerful political and economic force in the nation, and the largest recipient of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under this new system, North Korea uses its nuclear reactors to begin developing a nuclear weapons program. By 2003, it withdraws from the 1995 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. Three years later, North Korea claims to have successfully tested its first nuclear weapon, prompting the U.N. Security Council to impose a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/14/nkorea.sanctions/\">broad array\u003c/a> of trade and travel sanctions. Despite U.S. and international efforts to halt its nuclear ambitions, North Korea continues to develop its arsenal and conducts subsequent tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the death of Kim Jong-il in 2011, his son Kim Jong-un, still in his mid-20s, takes over as North Korea’s third supreme leader. Portraying himself as a modern version of his grandfather, Jong-il purges, demotes and, in several instances, executes regime officials to further secure his power base. The new regime cracks down on border crossings and further limits access to foreign media and internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27743\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Korea’s leader Kim Jong Un watches a military drill in this handout photo by North Korea’s Korean Central News Agency. \u003ccite>(KNCN via Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite initial hopes from outside observers that Jong-un will take steps to mend his nation’s frayed relations with the West, he continues to consolidate power threaten other nations – most notably South Korea and the U.S. – and accelerates the development and testing of nuclear weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\">http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\">http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/26701/how-north-korea-became-a-rogue-state-a-brief-history-with-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_509","lowdown_2399"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2601"],"featImg":"lowdown_26716","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_26657":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_26657","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"26657","score":null,"sort":[1492757407000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trump-and-the-paris-climate-deal-should-we-stay-or-should-we-go","title":"INTERACTIVE: The Paris Climate Accord, Explained?","publishDate":1492757407,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003c!--more-->On the campaign trail last May, then-candidate Donald Trump declared: \"We're going to cancel the Paris climate agreement ... and stop all payments of the United States tax dollars to U.N. global warming programs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As president, however, Trump now appears less determined to pull the U.S. out of the landmark 2015 international agreement that committed nearly every nation in the world to reduce planet-warming emissions. Contrary to his earlier statement, he doesn't have the power to \"cancel\" the multilateral U.N. accord, but could substantially weaken it by withdrawing the U.S., which is the world's largest economy and one of the biggest greenhouse gas emitters.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the deal, the U.S. promised to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 26 percent of 2005 levels within a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most conservative members of his administration -- namely Steve Bannon and Scott Pruitt, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, still advocate walking away from the deal. But Trump's hesitation has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/18/us/politics/trump-advisers-paris-climate-accord.html\" target=\"_blank\">grown recently\u003c/a> as a number of his closest advisors, including son-in-law Jared Kushner and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson (the former head of Exxon Mobil), have urged him to stay the course in order to avoid diplomatic blowback. A host of major corporations, including several oil giants, have also endorsed the pact. The administration is expected to make a final decision at the end of May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if Trump chooses to remain in the accord, it's highly unlikely his administration would adhere to the ambitious emission-reduction goals set by his predecessor; Trump has already made an aggressive push to peel back many of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/climate/trump-climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\">energy regulations\u003c/a> put in place by President Obama that would have helped achieve those goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.carbonmap.org/\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In December 2015, representatives of 195 nations agreed to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/12/world/paris-climate-change-deal-explainer.html\" target=\"_blank\">landmark climate accord\u003c/a>, which required each participating nation to significantly lower its greenhouse gas emissions as part of an urgent international effort to stave off the worst consequences of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement was the culmination of two intense weeks of negotiations between delegates from every corner of the globe, who gathered in a huge tent-city compound on the outskirts of Paris to iron out the countless details involved in one of the most complex international deals ever attempted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Key goals of the deal\u003c/strong> (from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35084374\">BBC\u003c/a>)\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Curb the rise (\"peak\") in global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as soon as possible and by the second half of this century establish a balance between GHG sources and \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/32354-what-is-a-carbon-sink.html\" target=\"_blank\">sinks\u003c/a> (natural systems that suck up GHGs in the atmosphere and and store them).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Keep global temperature increase \"well below\" 2 degrees Celsius (about 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) and continue to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Review progress every five years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Wealthy nations commit to spending $100 billion a year, by 2020, to finance climate initiatives in developing nations, with a commitment to continue financing in the future.