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He is the co-author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.anilseth.com/books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>30-Second Brain\u003c/em>,\u003c/a> a best-seller that explores how the brain works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seth is a regular contributor to the \u003cem>New Scientist, The Guardian\u003c/em>, and the BBC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Anil+Seth%3A+How+Does+Your+Brain+Construct+Your+Conscious+Reality%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444933/how-does-your-brain-construct-your-conscious-reality","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444933"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1576","futureofyou_59","futureofyou_1224"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444934","label":"source_futureofyou_444933"},"futureofyou_444504":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444504","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444504","score":null,"sort":[1537376443000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watch-this-rapper-used-neuroscience-to-get-over-her-ex","title":"WATCH: This Rapper Used Neuroscience To Get Over Her Ex","publishDate":1537376443,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://youtu.be/_zptWlAxYk0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a relationship ends but love remains, it can be both frustrating and embarrassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dessa, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doomtree.net/dessa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a well-known rapper, singer and writer from Minneapolis,\u003c/a> knows the feeling well. She'd spent years trying to get over an ex-boyfriend, but she was still stuck on him.[contextly_sidebar id=\"mlbMdLIlSsXEMYXBPWlqFIXoZNq8obvy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're not only suffering,\" she says, \"you're just sort of ridiculous. Discipline and dedication are my strong suits — it really bothered me that, no matter how much effort I tried to expend in trying to solve this problem, I was stuck.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things changed when Dessa turned to the frontiers of neuroscience for help. She came across a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_studies_the_brain_in_love\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TED Talk by Helen Fisher\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist and visiting research associate at Rutgers University. Using a type of brain scan called functional MRI, or fMRI, Fisher had looked into the brains of love-struck people and noticed that certain parts of their brains were unusually active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you could objectively measure and observe 'love' — that had never occurred to me before,\" Dessa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wondered: If science could map the sources of love in her brain, could it somehow make that love go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question led her to a controversial therapy technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892319/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurofeedback\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is simple: If you want to learn to lower your heart rate, it helps to be able to hear your pulse. And if you want to change patterns of brain activity, it might be helpful to be able to see what your brain is up to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One flavor of neurofeedback therapy uses a technology called electroencephalography (EEG). A cap full of electrical leads picks up brain waves and translates them into visual or audio cues — like shifting colors on a screen or a series of dings.[contextly_sidebar id=\"1fHutBtcW68QYfMP3EG9cUp4qyVAiRXb\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that people can use this feedback to retrain those brain waves, changing underlying patterns in the process — turning down unwanted brain activity or turning up regions that are too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinicians have used neurofeedback to try and treat all kinds of mental health issues: anxiety, depression, autism, and ADHD. And they say they've \u003ca href=\"https://www.isnr.org/in-defense-of-neurofeedback\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seen some positive results\u003c/a>. Patients say they feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing popularity of EEG-neurofeedback has been met with skepticism. Some scientists say the power of this therapy \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_AMP_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may stem from the placebo effect\u003c/a>. (They also point out that a lot of neurofeedback research is done by \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_Brain_Climate_2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">people who have a financial stake in the industry\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more rigorous research from the past couple of years supports the idea that, at least in some cases, neurofeedback can be used to train the brain. Most of this research uses fMRI brain scans — not EEG — to peek inside the skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)00095-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one study\u003c/a>, participants learned to turn up a brain region linked to motivation and focus. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28407727\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>, patients with depression were able to alleviate some of their symptoms. But scientists doing this research say there's a lot of work to be done before it can be applied clinically.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZTOJcPBkTbqiXR1MSox5O57wZuSuzU4T\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could neurofeedback provide a balm for broken hearts? No research has been done in this area. But that didn't stop Dessa from trying a sort of experiment on herself: nine EEG-neurofeedback sessions aimed at helping her brain escape the rut of romantic obsession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she felt different when she was done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before, I felt that I was really under the thumb of a fixation and a compulsion,\" she says. \"And now it feels like those feelings have been scaled down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, maybe the neurofeedback had worked as practitioners suggest it does. Or maybe, alternatively, Dessa got the therapy she wanted in other ways — by talking through her experiment, by writing about it, by composing songs for her new album.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe, her neurofeedback sessions helped her via the placebo effect. They suggested that her emotions are grounded in a physical organ \u003cem> — \u003c/em>one that she might be able to influence. Maybe simply believing that she wasn't helpless helped her change her mind and heal her heartbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, Dessa is happy to begin to move on and to start a new chapter with her music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've written a bunch of sad rap bangers — I'd like to write other kinds of songs,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Rapper+Tried+To+Use+Neuroscience+To+Get+Over+Her+Ex&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dessa is a singer and writer from Minneapolis who spent years trying to fall out of love and get over her ex. Nothing seemed to help — until she visited a research lab for a brain scan.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1537343212,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":739},"headData":{"title":"WATCH: This Rapper Used Neuroscience To Get Over Her Ex | KQED","description":"Dessa is a singer and writer from Minneapolis who spent years trying to fall out of love and get over her ex. Nothing seemed to help — until she visited a research lab for a brain scan.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"WATCH: This Rapper Used Neuroscience To Get Over Her Ex","datePublished":"2018-09-19T17:00:43.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-19T07:46:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444504 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444504","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/19/watch-this-rapper-used-neuroscience-to-get-over-her-ex/","disqusTitle":"WATCH: This Rapper Used Neuroscience To Get Over Her Ex","source":"Hope/Hype","nprImageCredit":"Adam Cole","nprByline":"Ryan Kellman, NPR","nprImageAgency":"NPR's Skunk Bear","nprStoryId":"646251015","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=646251015&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/18/646251015/this-rapper-tried-to-use-neuroscience-to-get-over-her-ex?ft=nprml&f=646251015","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 18 Sep 2018 11:01:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 18 Sep 2018 05:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 18 Sep 2018 11:01:03 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/444504/watch-this-rapper-used-neuroscience-to-get-over-her-ex","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_zptWlAxYk0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_zptWlAxYk0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>When a relationship ends but love remains, it can be both frustrating and embarrassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dessa, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doomtree.net/dessa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a well-known rapper, singer and writer from Minneapolis,\u003c/a> knows the feeling well. She'd spent years trying to get over an ex-boyfriend, but she was still stuck on him.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're not only suffering,\" she says, \"you're just sort of ridiculous. Discipline and dedication are my strong suits — it really bothered me that, no matter how much effort I tried to expend in trying to solve this problem, I was stuck.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things changed when Dessa turned to the frontiers of neuroscience for help. She came across a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_studies_the_brain_in_love\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TED Talk by Helen Fisher\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist and visiting research associate at Rutgers University. Using a type of brain scan called functional MRI, or fMRI, Fisher had looked into the brains of love-struck people and noticed that certain parts of their brains were unusually active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you could objectively measure and observe 'love' — that had never occurred to me before,\" Dessa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wondered: If science could map the sources of love in her brain, could it somehow make that love go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question led her to a controversial therapy technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892319/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurofeedback\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is simple: If you want to learn to lower your heart rate, it helps to be able to hear your pulse. And if you want to change patterns of brain activity, it might be helpful to be able to see what your brain is up to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One flavor of neurofeedback therapy uses a technology called electroencephalography (EEG). A cap full of electrical leads picks up brain waves and translates them into visual or audio cues — like shifting colors on a screen or a series of dings.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that people can use this feedback to retrain those brain waves, changing underlying patterns in the process — turning down unwanted brain activity or turning up regions that are too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinicians have used neurofeedback to try and treat all kinds of mental health issues: anxiety, depression, autism, and ADHD. And they say they've \u003ca href=\"https://www.isnr.org/in-defense-of-neurofeedback\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seen some positive results\u003c/a>. Patients say they feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing popularity of EEG-neurofeedback has been met with skepticism. Some scientists say the power of this therapy \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_AMP_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may stem from the placebo effect\u003c/a>. (They also point out that a lot of neurofeedback research is done by \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_Brain_Climate_2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">people who have a financial stake in the industry\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more rigorous research from the past couple of years supports the idea that, at least in some cases, neurofeedback can be used to train the brain. Most of this research uses fMRI brain scans — not EEG — to peek inside the skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)00095-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one study\u003c/a>, participants learned to turn up a brain region linked to motivation and focus. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28407727\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>, patients with depression were able to alleviate some of their symptoms. But scientists doing this research say there's a lot of work to be done before it can be applied clinically.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could neurofeedback provide a balm for broken hearts? No research has been done in this area. But that didn't stop Dessa from trying a sort of experiment on herself: nine EEG-neurofeedback sessions aimed at helping her brain escape the rut of romantic obsession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she felt different when she was done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before, I felt that I was really under the thumb of a fixation and a compulsion,\" she says. \"And now it feels like those feelings have been scaled down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, maybe the neurofeedback had worked as practitioners suggest it does. Or maybe, alternatively, Dessa got the therapy she wanted in other ways — by talking through her experiment, by writing about it, by composing songs for her new album.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe, her neurofeedback sessions helped her via the placebo effect. They suggested that her emotions are grounded in a physical organ \u003cem> — \u003c/em>one that she might be able to influence. Maybe simply believing that she wasn't helpless helped her change her mind and heal her heartbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, Dessa is happy to begin to move on and to start a new chapter with her music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've written a bunch of sad rap bangers — I'd like to write other kinds of songs,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Rapper+Tried+To+Use+Neuroscience+To+Get+Over+Her+Ex&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444504/watch-this-rapper-used-neuroscience-to-get-over-her-ex","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444504"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_205","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_59"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097","futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444505","label":"source_futureofyou_444504"},"futureofyou_443746":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443746","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443746","score":null,"sort":[1533330013000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-makes-a-leader","title":"What Makes A Leader?","publishDate":1533330013,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Leaders can have many different styles — just compare President Donald Trump to \u003ca href=\"https://www.malala.org/malalas-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malala Yousafzai\u003c/a> to your boss or the coach of your kid's soccer team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat0036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday suggests that people who end up in leadership roles of various sorts all share one key trait: Leaders make decisions for a group in the same way that they make decisions for themselves. They don't change their decision-making behavior, even when other people's welfare is at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may come as a bit of surprise, given that most lists of key leadership qualities focus on things like charisma and communication skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Previous research has mostly focused on these kinds of either personality characteristics of a leader, or situations where individuals are likely to lead,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.econ.uzh.ch/en/people/researchers/edelson.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Micah Edelson\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. \"But we don't know much about the cognitive or neurobiological process that is happening when you are choosing to lead or follow — when you're faced with this choice to lead or follow.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that the decisions of leaders can affect the lives of many others. \"It's not always that easy to make such a choice, and it's something that could be even a little bit aversive to you, to make a choice that impacts other people,\" says Edelson. \"And there are some people that seem to be able to do it; some people don't. So we were interested in looking at that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues had volunteers come to the lab, and gave them questionnaires that are widely used to predict whether someone is likely to be in a position of leadership. They also collected information about people's real-world leadership experience, such as what rank they'd achieved in the military (which is compulsory for men in Switzerland) or in the popular Swiss Scouts organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they put the participants into small groups and had them play a series of games in which individuals had to make choices about whether to take a risky action to get a reward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are choices about uncertain gambles that have some probability of success and potential gains and losses,\" Edelson explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The player could choose to either make the choice alone, or defer the decision to a majority vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The games were played under two conditions: Sometimes the decision affected only the individual player's winnings and other times the decision affected what the entire group received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found is that people in general tended to avoid taking responsibility for what happens to others; deferral rates were the highest when decisions affected other people's pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the people who changed their decision-making behavior the least were the ones who generally served as leaders in the real-world and scored high on leadership questionnaires. Unlike others, they did not require more certainty before being ready to personally make a decision that would affect the whole group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On average, people tend to increase the certainty threshold when the choices affect the entire group. But higher-scoring leaders just keep their thresholds almost constant,\" says Edelson, who says preliminary work using MRI brain scanning supports the idea that leaders and followers differ in how their brains process information about gains, losses, and risk in the context of thinking about others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other neuroscientists say the work, published in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, is fascinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems a very reasonable finding,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://affectivebrain.com/?page_id=161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tali Sharot\u003c/a>, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London. \"It works with our intuition, but in the same way it's not something that you'd necessarily think about that distinguishes leadership.