One Gene Makes Me Painfully Sensitive to Rejection. Now What?
'Do I Really Want to Know?' The Quandary of Genetic Testing When You're Pregnant
From Denial to Gratitude: A Mom Comes to Terms With Young Daughter's Transgender Identity
Are You Sad in the Winter? Scientists May Have Figured Out Why
Tobacco Giant Buys 35 Percent Stake in Juul
What Were the Year's Biggest Digital Health Stories? An Interview With CNBC's Christina Farr
No Cash, No Organ Transplant: Patients Must Prove They Can Pay Enormous Bills
Medical Detectives: The Last Hope for Families Coping With Rare Diseases
UCSF Study Probes Long-Term Effects of Head Trauma -- and Not Just in Football
Sponsored
window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={"attachmentsReducer":{"audio_0":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_0","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"}}},"audio_1":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_1","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"}}},"audio_2":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_2","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"}}},"audio_3":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_3","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"}}},"audio_4":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_4","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"}}},"placeholder":{"type":"attachments","id":"placeholder","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-160x96.jpg","width":160,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-800x478.jpg","width":800,"height":478,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1020x610.jpg","width":1020,"height":610,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1920x1148.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1180x705.jpg","width":1180,"height":705,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-960x574.jpg","width":960,"height":574,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-240x143.jpg","width":240,"height":143,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-375x224.jpg","width":375,"height":224,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-520x311.jpg","width":520,"height":311,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1180x705.jpg","width":1180,"height":705,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1920x1148.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-e1514998105161.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148}}},"futureofyou_444781":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_444781","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"444781","found":true},"title":"cantrell","publishDate":1538511426,"status":"inherit","parent":442604,"modified":1538511455,"caption":"Lisa Cantrell, ready for a run at San Francisco's Dolores Park.","credit":"Lauren Hanussak/KQED","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-160x102.jpg","width":160,"height":102,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-800x508.jpg","width":800,"height":508,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-768x488.jpg","width":768,"height":488,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-1020x648.jpg","width":1020,"height":648,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-1200x762.jpg","width":1200,"height":762,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-1920x1219.jpg","width":1920,"height":1219,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-1180x749.jpg","width":1180,"height":749,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-960x610.jpg","width":960,"height":610,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-240x152.jpg","width":240,"height":152,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-375x238.jpg","width":375,"height":238,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-520x330.jpg","width":520,"height":330,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-1180x749.jpg","width":1180,"height":749,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-1920x1219.jpg","width":1920,"height":1219,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/cantrell.jpg","width":1920,"height":1219}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_446474":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_446474","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"446474","found":true},"title":"RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut","publishDate":1549484227,"status":"inherit","parent":446470,"modified":1549657781,"caption":"Kaiya Watkins shrieks in delight as her parents Shara and Rob play with her. ","credit":"Lindsey Moore/ KQED","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-160x110.jpg","width":160,"height":110,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-800x552.jpg","width":800,"height":552,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-768x530.jpg","width":768,"height":530,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-1020x703.jpg","width":1020,"height":703,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-1200x828.jpg","width":1200,"height":828,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-1920x1324.jpg","width":1920,"height":1324,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34781_WATKINS_003-qut.jpg","width":1920,"height":1324}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_446328":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_446328","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"446328","found":true},"title":"molly-and-gracie2","publishDate":1548469279,"status":"inherit","parent":444911,"modified":1548469353,"caption":"Molly and her transgender daughter, Gracie, who socially transitioned when she was four years old.","credit":"Courtesy the family","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/10/molly-and-gracie2-160x178.jpg","width":160,"height":178,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/10/molly-and-gracie2-485x372.jpg","width":485,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/10/molly-and-gracie2-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/10/molly-and-gracie2-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/10/molly-and-gracie2-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/10/molly-and-gracie2-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/10/molly-and-gracie2-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/10/molly-and-gracie2-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/10/molly-and-gracie2.jpg","width":485,"height":539}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_446030":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_446030","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"446030","found":true},"title":"Before light reaches these rods and cones in the retina, it passes through some specialized cells that send signals to brain areas that affect whether you feel happy or sad.","publishDate":1545442275,"status":"inherit","parent":446028,"modified":1545442420,"caption":null,"credit":"Getty Images/Science Source","description":"Before light reaches these rods and cones in the retina, it passes through some specialized cells that send signals to brain areas that affect whether you feel happy or