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The United Nations conference on climate change, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cop21paris.org/\" target=\"_blank\">COP21\u003c/a> (Conference of Parties), followed nearly 20 years of largely failed efforts to forge a meaningful international agreement to lower GHGs. Many world leaders, including President Obama, considered these negotiations the last, best chance to prevent global temperatures from rising to catastrophic levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal: to stop global average surface temperatures from rising above 2 degrees Celsius (about 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-Industrial Revolution temperatures (when we started burning large amounts of fossil fuels). Temperatures rising above that 2 degree threshold would likely result in irreversible, catastrophic environmental consequences around the world, according to broad scientific consensus. That could include rapid sea level rise and devastating flooding and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep global average temperatures a bay, each of the participating nations -- which are collectively responsible for almost 98 percent of global emissions -- have to dramatically reduce their own \u003ca href=\"http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html\" target=\"_blank\">greenhouse gas (GHG)\u003c/a> emissions (including carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane). But that's a tricky proposition: Some countries have been emitting GHGs for decades, even centuries, and reaping huge economic benefits, while many other \"developing nations\" are just beginning that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/5a27f02a-9f9b-11e5-922c-0e3a376473ab/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The deal, therefore, not only requires rich countries to significantly cut their emissions, it also mandates that they pay poorer countries to also cut emissions and \u003ca href=\"http://www.unep.org/climatechange/adaptation/\" target=\"_blank\">adapt\u003c/a> to the impacts of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a> noted:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The new deal will not, on its own, solve global warming. At best, scientists who have analyzed it say, it will cut global greenhouse gas emissions by about half what is necessary to stave off an increase in atmospheric temperatures of 2 degrees Celsius, or 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit. That is the point at which scientific studies have concluded the world will be locked into a future of devastating consequences, including rising sea levels, severe droughts and flooding, widespread food and water shortages, and more destructive storms.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The deal also came under fire by some environmental activist groups who argue it's too weak to effectively prevent environmental disaster. They deal, they note is largely \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2015/12/14/10105422/paris-climate-deal-history\" target=\"_blank\">voluntary\u003c/a>, lacking the necessary legally binding emissions reduction requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the U.S. pledge to reduce emissions by 26 percent of 2005 levels is more ambitious than some large carbon emitting nations like Russia, it pales in comparison to many other developed countries, including the 28 European Union nations, who have all committed to at least a 40 percent GHG reduction below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signatories are legally required to meet every five years -- beginning in 2020 -- with updated emissions goals, but the goals themselves are not legally binding.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1523465501,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.carbonmap.org/","https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/5a27f02a-9f9b-11e5-922c-0e3a376473ab/embed_map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":938},"headData":{"title":"INTERACTIVE: The Paris Climate Accord, Explained? | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26657 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=26657","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/04/20/trump-and-the-paris-climate-deal-should-we-stay-or-should-we-go/","disqusTitle":"INTERACTIVE: The Paris Climate Accord, Explained?","path":"/lowdown/26657/trump-and-the-paris-climate-deal-should-we-stay-or-should-we-go","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003c!--more-->On the campaign trail last May, then-candidate Donald Trump declared: \"We're going to cancel the Paris climate agreement ... and stop all payments of the United States tax dollars to U.N. global warming programs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As president, however, Trump now appears less determined to pull the U.S. out of the landmark 2015 international agreement that committed nearly every nation in the world to reduce planet-warming emissions. Contrary to his earlier statement, he doesn't have the power to \"cancel\" the multilateral U.N. accord, but could substantially weaken it by withdrawing the U.S., which is the world's largest economy and one of the biggest greenhouse gas emitters.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the deal, the U.S. promised to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 26 percent of 2005 levels within a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most conservative members of his administration -- namely Steve Bannon and Scott Pruitt, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, still advocate walking away from the deal. But Trump's hesitation has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/18/us/politics/trump-advisers-paris-climate-accord.html\" target=\"_blank\">grown recently\u003c/a> as a number of his closest advisors, including son-in-law Jared Kushner and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson (the former head of Exxon Mobil), have urged him to stay the course in order to avoid diplomatic blowback. A host of major corporations, including several oil giants, have also endorsed the pact. The administration is expected to make a final decision at the end of May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if Trump chooses to remain in the accord, it's highly unlikely his administration would adhere to the ambitious emission-reduction goals set by his predecessor; Trump has already made an aggressive push to peel back many of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/climate/trump-climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\">energy regulations\u003c/a> put