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharot cautions that it's not clear whether this decision-making behavior is what led people to their leadership position, or if they've developed it as a result of real-world leadership experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this study doesn't say anything about who ends up being a \"good\" leader, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sharot says the researchers have identified something about leadership that can hold true regardless of a leader's style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can have authoritarian leaders who like to have the ultimate control,\" she says. \"You can have democratic leaders who want to lead according to the will of the people. You have leaders who are risk-takers, leaders who are risk-adverse and conservative and so on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's really interesting about this work, she says, is that these different types of leaders' decision-making behavior stays the same regardless of whether the outcome affects only themselves or other people. \"What this paper shows is that all these types of individuals, all these types of leaders, have something in common.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Makes+A+Leader%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Leaders make decisions for a group in the same way they make choices for themselves, a study suggests. They don't change their decision-making behavior, even when the welfare of others is at stake.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1533254482,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":794},"headData":{"title":"What Makes A Leader? | KQED","description":"Leaders make decisions for a group in the same way they make choices for themselves, a study suggests. They don't change their decision-making behavior, even when the welfare of others is at stake.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Makes A Leader?","datePublished":"2018-08-03T21:00:13.000Z","dateModified":"2018-08-03T00:01:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443746 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443746","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/03/what-makes-a-leader/","disqusTitle":"What Makes A Leader?","nprImageCredit":"sorbetto","nprByline":"Nell Greenfieldboyce, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"634639437","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=634639437&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/08/02/634639437/what-makes-a-leader?ft=nprml&f=634639437","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 02 Aug 2018 14:00:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 02 Aug 2018 14:00:42 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 02 Aug 2018 14:00:42 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/443746/what-makes-a-leader","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leaders can have many different styles — just compare President Donald Trump to \u003ca href=\"https://www.malala.org/malalas-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malala Yousafzai\u003c/a> to your boss or the coach of your kid's soccer team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat0036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday suggests that people who end up in leadership roles of various sorts all share one key trait: Leaders make decisions for a group in the same way that they make decisions for themselves. They don't change their decision-making behavior, even when other people's welfare is at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may come as a bit of surprise, given that most lists of key leadership qualities focus on things like charisma and communication skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Previous research has mostly focused on these kinds of either personality characteristics of a leader, or situations where individuals are likely to lead,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.econ.uzh.ch/en/people/researchers/edelson.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Micah Edelson\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. \"But we don't know much about the cognitive or neurobiological process that is happening when you are choosing to lead or follow — when you're faced with this choice to lead or follow.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that the decisions of leaders can affect the lives of many others. \"It's not always that easy to make such a choice, and it's something that could be even a little bit aversive to you, to make a choice that impacts other people,\" says Edelson. \"And there are some people that seem to be able to do it; some people don't. So we were interested in looking at that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues had volunteers come to the lab, and gave them questionnaires that are widely used to predict whether someone is likely to be in a position of leadership. They also collected information about people's real-world leadership experience, such as what rank they'd achieved in the military (which is compulsory for men in Switzerland) or in the popular Swiss Scouts organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they put the participants into small groups and had them play a series of games in which individuals had to make choices about whether to take a risky action to get a reward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are choices about uncertain gambles that have some probability of success and potential gains and losses,\" Edelson explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The player could choose to either make the choice alone, or defer the decision to a majority vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The games were played under two conditions: Sometimes the decision affected only the individual player's winnings and other times the decision affected what the entire group received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found is that people in general tended to avoid taking responsibility for what happens to others; deferral rates were the highest when decisions affected other people's pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the people who changed their decision-making behavior the least were the ones who generally served as leaders in the real-world and scored high on leadership questionnaires. Unlike others, they did not require more certainty before being ready to personally make a decision that would affect the whole group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On average, people tend to increase the certainty threshold when the choices affect the entire group. But higher-scoring leaders just keep their thresholds almost constant,\" says Edelson, who says preliminary work using MRI brain scanning supports the idea that leaders and followers differ in how their brains process information about gains, losses, and risk in the context of thinking about others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other neuroscientists say the work, published in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, is fascinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems a very reasonable finding,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://affectivebrain.com/?page_id=161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tali Sharot\u003c/a>, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London. \"It works with our intuition, but in the same way it's not something that you'd necessarily think about that distinguishes leadership.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharot cautions that it's not clear whether this decision-making behavior is what led people to their leadership position, or if they've developed it as a result of real-world leadership experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this study doesn't say anything about who ends up being a \"good\" leader, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sharot says the researchers have identified something about leadership that can hold true regardless of a leader's style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can have authoritarian leaders who like to have the ultimate control,\" she says. \"You can have democratic leaders who want to lead according to the will of the people. You have leaders who are risk-takers, leaders who are risk-adverse and conservative and so on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's really interesting about this work, she says, is that these different types of leaders' decision-making behavior stays the same regardless of whether the outcome affects only themselves or other people. \"What this paper shows is that all these types of individuals, all these types of leaders, have something in common.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Makes+A+Leader%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443746/what-makes-a-leader","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443746"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1188","futureofyou_59","futureofyou_1224"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443747","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_443021":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443021","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443021","score":null,"sort":[1529967609000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"its-not-all-in-your-head-when-other-doctors-give-up-on-patients-a-boundary-breaking-neurologist-treats-them","title":"It’s Not ‘All In Your Head’: When Other Doctors Give Up on Patients, a Boundary-Breaking Neurologist Treats Them","publishDate":1529967609,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Even beforehand — before the compulsive writing and the bipolar diagnosis, before the niche medical practice and the best-selling book — Dr. Alice Flaherty stuck out. She had grown up beside a duckweed-filled pond in rural New Jersey, and by the time she was a young adult, she’d become a neuroscientist in a family of engineers, a theorist among doers.[contextly_sidebar id=\"sXNIfkgjQfMG5MJwfPfkWITgj41OQW8E\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she came home during breaks at Harvard, her father would rib her. “He’d say, ‘Yo, you talk big about pure science now, but you’re going to end up an engineer just like the rest of us,’” she recalled. “And when I went to med school, he was like, ‘See? See?’ And it’s totally true. It’s like tinkering. You tinker with the patients. It’s so fun. I love fixing broken machines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neurology work at Massachusetts General Hospital involves plenty of gadgetry — she heads up the deep brain stimulation unit, and sometimes uses electroconvulsive therapy to help patients with depression or mania — but these days, that’s not the kind of tinkering that’s at the front of her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, she has been toying with the boundaries of illness itself. She likes seeing patients other doctors have given up on. Many have faced questions about whether they’re really as sick as they say. For all of them, getting the proper treatment — pills or infusions or electrical currents — depends on a kind of collaboration with Flaherty, a workshop in which motivations are re-examined, stories reshaped, turns of phrase redefined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These poor patients are typically seen as just not wanting to get better, and I got interested in that whole thing, like if you want to get better then you’re sick, if you don’t want to get better, then it’s a vice,” she said. “What was it about us — the caregivers, family members, and doctors — what was it that made us attribute willfulness to people who were obviously miserable?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her schedule is stacked with examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the Parkinson’s patient who was able to move when playing with grandchildren but not when asked to take out the trash. “The spouse is like, ‘Bullshit, you’re just not trying,’ and that’s totally true. … They lack dopamine, which is very important for motivation,” Flaherty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the medical student who’d become catatonic when faced with an exam, and was accused of wanting, at some level, to jettison his career.[contextly_sidebar id=\"FisPQhjLXG17zQFS91fSEnl0b6zkrL5D\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the woman who came in with an anxiety-related tremor but insisted that, no, these shakes weren’t psychological. “You have to convince them, yes, you really are sick, I understand that, or they’ll never trust you,” Flaherty said. “And they are really sick, they’re disabled, totally.” Then, with a careful tweaking of language, she was able to prescribe the Valium that the patient had been refusing from other doctors, and the tremor faded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, she might sound like a shrink tucked away inside a movement disorder clinic, and that isn’t entirely wrong. Historically, psychiatrists and neurologists often kept to their own floors, as if the feeling-thinking brain and the physical brain were two different organs. Flaherty was merging both long before it became a trend, explained Dr. Jerrold Rosenbaum, Mass. General’s psychiatrist-in-chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we had a complicated patient … and we needed a neurologist who understood how we think, Alice would be our go-to consultant. She’s a great bridge,” he said. “She’s more sophisticated with the use of our drugs than many of us are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t quite cover Flaherty’s unique role in the biome of Boston medicine. When the novelist William Styron was weighed down by depression, movement issues, and delusions — he thought that his writing hand had gone dead and his head was shrinking to the size of a pin — he sought out Flaherty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She makes a habit of befriending her patients and counseling her friends. She sometimes worries her colleagues might see her as too empathetic, too credulous, too boundary-breaking. Then again, she knows from her own experience with mental illness that the opposite — an excess of formality, stiffness, distrust — can be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flaherty had heard about Stephanie Zaia before they’d ever met. Clinicians talk, and a case like Zaia’s made them talk more than usual. Her symptoms seemed so strange, and so complicated, that they were picked apart during grand rounds, at medical meetings, and in hospital staff rooms. What struck Flaherty was that her colleagues seemed to suggest that Zaia had invented her own bodily inferno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble began when Zaia was a 14-year-old in Medfield, Mass. She was a competitive swimmer, obsessed enough to make her parents drive her to practices at 5:30 a.m. She swam every weekday, spent her weekends at meets, but all of a sudden, at the end of a race in May 2003, her body went limp and she couldn’t get out of the pool.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YgnHkwDfRuaRza68Zle6mgr7qAhNQXhh\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she began having trouble moving elsewhere, too. Walking became hard. Sometimes she struggled to breathe. She stopped being able to digest, vomiting up almost everything she ate. She began to shed weight that she couldn’t afford to lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her parents brought her to neurologists and psychiatrists and specialists of the gut, bouncing from practice to practice, from Massachusetts all the way to Maryland. They kept telling Zaia the same thing again and again: “They’d say, ‘Oh, it’s all in your head,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Zaia and her parents went along with the idea. They probed her past for possible instances of trauma, but could find nothing besides garden-variety middle-school meanness from other kids, which hadn’t gone on for very long anyway. And the suggestions of depression and anorexia didn’t seem to add up with her mounting difficulty to move. “‘You’re trying not to walk because you hate to swim.’ That’s what they said,” Zaia recalled. “They were just like, ‘It’s a conversion disorder: You’re converting your not wanting to do this into physical symptoms.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter what she said, she couldn’t convince them that she wanted nothing more than to be able to swim again. Nor could she convince them, when they claimed her muscle spasms were an embodiment of her jealousy toward her siblings, that she did not feel jealous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her medical file began to take on an authority of its own, as if the hypothesis that her illness was psychological had, through repetition, become a fact. Doctors couldn’t unearth some underlying cause for the muscle tightness, and could find no relation to the mutiny in her gut. But there, in the pages of her record, was an explanation capable of tying these disparate threads together. The symptoms didn’t make sense, they thought, because she was, in some subconscious stratum, making them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only after years, in 2006, that Zaia got a diagnosis of primary dystonia — a condition characterized by involuntary muscle contractions — and learned just how common this kind of accusation is. “I’ve met lots of patients who spend five years being misdiagnosed,” said Pamela Sloate, a patient activist and board member of the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation. “They don’t have the skills to diagnose dystonia, so they tell the patient it’s imagined, or that it’s caused by depression.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can have a profound effect. As Zaia put it, “When somebody tells you that enough times, you start to believe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-blame is something that Flaherty is familiar with. She felt it acutely in 1998, when her twin boys died immediately after birth. They were premature, so tiny their hands could hardly fit around her finger. To bury their ashes, she secretly took a folding shovel into Mount Auburn Cemetery to look for a spot where no one would see her digging. She chose a patch of shrubbery beside a pond grown green with duckweed: It reminded her of the scummy pool back home.[contextly_sidebar id=\"rhuJ5KiqdPloHZe58oqJ8GhRRj1a2q7n\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten days after their death, her sadness morphed into an overwhelming desire to write. She wrote on everything: paper, napkins, computers, her own skin. She’d written plenty before — waking up early to write a neurology handbook while she was a resident — but now it was uncontrollable, and the style had changed. “Looking at this stuff, I’m like, ‘Oh my, God, this is like teen diary garbage,’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She bounced between mania and depression, becoming obsessed with the idea that she’d been a bad mother, that it was all her fault. She knew, on the one hand, that she was sick — she’d been newly diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and was taking a pharmacopeia of pills — but also felt that her illness wasn’t real, that she was just fishing for attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most painful part of it was I thought I was making it up,” she said. “I thought I was this total loser that was making up something that had me in the hospital for nine days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, she couldn’t physically lift her hand to her mouth to take her meds. She’d rock her arm back and forth, coaxing herself, like a volleyball player preparing to make a serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was consumed by the doublethink of depression. She knew her symptoms weren’t fictional, but what if they were all in her head? She knew her obstetrician didn’t hate her, but what if he did? She wanted him to say that something terrible had happened. She wanted him to echo her own distress. She wanted him to cry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flaherty suspected the episode would end her medical career. Her colleagues told her not to tell anyone, but she was manic, and told everyone. She wrote about her illness in her book “The Midnight Disease,” and her story wound up in the glossy pages of magazines. Patients could idly flip through her postpartum mania while waiting for their appointments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who are most afraid of mental illness are doctors,” Flaherty said. “It turned out my patients were fine with it. … One guy said, ‘Yeah, that manic depressive thing you have, my internist has that. … Every six months or so, they have to lock him up, because he runs down the middle of the street naked. But I stay with him because he’s a really good doctor when he’s not crazy.’”