sad.","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-160x120.jpg","width":160,"height":120,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-800x600.jpg","width":800,"height":600,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-768x576.jpg","width":768,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-1020x765.jpg","width":1020,"height":765,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-1200x900.jpg","width":1200,"height":900,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-1920x1440.jpg","width":1920,"height":1440,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-1180x885.jpg","width":1180,"height":885,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-960x720.jpg","width":960,"height":720,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-240x180.jpg","width":240,"height":180,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-375x281.jpg","width":375,"height":281,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-520x390.jpg","width":520,"height":390,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-1180x885.jpg","width":1180,"height":885,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-1920x1440.jpg","width":1920,"height":1440,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/gettyimages-128601129-da84b5e0a45a8f2c04041c5a9999ec2bc1888bae-1.jpg","width":3162,"height":2371}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_440488":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_440488","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"440488","found":true},"title":"juul-promo_1350","publishDate":1522099510,"status":"inherit","parent":440486,"modified":1522099563,"caption":"Colorful nicotine-filled pods, pictured on the right, are inserted into the Juul e-cigarette, which educators say looks deceptively like a flash drive, making it harder to identify. ","credit":"Juul Labs","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-800x533.jpg","width":800,"height":533,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-768x512.jpg","width":768,"height":512,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-1020x680.jpg","width":1020,"height":680,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-960x640.jpg","width":960,"height":640,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-240x160.jpg","width":240,"height":160,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-375x250.jpg","width":375,"height":250,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-520x347.jpg","width":520,"height":347,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/juul-promo_1350.jpg","width":1350,"height":900}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_274615":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_274615","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"274615","found":true},"title":"computerdoc","publishDate":1478041895,"status":"inherit","parent":274449,"modified":1517014076,"caption":null,"credit":"Illustration by Teodros Hailye/KQED","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-160x107.png","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/png"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-800x533.png","width":800,"height":533,"mimeType":"image/png"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-768x512.png","width":768,"height":512,"mimeType":"image/png"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-1020x680.png","width":1020,"height":680,"mimeType":"image/png"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-1920x1280.png","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/png"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-1180x787.png","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/png"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mimeType":"image/png"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-672x372.png","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/png"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-1038x576.png","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/png"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-240x160.png","width":240,"height":160,"mimeType":"image/png"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-375x250.png","width":375,"height":250,"mimeType":"image/png"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-520x347.png","width":520,"height":347,"mimeType":"image/png"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-1180x787.png","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/png"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-1920x1280.png","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/png"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/png"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-50x50.png","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/png"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-64x64.png","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/png"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-96x96.png","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/png"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-128x128.png","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/png"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/png"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/computerdoc.png","width":1920,"height":1280}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_445781":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_445781","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"445781","found":true},"title":"transplant_costs1","publishDate":1544034624,"status":"inherit","parent":445776,"modified":1544034807,"caption":"Patrick Mannion received a double-lung transplant in May 2017 after being diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive, life-threatening lung disease. Through a transplant fundraising organization, HelpHopeLive, he has raised nearly $115,000, twice the original goal to help pay expenses that insurance didn’t cover, including copays for costly anti-rejection drugs. ","credit":"Courtesy of Patrick Mannion","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-160x240.jpg","width":160,"height":240,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-270x372.jpg","width":270,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-240x360.jpg","width":240,"height":360,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1.jpg","width":270,"height":405}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_445695":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_445695","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"445695","found":true},"title":"Millers-20171124-26","publishDate":1543530858,"status":"inherit","parent":445693,"modified":1543531005,"caption":"Seven-year-old Carson Miller (L) and five-year-old Chase Miller (R) both have a degenerative brain disease called MEPAN syndrome. ","credit":"Andrew