in place by President Obama that would have helped achieve those goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.carbonmap.org/\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In December 2015, representatives of 195 nations agreed to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/12/world/paris-climate-change-deal-explainer.html\" target=\"_blank\">landmark climate accord\u003c/a>, which required each participating nation to significantly lower its greenhouse gas emissions as part of an urgent international effort to stave off the worst consequences of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement was the culmination of two intense weeks of negotiations between delegates from every corner of the globe, who gathered in a huge tent-city compound on the outskirts of Paris to iron out the countless details involved in one of the most complex international deals ever attempted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Key goals of the deal\u003c/strong> (from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35084374\">BBC\u003c/a>)\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Curb the rise (\"peak\") in global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as soon as possible and by the second half of this century establish a balance between GHG sources and \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/32354-what-is-a-carbon-sink.html\" target=\"_blank\">sinks\u003c/a> (natural systems that suck up GHGs in the atmosphere and and store them).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Keep global temperature increase \"well below\" 2 degrees Celsius (about 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) and continue to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Review progress every five years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Wealthy nations commit to spending $100 billion a year, by 2020, to finance climate initiatives in developing nations, with a commitment to continue financing in the future.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The United Nations conference on climate change, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cop21paris.org/\" target=\"_blank\">COP21\u003c/a> (Conference of Parties), followed nearly 20 years of largely failed efforts to forge a meaningful international agreement to lower GHGs. Many world leaders, including President Obama, considered these negotiations the last, best chance to prevent global temperatures from rising to catastrophic levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal: to stop global average surface temperatures from rising above 2 degrees Celsius (about 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-Industrial Revolution temperatures (when we started burning large amounts of fossil fuels). Temperatures rising above that 2 degree threshold would likely result in irreversible, catastrophic environmental consequences around the world, according to broad scientific consensus. That could include rapid sea level rise and devastating flooding and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep global average temperatures a bay, each of the participating nations -- which are collectively responsible for almost 98 percent of global emissions -- have to dramatically reduce their own \u003ca href=\"http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html\" target=\"_blank\">greenhouse gas (GHG)\u003c/a> emissions (including carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane). But that's a tricky proposition: Some countries have been emitting GHGs for decades, even centuries, and reaping huge economic benefits, while many other \"developing nations\" are just beginning that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/5a27f02a-9f9b-11e5-922c-0e3a376473ab/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The deal, therefore, not only requires rich countries to significantly cut their emissions, it also mandates that they pay poorer countries to also cut emissions and \u003ca href=\"http://www.unep.org/climatechange/adaptation/\" target=\"_blank\">adapt\u003c/a> to the impacts of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a> noted:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The new deal will not, on its own, solve global warming. At best, scientists who have analyzed it say, it will cut global greenhouse gas emissions by about half what is necessary to stave off an increase in atmospheric temperatures of 2 degrees Celsius, or 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit. That is the point at which scientific studies have concluded the world will be locked into a future of devastating consequences, including rising sea levels, severe droughts and flooding, widespread food and water shortages, and more destructive storms.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The deal also came under fire by some environmental activist groups who argue it's too weak to effectively prevent environmental disaster. They deal, they note is largely \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2015/12/14/10105422/paris-climate-deal-history\" target=\"_blank\">voluntary\u003c/a>, lacking the necessary legally binding emissions reduction requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the U.S. pledge to reduce emissions by 26 percent of 2005 levels is more ambitious than some large carbon emitting nations like Russia, it pales in comparison to many other developed countries, including the 28 European Union nations, who have all committed to at least a 40 percent GHG reduction below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signatories are legally required to meet every five years -- beginning in 2020 -- with updated emissions goals, but the goals themselves are not legally binding.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/26657/trump-and-the-paris-climate-deal-should-we-stay-or-should-we-go","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_509","lowdown_242","lowdown_457","lowdown_572","lowdown_243"],"tags":["lowdown_394","lowdown_2337"],"featImg":"lowdown_26662","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_11819":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_11819","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"11819","score":null,"sort":[1470949230000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"timeline-a-history-of-political-controversy-at-the-olympics","title":"Political Tension at the Olympics: A History [Interactive Timeline]","publishDate":1470949230,"format":"image","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">[Scroll down for the interactive timeline]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">Just before the start of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach implored nations at odds with Russia to leave their political differences at the door.