[contextly_sidebar id=\"AQvxss0iAWMjp5nhtNV4d3hmbJrV2oIX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as her mood stabilizers did their job, the impressions she had during illness stayed vivid: her conviction that she’d created her own symptoms, her over-analysis of her obstetrician’s veneer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She knows from experience how imperious doctors can be. … When you’re really in a lot of pain, or not sleeping, or whatever, in an acute phase, you feel like a supplicant,” said journalist and author Pagan Kennedy. The two had met in a local writers’ group, and when Kennedy experienced a mysterious bout of insomnia and acute pain, Flaherty counseled her not to rush into surgery, and checked in with her every day, listening. Kennedy is now making a podcast about Flaherty’s treatment of Styron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same skills that cement a friendship, Flaherty has found, are useful clinical tools. But bedside manner hasn’t come naturally to her. “I didn’t have any body language,” she said. “I was brought up in this WASP community with 500 guns in the basement. … We communicated by raising our eyebrows one teeny little tiny bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she sometimes glances at a mirror hidden in among the drawings and plants of her office, checking her own features, making sure she echoes the patient’s devastation or anger or joy. Above all — whether the symptoms are psychological, physical, or some combination of the two — she wants them to feel heard. By now, after years of practice, she says that most of the emotions behind her gestures are real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Flaherty finally met her, in the fall of 2012, Zaia had been sick for almost 10 years. She needed a wheelchair, and her muscles were so tight she was not able to sit up. Every so often, she’d get dystonic storms: Her back would arch so she couldn’t breathe, her neck yanked backwards, her arms pinned behind her, her legs pulled as far as they would go. “I would turn into a literal pretzel,” she said.[contextly_sidebar id=\"IBjHyTyOkXKgQvZHUH9PFd3FV0V9LNU5\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The relationship began as pure coincidence. Zaia was an inpatient at Mass. General, home sick from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and Flaherty happened to be the neurologist on duty. It wasn’t just the medical crisis that was worrying Zaia’s parents. Her primary neurologist, who had been treating Zaia’s dystonia for years, had put a letter in the medical record that signaled a change of tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was basically saying she had never believed Steph in the first place,” said her mother, Diane. “She basically treated Stephanie for dystonia for … years, and then said she did not have dystonia, and said that she was a wacko.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so Flaherty agreed to be Zaia’s neurologist. Already, to the family, that was a minor miracle. “No one wanted to touch me,” said Zaia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those years, Zaia had thought she might end up bed-bound in a nursing home. Now, she’s up every morning at 5:15 to catch the 7:16 train from Dedham into South Station. Her work, at Easter Seals Massachusetts, a nonprofit that provides disability services, is only a block away. She also helps run her own organization, PATH-WAY, which puts together social gatherings accessible to everyone and anyone, no matter their physical ability. To find members, she went to support groups for illnesses she didn’t have. At the end of the day, she catches the 4:43 back to Dedham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/19/alice-flaherty-mass-general-neurologist/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/19/alice-flaherty-mass-general-neurologist/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dr. Alice Flaherty sometimes worries her colleagues might see her as too empathetic and too boundary-breaking. Then again, she knows from her own experience with mental illness that the opposite can be worse.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1529898195,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":2530},"headData":{"title":"It’s Not ‘All In Your Head’: When Other Doctors Give Up on Patients, a Boundary-Breaking Neurologist Treats Them | KQED","description":"Dr. Alice Flaherty sometimes worries her colleagues might see her as too empathetic and too boundary-breaking. Then again, she knows from her own experience with mental illness that the opposite can be worse.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"It’s Not ‘All In Your Head’: When Other Doctors Give Up on Patients, a Boundary-Breaking Neurologist Treats Them","datePublished":"2018-06-25T23:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-25T03:43:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443021 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443021","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/25/its-not-all-in-your-head-when-other-doctors-give-up-on-patients-a-boundary-breaking-neurologist-treats-them/","disqusTitle":"It’s Not ‘All In Your Head’: When Other Doctors Give Up on Patients, a Boundary-Breaking Neurologist Treats Them","source":"Health","nprByline":"Eric Boodman\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/443021/its-not-all-in-your-head-when-other-doctors-give-up-on-patients-a-boundary-breaking-neurologist-treats-them","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Even beforehand — before the compulsive writing and the bipolar diagnosis, before the niche medical practice and the best-selling book — Dr. Alice Flaherty stuck out. She had grown up beside a duckweed-filled pond in rural New Jersey, and by the time she was a young adult, she’d become a neuroscientist in a family of engineers, a theorist among doers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she came home during breaks at Harvard, her father would rib her. “He’d say, ‘Yo, you talk big about pure science now, but you’re going to end up an engineer just like the rest of us,’” she recalled. “And when I went to med school, he was like, ‘See? See?’ And it’s totally true. It’s like tinkering. You tinker with the patients. It’s so fun. I love fixing broken machines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neurology work at Massachusetts General Hospital involves plenty of gadgetry — she heads up the deep brain stimulation unit, and sometimes uses electroconvulsive therapy to help patients with depression or mania — but these days, that’s not the kind of tinkering that’s at the front of her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, she has been toying with the boundaries of illness itself. She likes seeing patients other doctors have given up on. Many have faced questions about whether they’re really as sick as they say. For all of them, getting the proper treatment — pills or infusions or electrical currents — depends on a kind of collaboration with Flaherty, a workshop in which motivations are re-examined, stories reshaped, turns of phrase redefined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These poor patients are typically seen as just not wanting to get better, and I got interested in that whole thing, like if you want to get better then you’re sick, if you don’t want to get better, then it’s a vice,” she said. “What was it about us — the caregivers, family members, and doctors — what was it that made us attribute willfulness to people who were obviously miserable?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her schedule is stacked with examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the Parkinson’s patient who was able to move when playing with grandchildren but not when asked to take out the trash. “The spouse is like, ‘Bullshit, you’re just not trying,’ and that’s totally true. … They lack dopamine, which is very important for motivation,” Flaherty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the medical student who’d become catatonic when faced with an exam, and was accused of wanting, at some level, to jettison his career.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the woman who came in with an anxiety-related tremor but insisted that, no, these shakes weren’t psychological. “You have to convince them, yes, you really are sick, I understand that, or they’ll never trust you,” Flaherty said. “And they are really sick, they’re disabled, totally.” Then, with a careful tweaking of language, she was able to prescribe the Valium that the patient had been refusing from other doctors, and the tremor faded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, she might sound like a shrink tucked away inside a movement disorder clinic, and that isn’t entirely wrong. Historically, psychiatrists and neurologists often kept to their own floors, as if the feeling-thinking brain and the physical brain were two different organs. Flaherty was merging both long before it became a trend, explained Dr. Jerrold Rosenbaum, Mass. General’s psychiatrist-in-chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we had a complicated patient … and we needed a neurologist who understood how we think, Alice would be our go-to consultant. She’s a great bridge,” he said. “She’s more sophisticated with the use of our drugs than many of us are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t quite cover Flaherty’s unique role in the biome of Boston medicine. When the novelist William Styron was weighed down by depression, movement issues, and delusions — he thought that his writing hand had gone dead and his head was shrinking to the size of a pin — he sought out Flaherty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She makes a habit of befriending her patients and counseling her friends. She sometimes worries her colleagues might see her as too empathetic, too credulous, too boundary-breaking. Then again, she knows from her own experience with mental illness that the opposite — an excess of formality, stiffness, distrust — can be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flaherty had heard about Stephanie Zaia before they’d ever met. Clinicians talk, and a case like Zaia’s made them talk more than usual. Her symptoms seemed so strange, and so complicated, that they were picked apart during grand rounds, at medical meetings, and in hospital staff rooms. What struck Flaherty was that her colleagues seemed to suggest that Zaia had invented her own bodily inferno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble began when Zaia was a 14-year-old in Medfield, Mass. She was a competitive swimmer, obsessed enough to make her parents drive her to practices at 5:30 a.m. She swam every weekday, spent her weekends at meets, but all of a sudden, at the end of a race in May 2003, her body went limp and she couldn’t get out of the pool.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she began having trouble moving elsewhere, too. Walking became hard. Sometimes she struggled to breathe. She stopped being able to digest, vomiting up almost everything she ate. She began to shed weight that she couldn’t afford to lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her parents brought her to neurologists and psychiatrists and specialists of the gut, bouncing from practice to practice, from Massachusetts all the way to Maryland. They kept telling Zaia the same thing again and again: “They’d say, ‘Oh, it’s all in your head,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Zaia and her parents went along with the idea. They probed her past for possible instances of trauma, but could find nothing besides garden-variety middle-school meanness from other kids, which hadn’t gone on for very long anyway. And the suggestions of depression and anorexia didn’t seem to add up with her mounting difficulty to move. “‘You’re trying not to walk because you hate to swim.’ That’s what they said,” Zaia recalled. “They were just like, ‘It’s a conversion disorder: You’re converting your not wanting to do this into physical symptoms.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter what she said, she couldn’t convince them that she wanted nothing more than to be able to swim again. Nor could she convince them, when they claimed her muscle spasms were an embodiment of her jealousy toward her siblings, that she did not feel jealous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her medical file began to take on an authority of its own, as if the hypothesis that her illness was psychological had, through repetition, become a fact. Doctors couldn’t unearth some underlying cause for the muscle tightness, and could find no relation to the mutiny in her gut. But there, in the pages of her record, was an explanation capable of tying these disparate threads together. The symptoms didn’t make sense, they thought, because she was, in some subconscious stratum, making them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only after years, in 2006, that Zaia got a diagnosis of primary dystonia — a condition characterized by involuntary muscle contractions — and learned just how common this kind of accusation is. “I’ve met lots of patients who spend five years being misdiagnosed,” said Pamela Sloate, a patient activist and board member of the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation. “They don’t have the skills to diagnose dystonia, so they tell the patient it’s imagined, or that it’s caused by depression.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can have a profound effect. As Zaia put it, “When somebody tells you that enough times, you start to believe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-blame is something that Flaherty is familiar with. She felt it acutely in 1998, when her twin boys died immediately after birth. They were premature, so tiny their hands could hardly fit around her finger. To bury their ashes, she secretly took a folding shovel into Mount Auburn Cemetery to look for a spot where no one would see her digging. She chose a patch of shrubbery beside a pond grown green with duckweed: It reminded her of the scummy pool back home.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten days after their death, her sadness morphed into an overwhelming desire to write. She wrote on everything: paper, napkins, computers, her own skin. She’d written plenty before — waking up early to write a neurology handbook while she was a resident — but now it was uncontrollable, and the style had changed. “Looking at this stuff, I’m like, ‘Oh my, God, this is like teen diary garbage,’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She bounced between mania and depression, becoming obsessed with the idea that she’d been a bad mother, that it was all her fault. She knew, on the one hand, that she was sick — she’d been newly diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and was taking a pharmacopeia of pills — but also felt that her illness wasn’t real, that she was just fishing for attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most painful part of it was I thought I was making it up,” she said. “I thought I was this total loser that was making up something that had me in the hospital for nine days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, she couldn’t physically lift her hand to her mouth to take her meds. She’d rock her arm back and forth, coaxing herself, like a volleyball player preparing to make a serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was consumed by the doublethink of depression. She knew her symptoms weren’t fictional, but what if they were all in her head? She knew her obstetrician didn’t hate her, but what if he did? She wanted him to say that something terrible had happened. She wanted him to echo her own distress. She wanted him to cry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flaherty suspected the episode would end her medical career. Her colleagues told her not to tell anyone, but she was manic, and told everyone. She wrote about her illness in her book “The Midnight Disease,” and her story wound up in the glossy pages of magazines. Patients could idly flip through her postpartum mania while waiting for their appointments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who are most afraid of mental illness are doctors,” Flaherty said. “It turned out my patients were fine with it. … One guy said, ‘Yeah, that manic depressive thing you have, my internist has that. … Every six months or so, they have to lock him up, because he runs down the middle of the street naked. But I stay with him because he’s a really good doctor when he’s not crazy.’”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as her mood stabilizers did their job, the impressions she had during illness stayed vivid: her conviction that she’d created her own symptoms, her over-analysis of her obstetrician’s veneer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She knows from experience how imperious doctors can be. … When you’re really in a lot of pain, or not sleeping, or whatever, in an acute phase, you feel like a supplicant,” said journalist and author Pagan Kennedy. The two had met in a local writers’ group, and when Kennedy experienced a mysterious bout of insomnia and acute pain, Flaherty counseled her not to rush into surgery, and checked in with her every day, listening. Kennedy is now making a podcast about Flaherty’s treatment of Styron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same skills that cement a friendship, Flaherty has found, are useful clinical tools. But bedside manner hasn’t come naturally to her. “I didn’t have any body language,” she said. “I was brought up in this WASP community with 500 guns in the basement. … We communicated by raising our eyebrows one teeny little tiny bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she sometimes glances at a mirror hidden in among the drawings and plants of her office, checking her own features, making sure she echoes the patient’s devastation or anger or joy. Above all — whether the symptoms are psychological, physical, or some combination of the two — she wants them to feel heard. By now, after years of practice, she says that most of the emotions behind her gestures are real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Flaherty finally met her, in the fall of 2012, Zaia had been sick for almost 10 years. She needed a wheelchair, and her muscles were so tight she was not able to sit up. Every so often, she’d get dystonic storms: Her back would arch so she couldn’t breathe, her neck yanked backwards, her arms pinned behind her, her legs pulled as far as they would go. “I would turn into a literal pretzel,” she said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The relationship began as pure coincidence. Zaia was an inpatient at Mass. General, home sick from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and Flaherty happened to be the neurologist on duty. It wasn’t just the medical crisis that was worrying Zaia’s parents. Her primary neurologist, who had been treating Zaia’s dystonia for years, had put a letter in the medical record that signaled a change of tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was basically saying she had never believed Steph in the first place,” said her mother, Diane. “She basically treated Stephanie for dystonia for … years, and then said she did not have dystonia, and said that she was a wacko.