Ross-Perry","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-800x534.jpg","width":800,"height":534,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-768x513.jpg","width":768,"height":513,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-1020x681.jpg","width":1020,"height":681,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-1200x801.jpg","width":1200,"height":801,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-1920x1282.jpg","width":1920,"height":1282,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-1180x788.jpg","width":1180,"height":788,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-960x641.jpg","width":960,"height":641,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-240x160.jpg","width":240,"height":160,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-375x250.jpg","width":375,"height":250,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-520x347.jpg","width":520,"height":347,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-1180x788.jpg","width":1180,"height":788,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-1920x1282.jpg","width":1920,"height":1282,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-26-e1543531021987.jpg","width":1920,"height":1282}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_445545":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_445545","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"445545","found":true},"title":"RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut","publishDate":1542398147,"status":"inherit","parent":445528,"modified":1542398248,"caption":"Doctors are seeing more head trauma from everyday activities, such as falling off a bike.","credit":"San Francisco Bicycle Coalition/Flickr","description":"Doctors are seeing more head trauma from everyday activities, such as falling off a bike.","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-800x534.jpg","width":800,"height":534,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-768x513.jpg","width":768,"height":513,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-1020x681.jpg","width":1020,"height":681,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-1200x801.jpg","width":1200,"height":801,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-960x641.jpg","width":960,"height":641,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-240x160.jpg","width":240,"height":160,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-375x250.jpg","width":375,"height":250,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-520x347.jpg","width":520,"height":347,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/RS13995_5682289311_963280efff_o-qut.jpg","width":1440,"height":961}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"byline_futureofyou_442604":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_442604","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_442604","name":"Lisa Cantrell","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_446028":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_446028","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_446028","name":"Jon Hamilton, NPR","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_446011":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_446011","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_446011","name":"Matthew Perrone\u003cbr />Associated Press","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_445776":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_445776","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_445776","name":"JoNel Aleccia\u003cbr />Kaiser Health News","isLoading":false},"jbrooks":{"type":"authors","id":"80","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"80","found":true},"name":"Jon Brooks","firstName":"Jon","lastName":"Brooks","slug":"jbrooks","email":"jbrooks@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Digital Editor","bio":"Jon Brooks is a former Digital Editor for KQED Science. He is the former editor of KQED’s daily news blog, News Fix. In 2014, he won a California Journalism Award for his coverage of ride services like Uber and Lyft and the taxi industry. A veteran blogger, he previously worked for Yahoo! in various news writing and editing roles. Jon is also a playwright whose work has been produced in San Francisco, New York, Italy, and around the U.S. He has written about film for his own blog and studied film at Boston University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/98887f7ed1c876ed414d4c915e969584?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"jbrooksfoy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["Contributor","editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["author"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"mindshift","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jon Brooks | KQED","description":"Digital Editor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/98887f7ed1c876ed414d4c915e969584?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/98887f7ed1c876ed414d4c915e969584?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jbrooks"},"cmiller":{"type":"authors","id":"221","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"221","found":true},"name":"Craig Miller","firstName":"Craig","lastName":"Miller","slug":"cmiller","email":"craig@voxterra.net","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Editor Emeritus, Science","bio":"Craig is a former KQED Science editor, specializing in weather, climate, water & energy issues, with a little seismology thrown in just to shake things up. Prior to that, he launched and led the station's award-winning multimedia project, Climate Watch. Craig is also an accomplished writer/producer of television documentaries, with a focus on natural resource issues.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"voxterra","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["author"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Craig Miller | KQED","description":"Editor Emeritus, Science","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cmiller"},"lesleymcclurg":{"type":"authors","id":"11229","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11229","found":true},"name":"Lesley McClurg","firstName":"Lesley","lastName":"McClurg","slug":"lesleymcclurg","email":"lmcclurg@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news","science"],"title":"KQED Health Correspondent","bio":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lesley McClurg is a health correspondent and fill-in host. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Her work is regularly rebroadcast on numerous NPR and PBS shows. She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her toddler, surfing with her husband or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. When on deadline she fuels herself almost exclusively on chocolate chips.\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lesleywmcclurg","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lesley McClurg | KQED","description":"KQED Health Correspondent","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lesleymcclurg"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_442604":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442604","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442604","score":null,"sort":[1550278825000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"i-found-out-my-genetics-makes-me-painfully-sensitive-to-rejection-now-what","title":"One Gene Makes Me Painfully Sensitive to Rejection. Now What?","publishDate":1550278825,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Originally published on Sept 27, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, I ordered a home genetic testing kit. I didn’t do it because I wanted to know about my ancestry. I did it because I’d heard about a genetic variation that can make people more sensitive to rejection — and I was convinced I had it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have always been a bit overly sensitive. I remember a particularly devastating moment in fourth grade. Ms. Brown had asked a question I knew the answer to. I raised my hand, stretching my whole body up so she would notice. She made eye contact with me, commented that I had already gotten to answer a question that day, and then called on a student behind me.