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sport can only contribute to development and peace if it’s not used as a stage for political dissent or for trying to score points in … political contests,” he said, echoing a rule in the Olympic charter eschewing political demonstrations. “Have the courage to address your disagreements in a peaceful direct political dialogue and not on the backs of the athletes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as might be expected at any major gathering of representatives from widely diverse nations, sometimes at odds with each other, political tensions inevitably creep into the fold. In fact, the Olympics have long been used as an arena for political posturing and a stage to voice dissent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2016 Summer Olympic Games , which kick off Friday in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, are not likely to be an exception. Already, fears of a \u003ca href=\"http://graphics.wsj.com/threat-of-zika-at-the-rio-olympics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zika outbreak,\u003c/a> amid Brazil's social unrest and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36028247\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">political upheaval\u003c/a>, coupled with a long simmering controversy over\u003ca href=\"http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/18/sport/russia-doping-sochi-2014-olympic-games-rio-2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> disqualified Russian athletes\u003c/a> suspected of state-sponsored illegal doping have tainted the proceedings, raising tensions and diverting international focus from the actual events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline/latest/embed/index.html?source=0Ark5K5szJsMSdEF4MDg0RWJIY1ZuT1k5QWpIVUpkNXc&font=Bevan-PotanoSans&maptype=toner&lang=en&height=650\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1518569854,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline/latest/embed/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":221},"headData":{"title":"Political Tension at the Olympics: A History [Interactive Timeline] | KQED","description":" Just before the start of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach implored nations at odds with Russia to leave their political differences at the door.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11819 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=11819","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/08/11/timeline-a-history-of-political-controversy-at-the-olympics/","disqusTitle":"Political Tension at the Olympics: A History [Interactive Timeline]","customPermalink":"2014/02/14/politics-at-olympics/","path":"/lowdown/11819/timeline-a-history-of-political-controversy-at-the-olympics","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">[Scroll down for the interactive timeline]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">Just before the start of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach implored nations at odds with Russia to leave their political differences at the door.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sport can only contribute to development and peace if it’s not used as a stage for political dissent or for trying to score points in … political contests,” he said, echoing a rule in the Olympic charter eschewing political demonstrations. “Have the courage to address your disagreements in a peaceful direct political dialogue and not on the backs of the athletes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as might be expected at any major gathering of representatives from widely diverse nations, sometimes at odds with each other, political tensions inevitably creep into the fold. In fact, the Olympics have long been used as an arena for political posturing and a stage to voice dissent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2016 Summer Olympic Games , which kick off Friday in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, are not likely to be an exception. Already, fears of a \u003ca href=\"http://graphics.wsj.com/threat-of-zika-at-the-rio-olympics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zika outbreak,\u003c/a> amid Brazil's social unrest and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36028247\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">political upheaval\u003c/a>, coupled with a long simmering controversy over\u003ca href=\"http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/18/sport/russia-doping-sochi-2014-olympic-games-rio-2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> disqualified Russian athletes\u003c/a> suspected of state-sponsored illegal doping have tainted the proceedings, raising tensions and diverting international focus from the actual events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline/latest/embed/index.html?source=0Ark5K5szJsMSdEF4MDg0RWJIY1ZuT1k5QWpIVUpkNXc&font=Bevan-PotanoSans&maptype=toner&lang=en&height=650\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/11819/timeline-a-history-of-political-controversy-at-the-olympics","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_509","lowdown_2402","lowdown_457","lowdown_243","lowdown_2386"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_470","lowdown_152"],"featImg":"lowdown_11822","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_13161":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_13161","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"13161","score":null,"sort":[1464973251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-tiananmen-square-anniversary-using-creative-memes-to-circumvent-censorship","title":"How A Rubber Duck Meme Sidestepped Censorship on Tiananmen Square Anniversary","publishDate":1464973251,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Note:\u003c/strong> The rubber duck meme was temporarily removed by Chinese censors after it first appeared online in 2013, but reappeared the following year. Even the most subversive memes, it turns out, have limited shelf life.\u003c/em>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's safe to say that this was the first time the term \"Big Yellow Duck\" had ever been banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But had you searched for it (in Chinese) on June 4, 2013 on \u003ca href=\"http://www.weibo.