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so Flaherty agreed to be Zaia’s neurologist. Already, to the family, that was a minor miracle. “No one wanted to touch me,” said Zaia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those years, Zaia had thought she might end up bed-bound in a nursing home. Now, she’s up every morning at 5:15 to catch the 7:16 train from Dedham into South Station. Her work, at Easter Seals Massachusetts, a nonprofit that provides disability services, is only a block away. She also helps run her own organization, PATH-WAY, which puts together social gatherings accessible to everyone and anyone, no matter their physical ability. To find members, she went to support groups for illnesses she didn’t have. At the end of the day, she catches the 4:43 back to Dedham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/19/alice-flaherty-mass-general-neurologist/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/19/alice-flaherty-mass-general-neurologist/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443021/its-not-all-in-your-head-when-other-doctors-give-up-on-patients-a-boundary-breaking-neurologist-treats-them","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443021"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1561","futureofyou_56","futureofyou_173","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_59","futureofyou_1560"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443023","label":"source_futureofyou_443021"},"futureofyou_436054":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_436054","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"436054","score":null,"sort":[1508863843000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-evidence-of-brains-link-to-immune-system","title":"New Evidence of Brain's Link To Immune System","publishDate":1508863843,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Fresh evidence that the body's immune system interacts directly with the brain could lead to a new understanding of diseases from multiple sclerosis to Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study of human and monkey brains found lymphatic vessels — a key part of the body's immune system — in a membrane that surrounds the brain and nervous system, a team \u003ca href=\"https://elifesciences.org/articles/29738\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> this month in the online journal eLife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lymphatic vessels are a part of the lymphatic system, which extends throughout the body much like our network of veins and arteries. Instead of carrying blood, though, these vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph, which contains both immune cells and waste products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new finding bolsters recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7560/full/nature14432.html?foxtrotcallback=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> in rodents that the brain interacts with the body's lymphatic system to help fend off diseases and remove waste. Until a few years ago, scientists believed that the brain's immune and waste removal systems operated independently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of lymphatic vessels near the surface of the brain could lead to a better understanding of multiple sclerosis, which seems to be triggered by a glitch in the immune system, says \u003ca href=\"https://neuroscience.nih.gov/ninds/Faculty/Profile/daniel-reich.aspx\">Dr. Daniel Reich\u003c/a>, an author of the study and a senior investigator at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How the immune system interacts with the brain is fundamental to how multiple sclerosis develops and how we treat multiple sclerosis,\" Reich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current treatments for multiple sclerosis often involve drugs that suppress the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research also has implications for diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These diseases occur as certain toxic waste products accumulate in the brain. And lymphatic vessels appear to be part of the system that usually removes these waste products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The discovery of a lymphatic system in the brain raises the possibility that a disorder of the lymphatic system is somehow involved in the causation of Alzheimer's disease,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/michael.weiner\">Dr. Michael Weiner\u003c/a>, a professor of radiology at UCSF, who was not connected with the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sort of thinking is a radical change from just a few years ago, Reich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For centuries, most scientists believed that the body's lymphatic system didn't connect to the brain, Reich says. \"The brain is thought to be what is called immune-privileged,\" he says. \"It has a different immune system from the rest of the body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Reich was intrigued when he heard a talk in 2015 by \u003ca href=\"https://med.virginia.edu/neuroscience/faculty/primary-faculty/jonathan-kipnis-ph-d/\">Jonathan Kipnis\u003c/a>, who directs the neuroscience department at the University of Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He showed very clearly in this talk that there are lymph vessels in the head, which I had learned in medical school didn't exist,\" Reich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the evidence was in mice. So Reich and a team of scientists used MRI to study the brains of several human volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists injected a special dye into the bloodstream, then watched to see where it went. They focused on the dura mater, the outermost membrane that protects the brain and nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected, the team saw some of the dye leak out of blood vessels in the dura mater. But then they could see that the leaked dye was being collected by different vessels – which is exactly what happens in the lymphatic system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That gave us some evidence that there are vessels here that are behaving different from blood vessels,\" Reich says. \"But we weren't sure that they were lymphatic vessels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be certain, Reich's team spent years perfecting a technique to reveal the lymphatic vessels in the dura mater of brains taken from human cadavers. This allowed the scientists to confirm the presence of these vessels near the surface of the brain. And it strongly suggested that the lymphatic system interacts directly with the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results extend the findings of a landmark \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/18/236211811/brains-sweep-themselves-clean-of-toxins-during-sleep\">study\u003c/a> published in 2013. It found that the brain appears to flush out waste products during sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't clear how these waste products were draining out of the head. Now it appears that at least some of the waste might be exiting through the lymphatic system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain%27s+Link+To+Immune+System+Might+Help+Explain+Alzheimer%27s&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For centuries, scientists thought the human brain had no direct connection to the body's immune system. Now researchers seem to have found one, and say it may offer clues to multiple sclerosis, too.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1508863885,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":697},"headData":{"title":"New Evidence of Brain's Link To Immune System | KQED","description":"For centuries, scientists thought the human brain had no direct connection to the body's immune system. Now researchers seem to have found one, and say it may offer clues to multiple sclerosis, too.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Evidence of Brain's Link To Immune System","datePublished":"2017-10-24T16:50:43.000Z","dateModified":"2017-10-24T16:51:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"436054 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=436054","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/24/new-evidence-of-brains-link-to-immune-system/","disqusTitle":"New Evidence of Brain's Link To Immune System","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Alfred Pasieka/Science Source","nprStoryId":"555353033","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=555353033&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/03/555353033/brains-link-to-immune-system-might-help-explain-alzheimers?ft=nprml&f=555353033","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 06 Oct 2017 17:39:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 03 Oct 2017 16:55:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 06 Oct 2017 17:39:34 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/10/20171003_atc_brains_link_to_immune_system_might_help_explain_alzheimers.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=229&p=2&story=555353033&t=progseg&e=555295128&seg=18&ft=nprml&f=555353033","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1555425864-f28453.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=229&p=2&story=555353033&t=progseg&e=555295128&seg=18&ft=nprml&f=555353033","path":"/futureofyou/436054/new-evidence-of-brains-link-to-immune-system","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/10/20171003_atc_brains_link_to_immune_system_might_help_explain_alzheimers.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=229&p=2&story=555353033&t=progseg&e=555295128&seg=18&ft=nprml&f=555353033","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fresh evidence that the body's immune system interacts directly with the brain could lead to a new understanding of diseases from multiple sclerosis to Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study of human and monkey brains found lymphatic vessels — a key part of the body's immune system — in a membrane that surrounds the brain and nervous system, a team \u003ca href=\"https://elifesciences.org/articles/29738\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> this month in the online journal eLife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lymphatic vessels are a part of the lymphatic system, which extends throughout the body much like our network of veins and arteries. Instead of carrying blood, though, these vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph, which contains both immune cells and waste products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new finding bolsters recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7560/full/nature14432.html?foxtrotcallback=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> in rodents that the brain interacts with the body's lymphatic system to help fend off diseases and remove waste. Until a few years ago, scientists believed that the brain's immune and waste removal systems operated independently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of lymphatic vessels near the surface of the brain could lead to a better understanding of multiple sclerosis, which seems to be triggered by a glitch in the immune system, says \u003ca href=\"https://neuroscience.nih.gov/ninds/Faculty/Profile/daniel-reich.aspx\">Dr. Daniel Reich\u003c/a>, an author of the study and a senior investigator at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How the immune system interacts with the brain is fundamental to how multiple sclerosis develops and how we treat multiple sclerosis,\" Reich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current treatments for multiple sclerosis often involve drugs that suppress the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research also has implications for diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These diseases occur as certain toxic waste products accumulate in the brain. And lymphatic vessels appear to be part of the system that usually removes these waste products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The discovery of a lymphatic system in the brain raises the possibility that a disorder of the lymphatic system is somehow involved in the causation of Alzheimer's disease,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/michael.weiner\">Dr. Michael Weiner\u003c/a>, a professor of radiology at UCSF, who was not connected with the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sort of thinking is a radical change from just a few years ago, Reich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For centuries, most scientists believed that the body's lymphatic system didn't connect to the brain, Reich says. \"The brain is thought to be what is called immune-privileged,\" he says. \"It has a different immune system from the rest of the body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Reich was intrigued when he heard a talk in 2015 by \u003ca href=\"https://med.virginia.edu/neuroscience/faculty/primary-faculty/jonathan-kipnis-ph-d/\">Jonathan Kipnis\u003c/a>, who directs the neuroscience department at the University of Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He showed very clearly in this talk that there are lymph vessels in the head, which I had learned in medical school didn't exist,\" Reich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the evidence was in mice. So Reich and a team of scientists used MRI to study the brains of several human volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists injected a special dye into the bloodstream, then watched to see where it went. They focused on the dura mater, the outermost membrane that protects the brain and nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected, the team saw some of the dye leak out of blood vessels in the dura mater. But then they could see that the leaked dye was being collected by different vessels – which is exactly what happens in the lymphatic system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That gave us some evidence that there are vessels here that are behaving different from blood vessels,\" Reich says. \"But we weren't sure that they were lymphatic vessels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be certain, Reich's team spent years perfecting a technique to reveal the lymphatic vessels in the dura mater of brains taken from human cadavers. This allowed the scientists to confirm the presence of these vessels near the surface of the brain. And it strongly suggested that the lymphatic system interacts directly with the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results extend the findings of a landmark \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/18/236211811/brains-sweep-themselves-clean-of-toxins-during-sleep\">study\u003c/a> published in 2013. It found that the brain appears to flush out waste products during sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't clear how these waste products were draining out of the head. Now it appears that at least some of the waste might be exiting through the lymphatic system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain%27s+Link+To+Immune+System+Might+Help+Explain+Alzheimer%27s&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/436054/new-evidence-of-brains-link-to-immune-system","authors":["byline_futureofyou_436054"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_999","futureofyou_56","futureofyou_327","futureofyou_949","futureofyou_59"],"featImg":"futureofyou_436055","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_392902":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_392902","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"392902","score":null,"sort":[1495472448000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-is-your-teenager-acting-so-weird-let-a-neurobiologist-explain","title":"Why is Your Teenager Acting So Weird? Let a Neurobiologist Explain","publishDate":1495472448,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":54,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>As far as the brain is concerned, the teenage years are a world unto themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an eminent neurobiologist and single mother of two teenaged boys, \u003ca href=\"http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g324/p8577612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Frances Jensen\u003c/a> had a front-row seat to the seemingly contradictory behavior that would allow her sons to ace a test at school yet still make lapses in judgment no sensible adult would. She wrote about these experiences, and the underlying biology that led to them, in her new book, co-authored with science journalist Amy Ellis Nutt, \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062067869/the-teenage-brain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Teenage Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Survival Guide to Raising Adolescents and Young Adults\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contradictions Jensen observed occur in part because our brains do not fully mature until we are in our mid- to late-20s, when the frontal lobe, which controls decision-making and risk-taking, develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jensen recently spoke with Michael Krasny, the host of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/05/12/neuroscientist-explores-the-contradictions-of-the-teen-brain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED's Forum radio show\u003c/a>, to explain how parents can better understand the biochemical imperatives that make their teens and young adults so emotional and unpredictable, as well as leaving them more vulnerable to addiction and mental disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some excerpts from Jensen's answers on the show, edited for length and readability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the Unpredictable Behavior of Teens\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teenagers do have frontal lobes, which are the seat of our executive, adult-like functioning like impulse control, judgment and empathy. But the frontal lobes haven’t been connected with fast-acting connections yet. The brain actually connects regions from the back of the brain to the front, so the last place to have these fast-acting connections is the frontal lobe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is another part of the brain that is fully active in adolescents, and that’s the limbic system. And that is the seat of risk, reward, impulsivity, sexual behavior and emotion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they are built to be novelty-seeking at this point in their lives. Their frontal lobe isn’t able to say, \"That’s a bad idea, don’t do that.\" That’s not happening to the extent it will in adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They’re really like Ferraris with weak brakes.’\u003ccite>Neuroscientist Frances Jensen\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But while that is a weakness, there are strengths of the adolescent brain. Each region of the brain is more active in childhood and adolescence than it will be later in life. They are faster learners, they can build synapses faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re really like Ferraris with weak brakes. They’re learning machines, but they can learn good and bad things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teens' Extreme Emotional Reactions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do they react like it’s an international incident when it’s something you consider a completely innocuous event?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Functional imaging studies have looked at children, adolescents and adults who are given the same emotional stressor, and the adolescents will light up the emotional center \u003cem>— \u003c/em>the limbic system \u003cem>— \u003c/em>twice as high as children or adults. So they are uniquely experiencing whatever it is as an international incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we need to remind ourselves that they’re experiencing emotion in Technicolor, whereas we’re experiencing it in black and white. And it makes you understand a bit more why they behave the way they do. Maybe you can count to 10 and not react. Back off and reapproach in a more organized way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teens’ Vulnerability to Addiction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannabis decreases your cells’ ability to build synapses, which you need for learning. And there’s more substrate for the drug to bind to. So for the same dose, it’s hanging around in teen brains to a greater extent \u003cem>— i\u003c/em>t might be around for four days in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that’s on a single-dose basis. And what’s quite concerning is the literature that’s starting to come out about chronic, daily cannabis use. That’s what we’re really concerned about. And there are some concerning studies that say your IQ’s going to drop permanently if you are exposed to chronic, daily cannabis through this adolescent window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to think of this window as a very precious window. You need to mind your brain at this stage of your life, and it will mind you later… that’s what I tell adolescents when I am talking to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They are really playing with fire – the schoolyard pranks of yesteryear that are not the same anymore.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More and more studies are being done, now that it has been realized that the adolescent brain is a specific brain stage. I think parents should make it their business to stay on top of what this research is showing. Your kids are \u003cem>so\u003c/em> not going to do what you say just because you tell them to do it… and if you have a few facts in hand, it can help to make you somewhat more credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Impacts of Social Media \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The building of the teenaged brain hasn’t changed in eons, but what has changed is the environment around our teens. Right now they’re being bombarded by an unprecedented amount of information. And they’re novelty-seeking. And where else are they going to get novelty? It’s all over the internet. We should have a conversation about the age-inappropriate things they can find on the internet, things that might cause stress. And the effects of social media: How does it feed peer pressure behavior?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really a whole new day and they are really playing with fire -– the schoolyard pranks of yesteryear that are not the same anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"a3eifBuzpKzoQPGGSSv1l7enHth4vOZL\"]Teens are better learners, and stressful things will stay in their brains longer. There’s a conversation we have to have with them: How do you gate yourself with social media? Life is about trial and error, and there needs to be an opportunity for them to rehearse mistakes, including mistakes in the social media domain, before they make them themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a way to guide your child to make decisions independently rather than helicoptering over them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On How 'Real' Teenage Love Is \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels very real to the person in that moment. It’s bona fide emotion; it’s just not emotion that’s measured like it will be later in life, where you might say, ‘I’m attracted to this person, but there’s a lot of reasons why this may not be.’ It’s real but just feels unbridled. Teens have superheated limbic systems, so the emotional areas, the sexual incentive areas, are on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Medication is Appropriate \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The onset of mental illness occurs in late teens, early adolescence. Schizophrenia, bipolar, depression, psychosis; they come in this window. And the reason for this is developmental. You need to have your prefrontal cortices at least partially connected in order to have the manifestation of these diseases that you might already have as a genetic predisposition. It’s a biological event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to be aware that one in four people in our society have some form of mental illness, ranging from very mild anxiety to a major affective disorder. And 60 to 80 percent of these people are seeing this happen between the ages of 16 and 26. That is a fact. We need to keep our antennae up to determine: Is this just a moody kid? Or is this mental illness? As a parent, if you think your child is not taking an interest in their appearance, losing their appetite, really becoming more isolated, you need to make sure you’re part of your teen’s life and probe what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dr. Frances Jensen on the teenage brain, in 2015\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9sQNGvveXs&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=PoliticsandProse\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Moody, impulsive, vulnerable -- neuroscientist Frances Jensen says parents could learn a lot about their teens from the biology of the adolescent brain. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1496162398,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1341},"headData":{"title":"Why is Your Teenager Acting So Weird? Let a Neurobiologist Explain | KQED","description":"Moody, impulsive, vulnerable -- neuroscientist Frances Jensen says parents could learn a lot about their teens from the biology of the adolescent brain. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why is Your Teenager Acting So Weird? Let a Neurobiologist Explain","datePublished":"2017-05-22T17:00:48.000Z","dateModified":"2017-05-30T16:39:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"392902 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=392902","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/22/why-is-your-teenager-acting-so-weird-let-a-neurobiologist-explain/","disqusTitle":"Why is Your Teenager Acting So Weird? Let a Neurobiologist Explain","customPermalink":"2017/05/22/teenage-brain/","path":"/futureofyou/392902/why-is-your-teenager-acting-so-weird-let-a-neurobiologist-explain","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As far as the brain is concerned, the teenage years are a world unto themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an eminent neurobiologist and single mother of two teenaged boys, \u003ca href=\"http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g324/p8577612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Frances Jensen\u003c/a> had a front-row seat to the seemingly contradictory behavior that would allow her sons to ace a test at school yet still make lapses in judgment no sensible adult would. She wrote about these experiences, and the underlying biology that led to them, in her new book, co-authored with science journalist Amy Ellis Nutt, \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062067869/the-teenage-brain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Teenage Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Survival Guide to Raising Adolescents and Young Adults\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contradictions Jensen observed occur in part because our brains do not fully mature until we are in our mid- to late-20s, when the frontal lobe, which controls decision-making and risk-taking, develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jensen recently spoke with Michael Krasny, the host of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/05/12/neuroscientist-explores-the-contradictions-of-the-teen-brain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED's Forum radio show\u003c/a>, to explain how parents can better understand the biochemical imperatives that make their teens and young adults so emotional and unpredictable, as well as leaving them more vulnerable to addiction and mental disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some excerpts from Jensen's answers on the show, edited for length and readability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the Unpredictable Behavior of Teens\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teenagers do have frontal lobes, which are the seat of our executive, adult-like functioning like impulse control, judgment and empathy. But the frontal lobes haven’t been connected with fast-acting connections yet. The brain actually connects regions from the back of the brain to the front, so the last place to have these fast-acting connections is the frontal lobe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is another part of the brain that is fully active in adolescents, and that’s the limbic system. And that is the seat of risk, reward, impulsivity, sexual behavior and emotion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they are built to be novelty-seeking at this point in their lives. Their frontal lobe isn’t able to say, \"That’s a bad idea, don’t do that.\" That’s not happening to the extent it will in adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They’re really like Ferraris with weak brakes.’\u003ccite>Neuroscientist Frances Jensen\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But while that is a weakness, there are strengths of the adolescent brain. Each region of the brain is more active in childhood and adolescence than it will be later in life. They are faster learners, they can build synapses faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re really like Ferraris with weak brakes. They’re learning machines, but they can learn good and bad things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teens' Extreme Emotional Reactions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do they react like it’s an international incident when it’s something you consider a completely innocuous event?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Functional imaging studies have looked at children, adolescents and adults who are given the same emotional stressor, and the adolescents will light up the emotional center \u003cem>— \u003c/em>the limbic system \u003cem>— \u003c/em>twice as high as children or adults. So they are uniquely experiencing whatever it is as an international incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we need to remind ourselves that they’re experiencing emotion in Technicolor, whereas we’re experiencing it in black and white. And it makes you understand a bit more why they behave the way they do. Maybe you can count to 10 and not react. Back off and reapproach in a more organized way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teens’ Vulnerability to Addiction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannabis decreases your cells’ ability to build synapses, which you need for learning. And there’s more substrate for the drug to bind to. So for the same dose, it’s hanging around in teen brains to a greater extent \u003cem>— i\u003c/em>t might be around for four days in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that’s on a single-dose basis. And what’s quite concerning is the literature that’s starting to come out about chronic, daily cannabis use. That’s what we’re really concerned about. And there are some concerning studies that say your IQ’s going to drop permanently if you are exposed to chronic, daily cannabis through this adolescent window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to think of this window as a very precious window. You need to mind your brain at this stage of your life, and it will mind you later… that’s what I tell adolescents when I am talking to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They are really playing with fire – the schoolyard pranks of yesteryear that are not the same anymore.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More and more studies are being done, now that it has been realized that the adolescent brain is a specific brain stage. I think parents should make it their business to stay on top of what this research is showing. Your kids are \u003cem>so\u003c/em> not going to do what you say just because you tell them to do it… and if you have a few facts in hand, it can help to make you somewhat more credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Impacts of Social Media \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The building of the teenaged brain hasn’t changed in eons, but what has changed is the environment around our teens. Right now they’re being bombarded by an unprecedented amount of information. And they’re novelty-seeking. And where else are they going to get novelty? It’s all over the internet. We should have a conversation about the age-inappropriate things they can find on the internet, things that might cause stress. And the effects of social media: How does it feed peer pressure behavior?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really a whole new day and they are really playing with fire -– the schoolyard pranks of yesteryear that are not the same anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Teens are better learners, and stressful things will stay in their brains longer. There’s a conversation we have to have with them: How do you gate yourself with social media? Life is about trial and error, and there needs to be an opportunity for them to rehearse mistakes, including mistakes in the social media domain, before they make them themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a way to guide your child to make decisions independently rather than helicoptering over them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On How 'Real' Teenage Love Is \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels very real to the person in that moment. It’s bona fide emotion; it’s just not emotion that’s measured like it will be later in life, where you might say, ‘I’m attracted to this person, but there’s a lot of reasons why this may not be.’ It’s real but just feels unbridled. Teens have superheated limbic systems, so the emotional areas, the sexual incentive areas, are on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Medication is Appropriate \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The onset of mental illness occurs in late teens, early adolescence. Schizophrenia, bipolar, depression, psychosis; they come in this window. And the reason for this is developmental. You need to have your prefrontal cortices at least partially connected in order to have the manifestation of these diseases that you might already have as a genetic predisposition. It’s a biological event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to be aware that one in four people in our society have some form of mental illness, ranging from very mild anxiety to a major affective disorder. And 60 to 80 percent of these people are seeing this happen between the ages of 16 and 26. That is a fact. We need to keep our antennae up to determine: Is this just a moody kid? Or is this mental illness? As a parent, if you think your child is not taking an interest in their appearance, losing their appetite, really becoming more isolated, you need to make sure you’re part of your teen’s life and probe what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dr. Frances Jensen on the teenage brain, in 2015\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/f9sQNGvveXs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/f9sQNGvveXs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/392902/why-is-your-teenager-acting-so-weird-let-a-neurobiologist-explain","authors":["8664"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_828","futureofyou_1279","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_1272","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1273","futureofyou_59","futureofyou_630"],"featImg":"futureofyou_393554","label":"futureofyou_54"},"futureofyou_381011":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_381011","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"381011","score":null,"sort":[1494253815000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-san-francisco-giants-are-zapping-players-brains-with-electricity-will-it-help","title":"The SF Giants Are Zapping Their Brains With Electricity. Will It Help?","publishDate":1494253815,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The San Francisco Giants, with the worst record in the National League, could probably use a shot of electricity about now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, they're already getting a shot of electricity\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About a third of the major league roster, including \"some big-name players,\" are working out while using high-tech headgear that sends a weak electric current to the brain, says Geoff Head, the team's official sports scientist. The technology, called transcranial direct current stimulation, or tDCS, theoretically improves athletic performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So ... which players?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/05/WebTDCS.mp3\" program=\"Listen to the radio version of this story by clicking below\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Head wouldn't name names, but said if the technology showed results by the end of the season, some players would probably go public saying they used it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tyler Beede, at least, is a believer. Watching a promotional video in which the Giants' top pitching prospect hurls pitch after pitch while wearing a set of headphones, you'd think he was listening to tunes. But he's not -- instead, he's getting the juice, tDCS-style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very unique feeling,\" Beede explains in the video. \"You put it on, and it does have that kind of tickling, zapping feeling on your brain, but that’s kind of the reason you know its working.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beede, currently playing for the Giants' Sacramento AAA team, credits his \u003ca href=\"http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=595881#/career/R/pitching/2017/ALL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">improved pitching\u003c/a> in 2016 at least in part to the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tech Central\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The headphones, from Halo Neuroscience, are just the latest health tech the team has sampled. Being in San Francisco, digital health startups frequently approach the club in hopes of getting a major league tryout, and Halo is located just blocks from the Giants' AT&T Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_385549\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-385549\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-1020x1275.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-1020x1275.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-768x960.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-1920x2400.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-1180x1475.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-960x1200.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-240x300.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-375x469.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-520x650.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sacramento River Cats catcher Austin Slater giving his brain a little electrical juice. \u003ccite>(Halo Neuroscience)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Head says his role as sports scientist is to \"weed through\" a lot of the gadgets that companies send the team's way. Plenty of them, says Head, \"overpromise and underdeliver.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Head decided to try the headset, called Halo Sport, during spring training last year\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—he gave them to s\u003c/span>ome minor leaguers to wear as they sprinted 20-yard dashes. After two weeks, Head analyzed the results and found that the players who wore the equipment had\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>shaved off a few one-hundredths of a second compared to a control group.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the promotional video, Beede says, \"Your brain just becomes so in tune with what you’ve been doing that it can memorize your movements to help you go to that next level.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Motor Cortex\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using Halo's headset is kind of like plugging your brain into a 9-volt battery\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> giving your neurons a little extra jolt and priming them for action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Brain stimulation has been around since recorded history. They used to use electric fish to help migraines or gout or some other problems in ancient Egypt.’ \u003ccite>Theodore Zanto, UCSF neuroscientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The earphones are actually just for show, allowing the wearer to use the technology \"without necessarily displaying it to the world,\" a spokesperson for Halo said. The electrodes in the $750 headset are hidden inside the band that connects the earphones. The electrodes target the motor cortex, which is the region of the brain located across the top of your head, spanning ear to ear. The motor cortex sends electrical signals from your neurons to targeted groups of muscle fibers, causing them to contract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People like to say that electricity is the currency of the brain and that in many ways the brain is a circuit,\" says Marom Bikson, a professor of biomedical engineering at City College of New York. \"So when we apply electricity to the brain, we interact with that circuit, and we can change how that circuit works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theodore Zanto, director of the Neuroscape Neuroscience Research Program at UCSF, thinks applying electricity to the motor cortex enables it to \"trigger the 'execute movement' signal faster,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiring the brain received a pretty bad rap last century when \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/electroconvulsive-therapy/basics/definition/prc-20014161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">electroconvulsive therapy \u003c/a>was used to deliberately induce brain seizures in order to treat mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tDCS uses a very low-voltage electrical charge\u003cb>. \u003c/b>Researchers say the major concerns are minor burns, itching, fatigue and nausea. Most of the known injuries have occurred in the the do-it-yourself community, from people who constructed homemade tDCS headsets after watching YouTube tutorials.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jury's Still Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though companies like \u003ca href=\"https://www.haloneuro.com/\">Halo\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thync.com/\">Thync\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.foc.us/edge-tdcs-headset\">Focus\u003c/a> promise their brain-boosting headsets will reduce fatigue, sharpen focus and improve muscle endurance, experts are cautious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a thousand peer-reviewed studies have looked at how a mild brain jolt from electricity improves everything from \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17614951\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">physical actions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">memory\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160414095949.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">creativity\u003c/a>, and the results are highly inconsistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the reasons why we believe the effects are highly variable is because everyone has slightly different thicknesses of scalp, thicknesses of skull, different amounts of cerebrospinal fluid, and that’s what the current has to travel through before it even gets to the brain,\" says Zanto. He also says age, gender, ethnicity and illness can influence results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bikson says marketing claims about tDCS often exaggerate the results from lab studies. For example, researchers may measure how fast someone can press a sensor with their finger before and after wearing a tDCS device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And we may see a positive effect,\" says Bikson. \"But that is a world away, though, from a professional basketball player having a marginal improvement in their three-point success percentage after tDCS.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though a lot of the data is conflicting, the most positive results do support using tDCS to improve motor control. Hence the slew of startups targeting athletes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Giants' Head says even a tiny advantage can help win games at the major league level. An improvement of two-hundredths of a second can be \"the difference between safe and out sometimes,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'This is My Brain on Fire'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_383008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-383008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/IMG_1879-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">World record holding powerlifter Emily Hu wears Halo Sport headphones while she warms up at Boss Barbell gym in Mountain View. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a Mountain View gym recently, Emily Hu, a world record holder in power lifting, tightened her silent black Halo headphones before sliding underneath a bar to bench press 220 pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I feel the tingling sensation I think, ‘OK. This is my brain on fire,\" says Hu. \"Let’s go!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a year ago she tried stimulating her brain for the first time, while doing squats. Usually she adds just a few pounds to the bar between workouts, but the week she tried tDCS she was able to add nine, peaking at 295 pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people say, 'You know that could have been a fluke because that was only one data point,' \" says Hu. \" But for me it was a positive enough change that I thought, 'Well, I am going to stick with this device.' ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though Hu hasn’t seen the same kind of improvement every week, she wears the headphones routinely while warming up. “I think it gives me a false sense of confidence to feel the device work,” she says, grinning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here to Stay?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither Zanto nor Bikson, both academics, are popping tDCS devices onto their own heads -- not to improve athletic performance, anyway. But they both predict the technology is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Brain stimulation has been around since recorded history,\" says Zanto. \"They used to use electric fish to help migraines or gout or some other problems in ancient Egypt.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the hype around tDCS inspires a lot of new questions. What are the long-term effects of wiring your brain daily? When you zap one part of the brain, are you influencing another region unknowingly, maybe even destructively?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And might using tDCS one day be considered a form of cheating?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe years from now we’ll look back at what we’re doing today and we’ll just say to ourselves we really were just feeling around in the dark,\" says Zanto.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An increasing number of professional athletes are stimulating their brains electrically to gain a competitive edge. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520293616,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":1408},"headData":{"title":"The SF Giants Are Zapping Their Brains With Electricity. Will It Help? | KQED","description":"An increasing number of professional athletes are stimulating their brains electrically to gain a competitive edge. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The SF Giants Are Zapping Their Brains With Electricity. Will It Help?","datePublished":"2017-05-08T14:30:15.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-05T23:46:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"381011 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=381011","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/08/the-san-francisco-giants-are-zapping-players-brains-with-electricity-will-it-help/","disqusTitle":"The SF Giants Are Zapping Their Brains With Electricity. Will It Help?","source":"KQED Future of You","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/05/WebTDCS.mp3","customPermalink":"2017/05/05/san-francisco-giants-brain-electricity/","path":"/futureofyou/381011/the-san-francisco-giants-are-zapping-players-brains-with-electricity-will-it-help","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The San Francisco Giants, with the worst record in the National League, could probably use a shot of electricity about now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, they're already getting a shot of electricity\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About a third of the major league roster, including \"some big-name players,\" are working out while using high-tech headgear that sends a weak electric current to the brain, says Geoff Head, the team's official sports scientist. The technology, called transcranial direct current stimulation, or tDCS, theoretically improves athletic performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So ... which players?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/05/WebTDCS.mp3","program":"Listen to the radio version of this story by clicking below","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Head wouldn't name names, but said if the technology showed results by the end of the season, some players would probably go public saying they used it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tyler Beede, at least, is a believer. Watching a promotional video in which the Giants' top pitching prospect hurls pitch after pitch while wearing a set of headphones, you'd think he was listening to tunes. But he's not -- instead, he's getting the juice, tDCS-style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very unique feeling,\" Beede explains in the video. \"You put it on, and it does have that kind of tickling, zapping feeling on your brain, but that’s kind of the reason you know its working.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beede, currently playing for the Giants' Sacramento AAA team, credits his \u003ca href=\"http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=595881#/career/R/pitching/2017/ALL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">improved pitching\u003c/a> in 2016 at least in part to the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tech Central\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The headphones, from Halo Neuroscience, are just the latest health tech the team has sampled. Being in San Francisco, digital health startups frequently approach the club in hopes of getting a major league tryout, and Halo is located just blocks from the Giants' AT&T Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_385549\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-385549\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-1020x1275.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-1020x1275.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-768x960.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-1920x2400.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-1180x1475.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-960x1200.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-240x300.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-375x469.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/AustinSlaterCatching-520x650.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sacramento River Cats catcher Austin Slater giving his brain a little electrical juice. \u003ccite>(Halo Neuroscience)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Head says his role as sports scientist is to \"weed through\" a lot of the gadgets that companies send the team's way. Plenty of them, says Head, \"overpromise and underdeliver.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Head decided to try the headset, called Halo Sport, during spring training last year\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—he gave them to s\u003c/span>ome minor leaguers to wear as they sprinted 20-yard dashes. After two weeks, Head analyzed the results and found that the players who wore the equipment had\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>shaved off a few one-hundredths of a second compared to a control group.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the promotional video, Beede says, \"Your brain just becomes so in tune with what you’ve been doing that it can memorize your movements to help you go to that next level.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Motor Cortex\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using Halo's headset is kind of like plugging your brain into a 9-volt battery\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> giving your neurons a little extra jolt and priming them for action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Brain stimulation has been around since recorded history. They used to use electric fish to help migraines or gout or some other problems in ancient Egypt.’ \u003ccite>Theodore Zanto, UCSF neuroscientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The earphones are actually just for show, allowing the wearer to use the technology \"without necessarily displaying it to the world,\" a spokesperson for Halo said. The electrodes in the $750 headset are hidden inside the band that connects the earphones. The electrodes target the motor cortex, which is the region of the brain located across the top of your head, spanning ear to ear. The motor cortex sends electrical signals from your neurons to targeted groups of muscle fibers, causing them to contract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People like to say that electricity is the currency of the brain and that in many ways the brain is a circuit,\" says Marom Bikson, a professor of biomedical engineering at City College of New York. \"So when we apply electricity to the brain, we interact with that circuit, and we can change how that circuit works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theodore Zanto, director of the Neuroscape Neuroscience Research Program at UCSF, thinks applying electricity to the motor cortex enables it to \"trigger the 'execute movement' signal faster,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiring the brain received a pretty bad rap last century when \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/electroconvulsive-therapy/basics/definition/prc-20014161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">electroconvulsive therapy \u003c/a>was used to deliberately induce brain seizures in order to treat mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tDCS uses a very low-voltage electrical charge\u003cb>. \u003c/b>Researchers say the major concerns are minor burns, itching, fatigue and nausea. Most of the known injuries have occurred in the the do-it-yourself community, from people who constructed homemade tDCS headsets after watching YouTube tutorials.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jury's Still Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though companies like \u003ca href=\"https://www.haloneuro.com/\">Halo\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thync.com/\">Thync\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.foc.us/edge-tdcs-headset\">Focus\u003c/a> promise their brain-boosting headsets will reduce fatigue, sharpen focus and improve muscle endurance, experts are cautious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a thousand peer-reviewed studies have looked at how a mild brain jolt from electricity improves everything from \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17614951\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">physical actions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">memory\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160414095949.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">creativity\u003c/a>, and the results are highly inconsistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the reasons why we believe the effects are highly variable is because everyone has slightly different thicknesses of scalp, thicknesses of skull, different amounts of cerebrospinal fluid, and that’s what the current has to travel through before it even gets to the brain,\" says Zanto. He also says age, gender, ethnicity and illness can influence results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bikson says marketing claims about tDCS often exaggerate the results from lab studies. For example, researchers may measure how fast someone can press a sensor with their finger before and after wearing a tDCS device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And we may see a positive effect,\" says Bikson. \"But that is a world away, though, from a professional basketball player having a marginal improvement in their three-point success percentage after tDCS.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though a lot of the data is conflicting, the most positive results do support using tDCS to improve motor control. Hence the slew of startups targeting athletes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Giants' Head says even a tiny advantage can help win games at the major league level. An improvement of two-hundredths of a second can be \"the difference between safe and out sometimes,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'This is My Brain on Fire'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_383008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-383008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/IMG_1879-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">World record holding powerlifter Emily Hu wears Halo Sport headphones while she warms up at Boss Barbell gym in Mountain View. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a Mountain View gym recently, Emily Hu, a world record holder in power lifting, tightened her silent black Halo headphones before sliding underneath a bar to bench press 220 pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I feel the tingling sensation I think, ‘OK. This is my brain on fire,\" says Hu. \"Let’s go!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a year ago she tried stimulating her brain for the first time, while doing squats. Usually she adds just a few pounds to the bar between workouts, but the week she tried tDCS she was able to add nine, peaking at 295 pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people say, 'You know that could have been a fluke because that was only one data point,' \" says Hu. \" But for me it was a positive enough change that I thought, 'Well, I am going to stick with this device.' ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though Hu hasn’t seen the same kind of improvement every week, she wears the headphones routinely while warming up. “I think it gives me a false sense of confidence to feel the device work,” she says, grinning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here to Stay?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither Zanto nor Bikson, both academics, are popping tDCS devices onto their own heads -- not to improve athletic performance, anyway. But they both predict the technology is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Brain stimulation has been around since recorded history,\" says Zanto. \"They used to use electric fish to help migraines or gout or some other problems in ancient Egypt.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the hype around tDCS inspires a lot of new questions. What are the long-term effects of wiring your brain daily? When you zap one part of the brain, are you influencing another region unknowingly, maybe even destructively?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And might using tDCS one day be considered a form of cheating?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe years from now we’ll look back at what we’re doing today and we’ll just say to ourselves we really were just feeling around in the dark,\" says Zanto.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/381011/the-san-francisco-giants-are-zapping-players-brains-with-electricity-will-it-help","authors":["11229"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_1262","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_848","futureofyou_59","futureofyou_1261","futureofyou_1163"],"featImg":"futureofyou_385517","label":"source_futureofyou_381011"},"futureofyou_366169":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_366169","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"366169","score":null,"sort":[1491494448000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"this-video-game-helped-some-kids-overcome-attention-problems","title":"This Video Game Helped Some Kids Overcome Attention Problems","publishDate":1491494448,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Katherine Stevenson was 8 when she joined a UCSF study to test the effects of a video game on kids like her with \u003ca href=\"https://www.spdstar.org/basic/about-spd\" target=\"_blank\">sensory processing dysfunction\u003c/a>, or SPD, a collection of symptoms where the brain has trouble filtering incoming information -- like sounds and instructions -- in organized, focused ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine is a happy, outgoing child with a high overall IQ, but her cognitive speed (relating to response and performance) is low in comparison to her critical thinking. Her main challenge is an auditory processing disorder that makes it hard for her to screen out certain sounds, because she hears them all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded,\" says her mom, Kori Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded.'\u003ccite>Parent Kori Stevenson on her daughter's sensory processing dysfunction, or SPD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study, spearheaded in 2014 by two Department of Neurology professors, brought Katherine and 62 other elementary school kids (38 with SPD and 25 with typical development patterns) into a lab where an EEG machine tracked their brain activity while they followed computer prompts designed to measure their ability to focus and multitask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the real work began. The kids brought home iPads loaded with a special software designed to target and improve problems with thinking, reacting, and performing tasks. Twice a day, five days a week for a month, the kids spent 30 minutes maneuvering a cartoonish 3-D figure along a moving pathway without hitting the walls -- tilting, swiping and jabbing the iPad as the game made all kinds of sounds and other potential distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were times that it was really hard to for her,\" says Stevenson. \"There were some days when she breezed through and other days, she was in tears.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the month was over, and the kids were retested, Katherine's performance had improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Her ability to focus was a little bit better. And she wasn’t as fatigued at the end of the day. Her ability to multitask improved,\" says Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine's experience was not unique. The UCSF study, \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172616\" target=\"_blank\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal PLOS ONE, showed that while the iPad home training program benefited all the kids who participated to some extent, the results were even better for seven children (including Katherine), a subset of the 38 SPD children with symptoms of ADHD. This group dramatically overcame these issues, at least temporarily, after just a month of video play. Nine months later, those children had so improved (based on their parents' feedback) that they would no longer meet the clinical standard for symptoms of ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Underserved Group\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video games designed for kids with ADHD have received the most press. But for this study, UCSF Neurology professors Joaquin Anguera and Elyse Marco wanted to focus on an underserved group that doesn't get as much attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some brain training studies specifically target people with ADHD with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/21/a-tech-start-up-making-a-play-for-billions-in-adhd-drug-market.html\">gaming products\u003c/a> -- a market ripe for profit, if it can be shown that such products really work. But \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/joaquin.anguera\">Anguera\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://anp.ucsf.edu/aboutus/faculty/emarco\">Marco\u003c/a> wanted to work with children with sensory processing dysfunction, a group Marco got to know through her pediatric clinical practice at UCSF. If you're not familiar with SPD, you're not alone. The disorder is thought to affect 5 percent of all U.S. children, but it's a poorly studied group. Symptoms vary widely, from children like Katherine Stevenson with auditory processing issues to something closer to autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. As such, it is often misdiagnosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_366979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-366979\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg\" alt=\"A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software.\" width=\"800\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-160x113.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-768x541.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-1020x719.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-960x677.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-240x169.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-375x264.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-520x366.