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">I have long struggled with bouts of depression; my relationships are typically a roller coaster of anxieties. If I were a G-carrier, it could explain so much of what I was experiencing.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I could feel my face flush with embarrassment. A knot started to form in my throat as, almost in a whisper, I asked to be excused, the tears welling up in my eyes. Once I was safe behind the bathroom door, I used my shirt to muffle the sounds of my crying. Simply because the teacher hadn’t called on me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later in middle school, my friend Jennifer slipped a note into my locker saying that she wanted to play with another kid at recess, not me. That night — and for many nights after — I lay curled up in my bed for hours, the note on my nightstand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I got older, it got worse. The emotional pain I experienced in social situations changed how I felt about myself and how I behaved with other people. As an adult, if a friend didn’t respond to a text, I would pull away and avoid them. When someone I barely knew ghosted me, I convinced myself that I wasn’t desirable to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friends told me I was overreacting. Sure, everyone feels a little hurt by these things, but to become so debilitated each time was a bit over the top, they told me. Finally, in my late 20s, I started to wonder if maybe there was something wrong with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is Oversensitivity Biological?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/35/15079\">a ground-breaking study\u003c/a> investigated the link between emotional sensitivity and our genetics. Scientists already knew that a particular gene, the OPRM1 gene, could influence our sensitivity to physical pain. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719451\">Previous studies\u003c/a> had shown that people with a G allele on this gene required higher doses of morphine to curb pain, suggesting they experience pain more intensely than others. Because \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/175807/can-taking-tylenol-help-you-get-over-a-romantic-breakup-maybe\">physical pain and emotional pain are processed in similar regions of the brain\u003c/a>, researchers wondered if G-allele carriers might also experience more intense \u003cem>emotional \u003c/em>pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test the question, neuroscientists at the University of California Los Angeles recruited 122 people, 49 of whom were G-carriers, the rest of whom were not. Participants came into the lab and played a computer game intended to evoke feelings of rejection. In the game, each participant would toss a ball back and forth to two other virtual players on a screen. The two players would, at some point, exclude the participant. Meanwhile, the participant lay in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain scanner that measured blood flow to the pain regions of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_443244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-443244\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-1020x381.jpg\" alt=\"Brain scan showing yellow dots\" width=\"640\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-1020x381.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-160x60.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-800x299.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-768x287.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-1200x448.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-1920x717.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-1180x441.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-960x359.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-240x90.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-375x140.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-520x194.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">fMRI scan of brain showing activation of pain regions (including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex). The image comes from a study in which participants played “Cyberball” while lying in the fMRI scanner—a game designed to induce feelings of rejection. \u003ccite>(Baldwin Way)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What the researchers found was that there was an exaggerated response [in G carriers],” says Jon-Kar Zubieta, a psychiatric researcher at the University of Utah. “Individuals who were G-allele carriers had greater responses to the negative emotional challenge, which was associated with greater activation of the anterior cingulate cortex,” a pain region of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had called up Zubieta to get his take on the research for this story — but my questions were also personally motivated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“G-carriers seem to have less capacity to compensate for negative emotion,” he told me. And it doesn’t matter whether that negative emotion is in response to physical pain or the social pain of rejection, like what study participants experienced during the ball-tossing game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zubieta also told me that G-carriers — who make up 15 to 20 percent of the general population — not only feel more hurt in everyday social interactions, “these individuals \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330509/\">have traits\u003c/a> that make them more prone to developing conditions such as depression and anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_443245\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-443245 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta.jpg\" alt=\"A man speaks in front of a white board.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon-Kar Zubieta, Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the University of Utah Neuropsychiatric Institute. \u003ccite>(University of Utah Health)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Listening to Zubieta recount such findings, I found myself nodding my head. All of it resonated with me. I have long struggled with bouts of depression; my relationships are typically a roller coaster of anxieties. If I were a G-carrier, it could explain so much of what I was experiencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do G-Carriers Feel More Pain?