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Sina Weibo\u003c/a>, China’s biggest microblog site, a message would have informed you that it couldn't be shown \"according to relevant laws, statutes and policies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out it's a result of clever photoshopping in the shadow of government censorship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturday, June 4 marks the 27th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre, when the Chinese military in 1989 violently broke up a 6-week student pro-democracy rally. Ordered by the nation's hardline leaders to suppress the demonstration, troops entered the square with tanks and assault rifles, killing hordes of students who refused to move. Anywhere from 400 to over 1,000 unarmed protesters died (the actual number has never been released).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/YeFzeNAHEhU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although China has undergone dramatic economic changes in the years since, its communist government remains authoritarian in practice. Officials are quick to crack down on dissent, limiting freedom of speech and other basic civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Television, film and print media have long been under the government's strict control. And while the internet presents greater censorship challenges, the government has acted aggressively to limit access to search engines like Google, and filter content deemed subversive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As memory of this tragedy doesn't exactly cast the Chinese government in the most positive light, it's hardly surprising that they'd try to wipe out - or rewrite - as much information on it as possible. In fact,\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2005/may/08/world/fg-history8\" target=\"_blank\"> Chinese history textbooks\u003c/a> are notorious for omitting any reference to Tiananmen Square and other incidents of government suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As George Orwell wrote in his dystopian novel \"1984\" (which is also widely censored):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"quoteText\" style=\"color: #181818;\">\u003cem>“He who controls the past controls the future. He who controls the present controls the past.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Today\", \"Tonight\", \"June 4\", and \"Anniversary\" have been among \u003ca href=\"http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/06/sensitive-words-june-4th/\" target=\"_blank\">the many blocked words and terms\u003c/a> on Weibo, the Twitter-esque site, which has more than half a billion registered users in China. In recent years, more obscure workaround references, like \"May 35\" and \"63 plus 1\" have also popped up and been subsequently blacklisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #000000;\">So what about the \"big yellow duck\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese censors banned the term after the above image went viral on the social media site. The clever meme reinvents the iconic \"Tank Man\" image from the 1989 protest. The original image, captured by Associated Press photographer \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/02/asia/gallery/jeff-widener-gallery/\" target=\"_blank\">Jeff Widener\u003c/a>, shows a young man standing in front of four tanks, blocking them from moving forward (see original video footage above).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the real photo is, not surprisingly, nowhere to be found on Chinese websites, some clever artist created the duck image in its place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When government censors got wind of the image, they apparently failed to see the humor in it and didn't hesitate to add \"big yellow duck\" to the long and growing list of forbidden search terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #000000;\">Roughly a third of today's Chinese citizens were born after the 1989 protests. And with little historical information of the event on record, a huge chunk of the population -- as many as 400 million young people -- are likely to be largely unaware of this pivotal event in their nation's history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The education system and the vast apparatus that censors the Chinese media and Internet have done such a formidable job at eliminating references to the events of 1989 that many young people are unaware of what happened or have only a faint notion of what happened,\" Jeremy Goldkorn, the founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.danwei.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Danwei\u003c/a>, a Beijing-based firm that tracks Chinese media, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.afp.com/en\" target=\"_blank\">Agence France-Presse\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The result is that many young people who do not remember 1989 themselves would need an unusual degree of curiosity to look for information about what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the government's ongoing efforts to erase undesirable history, the duck meme inspired other clever re-imaginings of the original image. Here are a few of them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \t \t\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-8028 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg\" alt=\"Lego tanks\" width=\"556\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg 460w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008-400x240.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008-320x192.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-13172 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg\" alt=\"o-COW-WEIBO-570\" width=\"555\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg 570w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570-400x269.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570-320x215.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1465229686,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":730},"headData":{"title":"How A Rubber Duck Meme Sidestepped Censorship on Tiananmen Square Anniversary | KQED","description":"Note: The rubber duck meme was temporarily removed by Chinese censors after it first appeared online in 2013, but reappeared the following year. Even the most subversive memes, it turns out, have limited shelf life.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"13161 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=13161","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/06/03/on-tiananmen-square-anniversary-using-creative-memes-to-circumvent-censorship/","disqusTitle":"How A Rubber Duck Meme Sidestepped Censorship on Tiananmen Square Anniversary","path":"/lowdown/13161/on-tiananmen-square-anniversary-using-creative-memes-to-circumvent-censorship","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Note:\u003c/strong> The rubber duck meme was temporarily removed by Chinese censors after it first appeared online in 2013, but reappeared the following year. Even the most subversive memes, it turns out, have limited shelf life.