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO.jpg 1084w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software. \u003ccite>(Akili Interactive Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The results\u003cem> \u003c/em>of the UCSF study challenge the notion that prolonged exposure to video games, iPads and other interactive technology turns toddlers into strung-out youngsters with an \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/adhd/adhd-associated-video-game-addiction\">ADHD-like inability to focus on tasks\u003c/a> and get things done to completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A preponderance of studies suggest that all that screen time \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/19/502610055/heavy-screen-time-rewires-young-brains-for-better-and-worse\">\u003cem>does\u003c/em> re-wire the brain\u003c/a>. But that may not be a bad thing -- especially for kids like Katherine, who can benefit from learning how to focus on a single goal-based task and block out any other distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable,\" says Anguera, lead author of the study. The results showed some parallels to his\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005416\"> much-publicized 2013 \u003c/a>study where a different 3-D video game called Neuroracer trained seniors to multitask better than a group of 20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond the Hype\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the new study only included 63 kids, it was meant as more of a proof of concept experiment than a study meant to offer clinical conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive scientists bristle at suggestions that any of the newfangled cognitive training programs on the market can work for everyone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cogmed.com/who-is-cogmed-for\">Cogmed \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, for example, target both children and adults with claims of improving attention and processing speed. The most common word experts use to describe them is \"exaggerated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Laura Carstensen, founding director of the \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Center on Longevity\u003c/a>, is one of the skeptics. “Can you improve your brain so that it’s faster, more adept, more vital?,\" she told KQED in 2010. \"That’s what the claims are, and I don’t think there’s really any evidence for that.\" In 2014, 73 experts signed an open letter (since taken offline) \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/oct/23/brain-games-memory-loss-open-letter\">warning about\u003c/a> companies exploiting consumers with such claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera is the first to agree. \"You have all these problematic 'brain training' things, and it's fraught with snake oil,\" he says. \"There haven’t been very many studies that have shown any kind of difference, that it does work.\" [contextly_sidebar id=\"8fVx8JR3VjF4j4i929dImiQCARfor4l2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main takeaway from this study, according to Anguera, is how well it demonstrates the need for personalized assessment before offering kids the brain-training programs of tomorrow. One size does not fit all; look at the fact that only a small subset of the study participants with SPD -- the cohort of SPD kids with hyperactivity or attention struggles -- showed long-term benefit from the video game training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really gives us a perspective. If you’re going to use these types of technologies to improve people's attention, you need to be putting thought into it. Not everyone needs the same type of intervention, and the same types of intervention won't work for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, Anguera has confidence that the improvements his team observed were genuine, based on the fact that they were assessed with three different metrics: behavioral testing in the lab, parent surveys, and the use of EEG devices to measure brain waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera's team was particularly intrigued to watch a part of the pre-frontal lobe \"light up\" during EEG scans. It's the part of the brain that drives goal-directed activities, and researchers saw how much more responsive it became after kids had spent a month playing with the iPad. Scientists suspect that in kids with ADHD-like symptoms, the cognitive circuits at the front of the brain are not firing at the right time or they’re not firing enough, according to Anguera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don't know exactly how, but it appears that \"pushing\" on, or repeatedly using, these circuits of attention strengthens them, like bicep training at the gym.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s very few of these cognitive training studies – maybe none – that show a signature that correlates with behavior on some test of attention and shows what’s happening,\" says Anguera. \"That's what makes this unique.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable.'\u003ccite>Dr. Joaquin Anguera, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study used an iPad game called Project: EVO. In 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akiliinteractive.com/\">Akili Interactive Labs\u003c/a>, the software developer, used it to \u003ca href=\"https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/video-game-is-built-to-be-prescribed-to-children-with-a-d-h-d/?_r=0\">measure the effects on a small group of children\u003c/a> with ADHD and a control group. The study found that, after playing the game five days a week for a month, the children with ADHD showed significant improvement and the control group did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akili Interactive is now \u003ca href=\"http://nationaladhdstudy.com/\">testing their software \u003c/a>on hundreds of ADHD children at 13 study sites across the U.S. and aims to be first FDA-approved ADHD videogame\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/08/10/430149726/will-doctors-soon-be-prescribing-video-games-for-mental-health\"> doctors prescribe to parents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"UCSF researchers tested software on children who have trouble focusing and processing sensory information.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1491589557,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1409},"headData":{"title":"This Video Game Helped Some Kids Overcome Attention Problems | KQED","description":"UCSF researchers tested software on children who have trouble focusing and processing sensory information.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"This Video Game Helped Some Kids Overcome Attention Problems","datePublished":"2017-04-06T16:00:48.000Z","dateModified":"2017-04-07T18:25:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"366169 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=366169","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/06/this-video-game-helped-some-kids-overcome-attention-problems/","disqusTitle":"This Video Game Helped Some Kids Overcome Attention Problems","source":"KQED Future of You","path":"/futureofyou/366169/this-video-game-helped-some-kids-overcome-attention-problems","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Katherine Stevenson was 8 when she joined a UCSF study to test the effects of a video game on kids like her with \u003ca href=\"https://www.spdstar.org/basic/about-spd\" target=\"_blank\">sensory processing dysfunction\u003c/a>, or SPD, a collection of symptoms where the brain has trouble filtering incoming information -- like sounds and instructions -- in organized, focused ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine is a happy, outgoing child with a high overall IQ, but her cognitive speed (relating to response and performance) is low in comparison to her critical thinking. Her main challenge is an auditory processing disorder that makes it hard for her to screen out certain sounds, because she hears them all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded,\" says her mom, Kori Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded.'\u003ccite>Parent Kori Stevenson on her daughter's sensory processing dysfunction, or SPD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study, spearheaded in 2014 by two Department of Neurology professors, brought Katherine and 62 other elementary school kids (38 with SPD and 25 with typical development patterns) into a lab where an EEG machine tracked their brain activity while they followed computer prompts designed to measure their ability to focus and multitask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the real work began. The kids brought home iPads loaded with a special software designed to target and improve problems with thinking, reacting, and performing tasks. Twice a day, five days a week for a month, the kids spent 30 minutes maneuvering a cartoonish 3-D figure along a moving pathway without hitting the walls -- tilting, swiping and jabbing the iPad as the game made all kinds of sounds and other potential distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were times that it was really hard to for her,\" says Stevenson. \"There were some days when she breezed through and other days, she was in tears.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the month was over, and the kids were retested, Katherine's performance had improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Her ability to focus was a little bit better. And she wasn’t as fatigued at the end of the day. Her ability to multitask improved,\" says Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine's experience was not unique. The UCSF study, \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172616\" target=\"_blank\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal PLOS ONE, showed that while the iPad home training program benefited all the kids who participated to some extent, the results were even better for seven children (including Katherine), a subset of the 38 SPD children with symptoms of ADHD. This group dramatically overcame these issues, at least temporarily, after just a month of video play. Nine months later, those children had so improved (based on their parents' feedback) that they would no longer meet the clinical standard for symptoms of ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Underserved Group\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video games designed for kids with ADHD have received the most press. But for this study, UCSF Neurology professors Joaquin Anguera and Elyse Marco wanted to focus on an underserved group that doesn't get as much attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some brain training studies specifically target people with ADHD with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/21/a-tech-start-up-making-a-play-for-billions-in-adhd-drug-market.html\">gaming products\u003c/a> -- a market ripe for profit, if it can be shown that such products really work. But \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/joaquin.anguera\">Anguera\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://anp.ucsf.edu/aboutus/faculty/emarco\">Marco\u003c/a> wanted to work with children with sensory processing dysfunction, a group Marco got to know through her pediatric clinical practice at UCSF. If you're not familiar with SPD, you're not alone. The disorder is thought to affect 5 percent of all U.S. children, but it's a poorly studied group. Symptoms vary widely, from children like Katherine Stevenson with auditory processing issues to something closer to autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. As such, it is often misdiagnosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_366979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-366979\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg\" alt=\"A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software.\" width=\"800\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-160x113.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-768x541.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-1020x719.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-960x677.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-240x169.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-375x264.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-520x366.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO.jpg 1084w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software. \u003ccite>(Akili Interactive Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The results\u003cem> \u003c/em>of the UCSF study challenge the notion that prolonged exposure to video games, iPads and other interactive technology turns toddlers into strung-out youngsters with an \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/adhd/adhd-associated-video-game-addiction\">ADHD-like inability to focus on tasks\u003c/a> and get things done to completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A preponderance of studies suggest that all that screen time \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/19/502610055/heavy-screen-time-rewires-young-brains-for-better-and-worse\">\u003cem>does\u003c/em> re-wire the brain\u003c/a>. But that may not be a bad thing -- especially for kids like Katherine, who can benefit from learning how to focus on a single goal-based task and block out any other distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable,\" says Anguera, lead author of the study. The results showed some parallels to his\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005416\"> much-publicized 2013 \u003c/a>study where a different 3-D video game called Neuroracer trained seniors to multitask better than a group of 20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond the Hype\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the new study only included 63 kids, it was meant as more of a proof of concept experiment than a study meant to offer clinical conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive scientists bristle at suggestions that any of the newfangled cognitive training programs on the market can work for everyone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cogmed.com/who-is-cogmed-for\">Cogmed \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, for example, target both children and adults with claims of improving attention and processing speed. The most common word experts use to describe them is \"exaggerated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Laura Carstensen, founding director of the \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Center on Longevity\u003c/a>, is one of the skeptics. “Can you improve your brain so that it’s faster, more adept, more vital?,\" she told KQED in 2010. \"That’s what the claims are, and I don’t think there’s really any evidence for that.\" In 2014, 73 experts signed an open letter (since taken offline) \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/oct/23/brain-games-memory-loss-open-letter\">warning about\u003c/a> companies exploiting consumers with such claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera is the first to agree. \"You have all these problematic 'brain training' things, and it's fraught with snake oil,\" he says. \"There haven’t been very many studies that have shown any kind of difference, that it does work.\" \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main takeaway from this study, according to Anguera, is how well it demonstrates the need for personalized assessment before offering kids the brain-training programs of tomorrow. One size does not fit all; look at the fact that only a small subset of the study participants with SPD -- the cohort of SPD kids with hyperactivity or attention struggles -- showed long-term benefit from the video game training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really gives us a perspective. If you’re going to use these types of technologies to improve people's attention, you need to be putting thought into it. Not everyone needs the same type of intervention, and the same types of intervention won't work for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, Anguera has confidence that the improvements his team observed were genuine, based on the fact that they were assessed with three different metrics: behavioral testing in the lab, parent surveys, and the use of EEG devices to measure brain waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera's team was particularly intrigued to watch a part of the pre-frontal lobe \"light up\" during EEG scans. It's the part of the brain that drives goal-directed activities, and researchers saw how much more responsive it became after kids had spent a month playing with the iPad. Scientists suspect that in kids with ADHD-like symptoms, the cognitive circuits at the front of the brain are not firing at the right time or they’re not firing enough, according to Anguera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don't know exactly how, but it appears that \"pushing\" on, or repeatedly using, these circuits of attention strengthens them, like bicep training at the gym.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s very few of these cognitive training studies – maybe none – that show a signature that correlates with behavior on some test of attention and shows what’s happening,\" says Anguera. \"That's what makes this unique.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable.'\u003ccite>Dr. Joaquin Anguera, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study used an iPad game called Project: EVO. In 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akiliinteractive.com/\">Akili Interactive Labs\u003c/a>, the software developer, used it to \u003ca href=\"https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/video-game-is-built-to-be-prescribed-to-children-with-a-d-h-d/?_r=0\">measure the effects on a small group of children\u003c/a> with ADHD and a control group. The study found that, after playing the game five days a week for a month, the children with ADHD showed significant improvement and the control group did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akili Interactive is now \u003ca href=\"http://nationaladhdstudy.com/\">testing their software \u003c/a>on hundreds of ADHD children at 13 study sites across the U.S. and aims to be first FDA-approved ADHD videogame\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/08/10/430149726/will-doctors-soon-be-prescribing-video-games-for-mental-health\"> doctors prescribe to parents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/366169/this-video-game-helped-some-kids-overcome-attention-problems","authors":["8664"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_161","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_59","futureofyou_1237","futureofyou_1236","futureofyou_113","futureofyou_162"],"collections":["futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_366987","label":"source_futureofyou_366169"},"futureofyou_351156":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_351156","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"351156","score":null,"sort":[1489414827000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"you-too-can-learn-super-memory-apparently","title":"You Too Can Learn Super Memory, Apparently","publishDate":1489414827,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>There is such a thing as a memory athlete. These are people who can memorize a truly insane amount of information really quickly, like the order of playing cards in a deck in under 20 seconds, or 200 new names and faces in a matter of minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(17)30087-9\">writing\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> found these champs of memorization aren't that different from the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Subjects given memory training performed significantly better on memory tests compared to a control group.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We were interested in what differentiates memory champions from normal people, like you and me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ru.nl/english/people/dresler-m/\">Martin Dresler\u003c/a>, a cognitive neuroscientist at the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior at Radboud University in the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were parts of their brains bigger, for example, or more dense with gray matter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, Dresler and \u003ca href=\"http://memory-sports.com/champion/boris-nikolai-konrad/\">Boris Nikolai Konrad\u003c/a> — a doctoral student in Dresler's lab who happens to be a memory champion himself — rounded up nearly two dozen champs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We really took the world's best memorizers — 23 memory champions out of the top 50 of the world. You wouldn't find anywhere in the world people more capable of memorizing stuff than them,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did MRI scans of their brains, to take a look at the anatomy.