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the genetic kit finally arrived at my house, I opened it and pulled out the clear test tube. I collected my saliva, sealed it back up, and shipped it off to the lab to be tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the weeks I spent waiting for my results, I looked up more research on how the OPRM1 gene could lead to a heightened sense of pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']As it turns out, the gene controls the number of opioid receptors in the brain. In a typical brain, when a person is experiencing pain, neurons fire in regions such as the anterior cingulate cortex. In response, the body releases endorphins — our natural pain killers. The endorphins rush into the brain and attach to neuron receptors, inhibiting those cells from firing, effectively stopping the pain signal. This process is actually what happens during the “runner’s high,” and the same process occurs for most people when they experience the pain of rejection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if a person doesn’t have enough opioid receptors or doesn’t release a sufficient amount of endorphins, they could experience more suffering than others. Zubieta says this is likely what happens to G-carriers; they appear to have fewer receptors in critical areas of the brain and, he adds, “they may have less capacity to release natural opioids in general.” This means, Zubieta says, that G-carriers “have less capacity to suppress responses to pain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So … Am I A G-Carrier?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several weeks after shipping off my saliva, I was at home when an email popped up in my inbox; my results had come in. My stomach dropped and I sat staring at the unopened email for a few minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would it mean if I were a G-carrier? It would feel validating, of course. For so long I had felt like I was emotionally weak. If I were a G-carrier then it would mean there was a biological explanation for my feelings. It would mean that I hadn’t been overreacting all these years; rather, I had been reacting proportionally to the pain I was feeling — pain that 80 to 85 percent of the population simply doesn’t feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, if I weren’t a G-carrier, I wasn’t sure where that would leave me. I could feel my heart beating faster. My hands shook slightly as I struggled to steady my breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I opened the email and scrolled through lines of the genetic code until I found the OPRM1 gene on chromosome 6. Typed in small font was a “G.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_442608\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-442608\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/RS31383_CANTRELL_003-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/RS31383_CANTRELL_003-sfi.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/RS31383_CANTRELL_003-sfi-160x240.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lisa Cantrell stretches prior to running at Dolores Park in San Francisco, Calif., on Monday, June 11, 2018. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So am I stuck with unbearable pain forever? A prisoner to my genetics? On the phone with Zubieta, I ask him if a G-carrier like me could do anything about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to remember that the opioid system becomes active when there are things like exercise or stressors,” so when you do physically demanding sports or activities that in some way cause pain “you are training the system.” In other words, Zubieta says, you can modify your brain’s response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advice makes sense. Exercise not only releases endorphins that decrease pain in the moment, regularly challenging your body with physical activity can strengthen the overall functioning of the opioid system, potentially prompting your brain to create new receptors and urging your body to increase the amount of endorphins released each time you experience a stressor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this could make the system more optimal, more prepared to kick into full gear when it encounters pain, be it physical or emotional. Interestingly, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003193849190418N\">chocolate\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/09/12/rspb.2011.1373.short\">laughter\u003c/a> may also help — they bump up endorphin release, which could alleviate pain in the moment as well as have longer term effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zubieta continued with his suggestions. “So you could do yoga… or run marathons.” Something physically demanding, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not sure about a marathon,” I laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the idea stuck with me as I hung up the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do envision a life for myself someday in which I have slightly thicker skin — a life in which I don’t cry because a friend forgets to return my text. So, after a few days of mulling it over, I decide to take Zubieta’s advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past two months I have been on a strict running schedule, gradually increasing my miles, preparing for a half marathon I’m signed up to run next month. Is the physical training helping me tame my emotions? It’s hard to say. I have definitely experienced moments of rejection over the last few weeks that I feel have been easier to deal with. But it’s hard to know if the marathon training is the cause of my increased ability to cope, or if it’s just the power of having a label. Maybe just knowing I’m a G-carrier — knowing that my pain might be more intense than others — is what I have needed all along. My own self-awareness might just be the first real step in changing how I react to the world.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fifteen to 20 percent of the population carry the gene that causes acute emotional pain in response to social rejection. Will a genetic test to reveal the gene offer validation or hopelessness?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1550281257,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1795},"headData":{"title":"One Gene Makes Me Painfully Sensitive to Rejection. Now What? | KQED","description":"Fifteen to 20 percent of the population carry the gene that causes acute emotional pain in response to social rejection. Will a genetic test to reveal the gene offer validation or hopelessness?