\u003c/em>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's safe to say that this was the first time the term \"Big Yellow Duck\" had ever been banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But had you searched for it (in Chinese) on June 4, 2013 on \u003ca href=\"http://www.weibo.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Sina Weibo\u003c/a>, China’s biggest microblog site, a message would have informed you that it couldn't be shown \"according to relevant laws, statutes and policies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out it's a result of clever photoshopping in the shadow of government censorship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturday, June 4 marks the 27th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre, when the Chinese military in 1989 violently broke up a 6-week student pro-democracy rally. Ordered by the nation's hardline leaders to suppress the demonstration, troops entered the square with tanks and assault rifles, killing hordes of students who refused to move. Anywhere from 400 to over 1,000 unarmed protesters died (the actual number has never been released).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/YeFzeNAHEhU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/YeFzeNAHEhU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Although China has undergone dramatic economic changes in the years since, its communist government remains authoritarian in practice. Officials are quick to crack down on dissent, limiting freedom of speech and other basic civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Television, film and print media have long been under the government's strict control. And while the internet presents greater censorship challenges, the government has acted aggressively to limit access to search engines like Google, and filter content deemed subversive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As memory of this tragedy doesn't exactly cast the Chinese government in the most positive light, it's hardly surprising that they'd try to wipe out - or rewrite - as much information on it as possible. In fact,\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2005/may/08/world/fg-history8\" target=\"_blank\"> Chinese history textbooks\u003c/a> are notorious for omitting any reference to Tiananmen Square and other incidents of government suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As George Orwell wrote in his dystopian novel \"1984\" (which is also widely censored):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"quoteText\" style=\"color: #181818;\">\u003cem>“He who controls the past controls the future. He who controls the present controls the past.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Today\", \"Tonight\", \"June 4\", and \"Anniversary\" have been among \u003ca href=\"http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/06/sensitive-words-june-4th/\" target=\"_blank\">the many blocked words and terms\u003c/a> on Weibo, the Twitter-esque site, which has more than half a billion registered users in China. In recent years, more obscure workaround references, like \"May 35\" and \"63 plus 1\" have also popped up and been subsequently blacklisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #000000;\">So what about the \"big yellow duck\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese censors banned the term after the above image went viral on the social media site. The clever meme reinvents the iconic \"Tank Man\" image from the 1989 protest. The original image, captured by Associated Press photographer \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/02/asia/gallery/jeff-widener-gallery/\" target=\"_blank\">Jeff Widener\u003c/a>, shows a young man standing in front of four tanks, blocking them from moving forward (see original video footage above).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the real photo is, not surprisingly, nowhere to be found on Chinese websites, some clever artist created the duck image in its place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When government censors got wind of the image, they apparently failed to see the humor in it and didn't hesitate to add \"big yellow duck\" to the long and growing list of forbidden search terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #000000;\">Roughly a third of today's Chinese citizens were born after the 1989 protests. And with little historical information of the event on record, a huge chunk of the population -- as many as 400 million young people -- are likely to be largely unaware of this pivotal event in their nation's history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The education system and the vast apparatus that censors the Chinese media and Internet have done such a formidable job at eliminating references to the events of 1989 that many young people are unaware of what happened or have only a faint notion of what happened,\" Jeremy Goldkorn, the founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.danwei.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Danwei\u003c/a>, a Beijing-based firm that tracks Chinese media, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.afp.com/en\" target=\"_blank\">Agence France-Presse\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The result is that many young people who do not remember 1989 themselves would need an unusual degree of curiosity to look for information about what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the government's ongoing efforts to erase undesirable history, the duck meme inspired other clever re-imaginings of the original image. Here are a few of them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \t \t\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-8028 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg\" alt=\"Lego tanks\" width=\"556\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg 460w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008-400x240.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008-320x192.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-13172 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg\" alt=\"o-COW-WEIBO-570\" width=\"555\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg 570w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570-400x269.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570-320x215.