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they scanned the brains of 23 regular people who were matched in age, gender and even IQ to the memory athletes. When Dresler and his colleagues compared the brain scans, they found no difference. At least, no big, obvious difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was actually really a bit surprising,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, when Dresler and his colleagues did functional MRI scans, which measure brain activity by looking at how much blood is going to specific portions of it, they did see a subtle difference in brain activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When memory athletes were asked to recite a long list of memorized words, some portions of brain were activating in unison — making 25 connections that seemed particularly significant among different parts of the brain. The scientists didn't see that sort of unified activity in the brains of the regular subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, parts of the brain associated with memory and with spatial learning seemed to be interacting a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes sense, when you consider the tricks these athletes had learned to use when they memorize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They weren't born with extraordinary memorization skills. They had all learned and practiced the same kind of training to develop their seemingly superhuman abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Methods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Konrad, the memorizing whiz in Dresler's lab who is also a co-author of the study, started using the memory strategy as a hobby in high school, after watching memory championships on TV. He holds the world record for memorizing faces and names — 201 people in 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I use my visual memory,\" says Konrad. If he's trying to remember a person called Miller, he says, \"I would picture this person looking at a mill, maybe during a vacation in the Netherlands.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more abstract memory challenges, like memorizing the exact order of hundreds of digits, he'll build memory palaces. It's a method that's been around since the Greeks and is covered extensively in the book \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/moonwalking-with-einstein/\">\u003cem>Moonwalking With Einstein\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by journalist \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/\">Joshua Foer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It works by recalling a building or place that is very familiar and charting a mental path through that building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The very first one I ever did was in the home of my parents, where I still lived back then when I was still in high school,\" says Konrad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he memorizes an order of walking through that house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would start in my room,\" he says. The first location would be my bed, and the second one would be the shelf above my bed; then it's my desk, the computer on it, the window, the mirror and so on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To memorize abstract information, like a list of numbers, he would translate numbers into images and then distribute them along the mental path through his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, to memorize my phone number, which starts with \"1202,\" Konrad transforms pairs of numbers into images, using something called the \u003ca href=\"http://major-system.info/en/\">Major System\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination \"1-2,\" for example, brings to mind (for him) a dinosaur, Konrad says. \"So I would then picture a dinosaur standing on my bed,\" says Konrad. \"It's a weird image. That's why it sticks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then, 0-2 would be a sun. So, I would picture the sun illuminating the shelf over my bed,\" he says. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Training Succeeds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second part of their study, Konrad and Dresler recruited 51 university students, and had one third of them do memory palace training for six weeks — once a week in person with Konrad, and half an hour a day at home on the computer. (If you want to give it whirl, \u003ca href=\"https://memocamp.com/\">here you go\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another group did a different kind of memory training, and the last group did nothing special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they were brought into the lab and were asked to memorize a list of words, like \"night, car, yardstick,\" and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used functional MRI machines to scan the brains of subjects as they rested, and again as they recited the list of words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the group that did memory palace training, Konrad, Dresler and their colleagues found that the volunteers' brain activity had changed to become more like that of the champions of memorization. This was the case when they were reciting numbers, but also when they were at rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We showed that, indeed, the brain is somehow driven into the patterns you see in memory champions,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subjects came back into the lab four months after training and got a new list of words to memorize. The ones who had done memory palace training did really well compared to the others, and their brains were still connecting in that new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not only during a task, but even in the complete absence of any memory-related activity, we see this effect — that memory champions differ from matched controls, and that after memory training your brain shows similar patterns,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are very few actual studies of people with remarkably superior memory who compete in these memory contests. This is by far the largest,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/roediger.html\">Roddy Roediger\u003c/a>, a psychologist with Washington University in St Louis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roediger has studied people with exceptional memory for a long time. He says people knew that something different had to be going on inside the brains of these people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These people are the first to really uncover what that something may be,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But Wait: The Fine Print\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this method of memory training is not the key to unlocking intelligence. In fact, it doesn't even seem to be the key to unlocking overall memory capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Roediger knows a man capable of playing dozens of games of chess at the same time, while blindfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He had never heard of memory palaces,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also people who have memorized the Bible in its entirety and can recite portions of it on demand. And there are others who have a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/starklab/highly-superior-autobiographical-memory/\">Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory\u003c/a>, where they remember every day of their lives in sometimes excruciating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet, when you put them in memory tasks that memory competitors can do very easily, they can't do them any easier than you or I could,\" says Roediger. \"So that's a real mystery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same limitations apply to people who have trained their memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, for example, you ask the chess player or a Bible memorizer to remember a long list of words, says Roediger, \"None of them can do that.\" Their techniques are specific to their tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, he says, intense memory training doesn't cure everyday forgetfulness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They forget the milk on the way home from work just like we do,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boris Nikolai Konrad says it's been years since he forgot something on his grocery list. But every now and then he \u003cem>does\u003c/em> slip up with someone's name — and that's a moment people don't let him forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Maybe+You%2C+Too%2C+Could+Become+A+Super+Memorizer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After six weeks of training, people could memorize twice as much, as some areas of their brains began communicating in ways that looked a lot like what happens inside the heads of memory champions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1489419541,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":51,"wordCount":1385},"headData":{"title":"You Too Can Learn Super Memory, Apparently | KQED","description":"After six weeks of training, people could memorize twice as much, as some areas of their brains began communicating in ways that looked a lot like what happens inside the heads of memory champions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"You Too Can Learn Super Memory, Apparently","datePublished":"2017-03-13T14:20:27.000Z","dateModified":"2017-03-13T15:39:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"351156 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=351156","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/you-too-can-learn-super-memory-apparently/","disqusTitle":"You Too Can Learn Super Memory, Apparently","customPermalink":"2017/03/08/you-too-can-learn-super-memory-apparently/","nprImageCredit":"Carolyn Cole","nprByline":"Rae Ellen Bichell\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"LA Times via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"518815297","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=518815297&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/08/518815297/maybe-you-too-could-become-a-super-memorizer?ft=nprml&f=518815297","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 08 Mar 2017 17:26:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 08 Mar 2017 16:03:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 08 Mar 2017 17:24:49 -0500","path":"/futureofyou/351156/you-too-can-learn-super-memory-apparently","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is such a thing as a memory athlete. These are people who can memorize a truly insane amount of information really quickly, like the order of playing cards in a deck in under 20 seconds, or 200 new names and faces in a matter of minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(17)30087-9\">writing\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> found these champs of memorization aren't that different from the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Subjects given memory training performed significantly better on memory tests compared to a control group.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We were interested in what differentiates memory champions from normal people, like you and me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ru.nl/english/people/dresler-m/\">Martin Dresler\u003c/a>, a cognitive neuroscientist at the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior at Radboud University in the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were parts of their brains bigger, for example, or more dense with gray matter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, Dresler and \u003ca href=\"http://memory-sports.com/champion/boris-nikolai-konrad/\">Boris Nikolai Konrad\u003c/a> — a doctoral student in Dresler's lab who happens to be a memory champion himself — rounded up nearly two dozen champs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We really took the world's best memorizers — 23 memory champions out of the top 50 of the world. You wouldn't find anywhere in the world people more capable of memorizing stuff than them,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did MRI scans of their brains, to take a look at the anatomy.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they scanned the brains of 23 regular people who were matched in age, gender and even IQ to the memory athletes. When Dresler and his colleagues compared the brain scans, they found no difference. At least, no big, obvious difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was actually really a bit surprising,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, when Dresler and his colleagues did functional MRI scans, which measure brain activity by looking at how much blood is going to specific portions of it, they did see a subtle difference in brain activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When memory athletes were asked to recite a long list of memorized words, some portions of brain were activating in unison — making 25 connections that seemed particularly significant among different parts of the brain. The scientists didn't see that sort of unified activity in the brains of the regular subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, parts of the brain associated with memory and with spatial learning seemed to be interacting a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes sense, when you consider the tricks these athletes had learned to use when they memorize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They weren't born with extraordinary memorization skills. They had all learned and practiced the same kind of training to develop their seemingly superhuman abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Methods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Konrad, the memorizing whiz in Dresler's lab who is also a co-author of the study, started using the memory strategy as a hobby in high school, after watching memory championships on TV. He holds the world record for memorizing faces and names — 201 people in 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I use my visual memory,\" says Konrad. If he's trying to remember a person called Miller, he says, \"I would picture this person looking at a mill, maybe during a vacation in the Netherlands.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more abstract memory challenges, like memorizing the exact order of hundreds of digits, he'll build memory palaces. It's a method that's been around since the Greeks and is covered extensively in the book \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/moonwalking-with-einstein/\">\u003cem>Moonwalking With Einstein\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by journalist \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/\">Joshua Foer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It works by recalling a building or place that is very familiar and charting a mental path through that building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The very first one I ever did was in the home of my parents, where I still lived back then when I was still in high school,\" says Konrad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he memorizes an order of walking through that house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would start in my room,\" he says. The first location would be my bed, and the second one would be the shelf above my bed; then it's my desk, the computer on it, the window, the mirror and so on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To memorize abstract information, like a list of numbers, he would translate numbers into images and then distribute them along the mental path through his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, to memorize my phone number, which starts with \"1202,\" Konrad transforms pairs of numbers into images, using something called the \u003ca href=\"http://major-system.info/en/\">Major System\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination \"1-2,\" for example, brings to mind (for him) a dinosaur, Konrad says. \"So I would then picture a dinosaur standing on my bed,\" says Konrad. \"It's a weird image. That's why it sticks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then, 0-2 would be a sun. So, I would picture the sun illuminating the shelf over my bed,\" he says. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Training Succeeds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second part of their study, Konrad and Dresler recruited 51 university students, and had one third of them do memory palace training for six weeks — once a week in person with Konrad, and half an hour a day at home on the computer. (If you want to give it whirl, \u003ca href=\"https://memocamp.com/\">here you go\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another group did a different kind of memory training, and the last group did nothing special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they were brought into the lab and were asked to memorize a list of words, like \"night, car, yardstick,\" and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used functional MRI machines to scan the brains of subjects as they rested, and again as they recited the list of words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the group that did memory palace training, Konrad, Dresler and their colleagues found that the volunteers' brain activity had changed to become more like that of the champions of memorization. This was the case when they were reciting numbers, but also when they were at rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We showed that, indeed, the brain is somehow driven into the patterns you see in memory champions,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subjects came back into the lab four months after training and got a new list of words to memorize. The ones who had done memory palace training did really well compared to the others, and their brains were still connecting in that new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not only during a task, but even in the complete absence of any memory-related activity, we see this effect — that memory champions differ from matched controls, and that after memory training your brain shows similar patterns,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are very few actual studies of people with remarkably superior memory who compete in these memory contests. This is by far the largest,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/roediger.html\">Roddy Roediger\u003c/a>, a psychologist with Washington University in St Louis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roediger has studied people with exceptional memory for a long time. He says people knew that something different had to be going on inside the brains of these people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These people are the first to really uncover what that something may be,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But Wait: The Fine Print\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this method of memory training is not the key to unlocking intelligence. In fact, it doesn't even seem to be the key to unlocking overall memory capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Roediger knows a man capable of playing dozens of games of chess at the same time, while blindfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He had never heard of memory palaces,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also people who have memorized the Bible in its entirety and can recite portions of it on demand. And there are others who have a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/starklab/highly-superior-autobiographical-memory/\">Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory\u003c/a>, where they remember every day of their lives in sometimes excruciating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet, when you put them in memory tasks that memory competitors can do very easily, they can't do them any easier than you or I could,\" says Roediger. \"So that's a real mystery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same limitations apply to people who have trained their memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, for example, you ask the chess player or a Bible memorizer to remember a long list of words, says Roediger, \"None of them can do that.\" Their techniques are specific to their tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, he says, intense memory training doesn't cure everyday forgetfulness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They forget the milk on the way home from work just like we do,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boris Nikolai Konrad says it's been years since he forgot something on his grocery list. But every now and then he \u003cem>does\u003c/em> slip up with someone's name — and that's a moment people don't let him forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Maybe+You%2C+Too%2C+Could+Become+A+Super+Memorizer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/351156/you-too-can-learn-super-memory-apparently","authors":["byline_futureofyou_351156"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1047","futureofyou_59"],"featImg":"futureofyou_351159","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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