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"442604 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442604","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2019/02/15/i-found-out-my-genetics-makes-me-painfully-sensitive-to-rejection-now-what/","disqusTitle":"One Gene Makes Me Painfully Sensitive to Rejection. Now What?","source":"Your Genes","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcrmag/2019/02/CantrellRejectionGene.mp3","nprByline":"Lisa Cantrell","audioTrackLength":315,"path":"/futureofyou/442604/i-found-out-my-genetics-makes-me-painfully-sensitive-to-rejection-now-what","audioDuration":330000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Originally published on Sept 27, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, I ordered a home genetic testing kit. I didn’t do it because I wanted to know about my ancestry. I did it because I’d heard about a genetic variation that can make people more sensitive to rejection — and I was convinced I had it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have always been a bit overly sensitive. I remember a particularly devastating moment in fourth grade. Ms. Brown had asked a question I knew the answer to. I raised my hand, stretching my whole body up so she would notice. She made eye contact with me, commented that I had already gotten to answer a question that day, and then called on a student behind me.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">I have long struggled with bouts of depression; my relationships are typically a roller coaster of anxieties. If I were a G-carrier, it could explain so much of what I was experiencing.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I could feel my face flush with embarrassment. A knot started to form in my throat as, almost in a whisper, I asked to be excused, the tears welling up in my eyes. Once I was safe behind the bathroom door, I used my shirt to muffle the sounds of my crying. Simply because the teacher hadn’t called on me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later in middle school, my friend Jennifer slipped a note into my locker saying that she wanted to play with another kid at recess, not me. That night — and for many nights after — I lay curled up in my bed for hours, the note on my nightstand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I got older, it got worse. The emotional pain I experienced in social situations changed how I felt about myself and how I behaved with other people. As an adult, if a friend didn’t respond to a text, I would pull away and avoid them. When someone I barely knew ghosted me, I convinced myself that I wasn’t desirable to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friends told me I was overreacting. Sure, everyone feels a little hurt by these things, but to become so debilitated each time was a bit over the top, they told me. Finally, in my late 20s, I started to wonder if maybe there was something wrong with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is Oversensitivity Biological?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/35/15079\">a ground-breaking study\u003c/a> investigated the link between emotional sensitivity and our genetics. Scientists already knew that a particular gene, the OPRM1 gene, could influence our sensitivity to physical pain. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719451\">Previous studies\u003c/a> had shown that people with a G allele on this gene required higher doses of morphine to curb pain, suggesting they experience pain more intensely than others. Because \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/175807/can-taking-tylenol-help-you-get-over-a-romantic-breakup-maybe\">physical pain and emotional pain are processed in similar regions of the brain\u003c/a>, researchers wondered if G-allele carriers might also experience more intense \u003cem>emotional \u003c/em>pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test the question, neuroscientists at the University of California Los Angeles recruited 122 people, 49 of whom were G-carriers, the rest of whom were not. Participants came into the lab and played a computer game intended to evoke feelings of rejection. In the game, each participant would toss a ball back and forth to two other virtual players on a screen. The two players would, at some point, exclude the participant. Meanwhile, the participant lay in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain scanner that measured blood flow to the pain regions of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_443244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-443244\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-1020x381.jpg\" alt=\"Brain scan showing yellow dots\" width=\"640\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-1020x381.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-160x60.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-800x299.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-768x287.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-1200x448.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-1920x717.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-1180x441.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-960x359.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-240x90.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-375x140.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/4_dACC-and-aI-labelled-520x194.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">fMRI scan of brain showing activation of pain regions (including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex). The image comes from a study in which participants played “Cyberball” while lying in the fMRI scanner—a game designed to induce feelings of rejection. \u003ccite>(Baldwin Way)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What the researchers found was that there was an exaggerated response [in G carriers],” says Jon-Kar Zubieta, a psychiatric researcher at the University of Utah. “Individuals who were G-allele carriers had greater responses to the negative emotional challenge, which was associated with greater activation of the anterior cingulate cortex,” a pain region of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had called up Zubieta to get his take on the research for this story — but my questions were also personally motivated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“G-carriers seem to have less capacity to compensate for negative emotion,” he told me. And it doesn’t matter whether that negative emotion is in response to physical pain or the social pain of rejection, like what study participants experienced during the ball-tossing game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zubieta also told me that G-carriers — who make up 15 to 20 percent of the general population — not only feel more hurt in everyday social interactions, “these individuals \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330509/\">have traits\u003c/a> that make them more prone to developing conditions such as depression and anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_443245\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-443245 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta.jpg\" alt=\"A man speaks in front of a white board.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/Zubieta-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon-Kar Zubieta, Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the University of Utah Neuropsychiatric Institute. \u003ccite>(University of Utah Health)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Listening to Zubieta recount such findings, I found myself nodding my head. All of it resonated with me. I have long struggled with bouts of depression; my relationships are typically a roller coaster of anxieties. If I were a G-carrier, it could explain so much of what I was experiencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do G-Carriers Feel More Pain?