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/13161/on-tiananmen-square-anniversary-using-creative-memes-to-circumvent-censorship","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_509","lowdown_2402"],"tags":["lowdown_368","lowdown_2337","lowdown_366"],"featImg":"lowdown_22319","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_18193":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_18193","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"18193","score":null,"sort":[1458582497000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"u-s-takes-cuba-off-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-list-heres-how-we-get-here-a-twisted-interactive-timeline","title":"Interactive Timeline: A Brief History of America's Complicated Relationship with Cuba","publishDate":1458582497,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>When President Obama \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/20/471190812/president-obama-touches-down-in-cuba-commencing-a-historic-visit\" target=\"_blank\">touched down in Cuba\u003c/a> on Sunday, he became the first American president to visit the island nation since Calvin Coolidge traveled there 88 years ago.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joined by his family and more than three dozen members of Congress, Obama's historic visit this week is intended to solidify diplomatic ties with Cuba and prevent the U.S. from slipping back into its half-century old policy of isolation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through this interactive timeline, produced by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113\" target=\"_blank\">Center on Foreign Relations\u003c/a>, for more about America's long, often tormented relationship with the island nation located just 90 miles south of Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"//cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1XmSaU45cO3jezOkcgO1hD_57OSuzvqWon-7oCmzin-I&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=650\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Although the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba still stands (only Congress can remove it), the Obama Administration has attempted over the past 15 months to normalize relations by easing restrictions on travel and commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2014, the two nations restored full diplomatic ties for the first time since the Cuban Revolution in 1959, when President Fidel Castro established a revolutionary Socialist state. In May 2015, the U.S. State Department removed Cuba from its\u003ca href=\"http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2013/224826.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> list of state sponsors of terrorism\u003c/a> (Iran, Syria and Sudan are the only ones still on it). In July, both nations reopened embassies in each others capitals. And just last month, the U.S. and Cuba agreed to restore commercial flights between the two countries for the first time in more than 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After more than three decades, the U.S. State Department removed Cuba from its list of states that sponsor terrorism. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1458688195,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["//cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":234},"headData":{"title":"Interactive Timeline: A Brief History of America's Complicated Relationship with Cuba | KQED","description":"After more than three decades, the U.S. State Department removed Cuba from its list of states that sponsor terrorism. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"18193 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=18193","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/03/21/u-s-takes-cuba-off-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-list-heres-how-we-get-here-a-twisted-interactive-timeline/","disqusTitle":"Interactive Timeline: A Brief History of America's Complicated Relationship with Cuba","path":"/lowdown/18193/u-s-takes-cuba-off-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-list-heres-how-we-get-here-a-twisted-interactive-timeline","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When President Obama \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/20/471190812/president-obama-touches-down-in-cuba-commencing-a-historic-visit\" target=\"_blank\">touched down in Cuba\u003c/a> on Sunday, he became the first American president to visit the island nation since Calvin Coolidge traveled there 88 years ago.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joined by his family and more than three dozen members of Congress, Obama's historic visit this week is intended to solidify diplomatic ties with Cuba and prevent the U.S. from slipping back into its half-century old policy of isolation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through this interactive timeline, produced by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113\" target=\"_blank\">Center on Foreign Relations\u003c/a>, for more about America's long, often tormented relationship with the island nation located just 90 miles south of Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"//cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1XmSaU45cO3jezOkcgO1hD_57OSuzvqWon-7oCmzin-I&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=650\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Although the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba still stands (only Congress can remove it), the Obama Administration has attempted over the past 15 months to normalize relations by easing restrictions on travel and commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2014, the two nations restored full diplomatic ties for the first time since the Cuban Revolution in 1959, when President Fidel Castro established a revolutionary Socialist state. In May 2015, the U.S. State Department removed Cuba from its\u003ca href=\"http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2013/224826.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> list of state sponsors of terrorism\u003c/a> (Iran, Syria and Sudan are the only ones still on it). In July, both nations reopened embassies in each others capitals. And just last month, the U.S. and Cuba agreed to restore commercial flights between the two countries for the first time in more than 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/18193/u-s-takes-cuba-off-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-list-heres-how-we-get-here-a-twisted-interactive-timeline","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_509","lowdown_1","lowdown_457","lowdown_243","lowdown_2397"],"tags":["lowdown_556","lowdown_2337","lowdown_557"],"featImg":"lowdown_18205","label":"lowdown"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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