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the genetic kit finally arrived at my house, I opened it and pulled out the clear test tube. I collected my saliva, sealed it back up, and shipped it off to the lab to be tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the weeks I spent waiting for my results, I looked up more research on how the OPRM1 gene could lead to a heightened sense of pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"science","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As it turns out, the gene controls the number of opioid receptors in the brain. In a typical brain, when a person is experiencing pain, neurons fire in regions such as the anterior cingulate cortex. In response, the body releases endorphins — our natural pain killers. The endorphins rush into the brain and attach to neuron receptors, inhibiting those cells from firing, effectively stopping the pain signal. This process is actually what happens during the “runner’s high,” and the same process occurs for most people when they experience the pain of rejection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if a person doesn’t have enough opioid receptors or doesn’t release a sufficient amount of endorphins, they could experience more suffering than others. Zubieta says this is likely what happens to G-carriers; they appear to have fewer receptors in critical areas of the brain and, he adds, “they may have less capacity to release natural opioids in general.” This means, Zubieta says, that G-carriers “have less capacity to suppress responses to pain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So … Am I A G-Carrier?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several weeks after shipping off my saliva, I was at home when an email popped up in my inbox; my results had come in. My stomach dropped and I sat staring at the unopened email for a few minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would it mean if I were a G-carrier? It would feel validating, of course. For so long I had felt like I was emotionally weak. If I were a G-carrier then it would mean there was a biological explanation for my feelings. It would mean that I hadn’t been overreacting all these years; rather, I had been reacting proportionally to the pain I was feeling — pain that 80 to 85 percent of the population simply doesn’t feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, if I weren’t a G-carrier, I wasn’t sure where that would leave me. I could feel my heart beating faster. My hands shook slightly as I struggled to steady my breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I opened the email and scrolled through lines of the genetic code until I found the OPRM1 gene on chromosome 6. Typed in small font was a “G.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_442608\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-442608\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/RS31383_CANTRELL_003-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/RS31383_CANTRELL_003-sfi.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/RS31383_CANTRELL_003-sfi-160x240.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lisa Cantrell stretches prior to running at Dolores Park in San Francisco, Calif., on Monday, June 11, 2018. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So am I stuck with unbearable pain forever? A prisoner to my genetics? On the phone with Zubieta, I ask him if a G-carrier like me could do anything about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to remember that the opioid system becomes active when there are things like exercise or stressors,” so when you do physically demanding sports or activities that in some way cause pain “you are training the system.” In other words, Zubieta says, you can modify your brain’s response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advice makes sense. Exercise not only releases endorphins that decrease pain in the moment, regularly challenging your body with physical activity can strengthen the overall functioning of the opioid system, potentially prompting your brain to create new receptors and urging your body to increase the amount of endorphins released each time you experience a stressor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this could make the system more optimal, more prepared to kick into full gear when it encounters pain, be it physical or emotional. Interestingly, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003193849190418N\">chocolate\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/09/12/rspb.2011.1373.short\">laughter\u003c/a> may also help — they bump up endorphin release, which could alleviate pain in the moment as well as have longer term effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zubieta continued with his suggestions. “So you could do yoga… or run marathons.” Something physically demanding, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not sure about a marathon,” I laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the idea stuck with me as I hung up the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do envision a life for myself someday in which I have slightly thicker skin — a life in which I don’t cry because a friend forgets to return my text. So, after a few days of mulling it over, I decide to take Zubieta’s advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past two months I have been on a strict running schedule, gradually increasing my miles, preparing for a half marathon I’m signed up to run next month. Is the physical training helping me tame my emotions? It’s hard to say. I have definitely experienced moments of rejection over the last few weeks that I feel have been easier to deal with. But it’s hard to know if the marathon training is the cause of my increased ability to cope, or if it’s just the power of having a label. Maybe just knowing I’m a G-carrier — knowing that my pain might be more intense than others — is what I have needed all along. My own self-awareness might just be the first real step in changing how I react to the world.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442604/i-found-out-my-genetics-makes-me-painfully-sensitive-to-rejection-now-what","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442604"],"categories":["futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_120","futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444781","label":"source_futureofyou_442604"},"futureofyou_446470":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_446470","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"446470","score":null,"sort":[1549872118000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-quandary-of-genetic-testing-when-youre-pregnant","title":"'Do I Really Want to Know?' The Quandary of Genetic Testing When You're Pregnant","publishDate":1549872118,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It wasn't hard for Shara Watkins to get pregnant. It was hard to stay pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, she was devastated by two miscarriages. Fortunately through the aid of several medications like progesterone and lovenox she successfully carried a child last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shara and her husband Robert were elated when she reached her second trimester, the phase when the highest risk of miscarriage subsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately the San Mateo couple's struggles continued. Shara spent four months of her pregnancy on bedrest. When their doctor offered extensive genetic testing to check the health of their fetus, the couple leaped at the opportunity. Plus, Shara had a history of rare disease in her family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had a high-risk pregnancy, and there had been a lot of complications prior to this,\" says Shara. \"And, so I just wanted to have all the information that I could.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Information Available to Expecting Parents Balloons \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, a doctor may have screened a parent for a few suspect diseases common to their specific ethnicity or family history, but now a growing number of companies offer extensive panels testing for hundreds of rare diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\"Over the last 10 to 20 years the number of genetic disorders that we are able to test for has exploded,\" says Mary Norton, a prenatal geneticist at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_446547\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-446547 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0386-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gifty Hammond preps DNA samples at Myriad Genetics lab in South San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley is a hotbed for companies vying for the business of concerned future parents. The prenatal genetic testing industry is \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/v6g7tj/global_carrier?w=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected\u003c/a> to grow nearly 30 percent over the next five years. A wide variety of \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Prenatal-Genetic-Screening-Tests?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tests\u003c/a> are now available to screen both fetus and parents. One option that's rapidly growing in popularity is called an \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Carrier-Screening?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expanded carrier screening.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a dozen lab companies, most based in the Bay Area can scan a patient's blood or saliva for hundreds of conditions that their child could inherit. A perfectly healthy parent can pass along an \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002052.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">autosomal-recessive disease\u003c/a> like cystic fibrosis, Fragile X syndrome or Tay-Sachs, if their partner is also a carrier for the disease. When both parents have a mutated version of the same gene then their child is at an \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/inheritance/riskassessment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased risk\u003c/a> for developing a condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In these types of diseases 80 percent of the time there's no family history,\" says Jim Goldberg, chief medical officer of Myriad Women's Health. Norton agrees that family history is not a very sensitive screening tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ideal time to take a carrier screening is prior to conception because \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/about/pac-20384716\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in vitro fertilization\u003c/a> is still a possibility. If both parents are found to be carriers of the same disease IVF allows doctors to ensure a healthy fertilized egg. The tests\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> must be prescribed by a doctor and screening panels vary widely in price. For example, if you call the customer service line for Myriad Genetics lab in South San Francisco a representative will quote a price of $1,599 for patients who don't have insurance. But if you pay within 45 days the price drops to $349. Shara and Robert paid about $600 out of pocket for their two screening panels from a Bay Area company called \u003ca href=\"https://www.natera.com/horizon-carrier-screen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natera\u003c/a>. The company billed their insurance about $3,200 dollars. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Knowing More Help?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Shara and Rob's doctor emailed over their tests results the couple was alarmed because their physician suggested they see a genetic counselor to help them interpret the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This new landscape is complicated and it's beyond the ability for most OB-GYN's to really understand it themselves and explain it well,\" says UCSF's Norton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It appeared the Watkin's baby could inherit \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Spinal-Muscular-Atrophy-Fact-Sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spinal muscular atrophy\u003c/a>, or SMA, a potentially fatal disease. The couple hadn’t discussed what they would do if their child was unhealthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I called Rob in pure hysterics on my way to work,” says Shara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I got the call in my office she was crying,\" recalls Rob. \"We were both in kind of a panic mode immediately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob and Shara spent the day pouring over page after page of testing results, and then subsequent days searching the Internet for answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The test results give you kind of these alerts on the first page like you're a carrier for this, your carrier for this,\" explains Shara. \"It's definitely not clear. I mean, if it had been clear we wouldn't have ever gone into full panic mode.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find an Expert\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although Shara and Rob could have sought free counseling from one of Natera's genetic counselors, they chose an unaffiliated expert. They \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">booked the first available appointment at Stanford Children's Health. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They came to us with this information not knowing what it meant, not knowing what the risks were, and not understanding the implications,” says Meg Homeyer, a genetic counselor at Stanford. \"Plus, the language is difficult to interpret and sometimes can sound alarmist.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it turns out Shara, Rob and their doctor thought their baby's risk of SMA was a lot higher than it was. The\u003c/span> report says they were at an \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Carrier-Screening-for-Spinal-Muscular-Atrophy?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased carrier risk,\u003c/a> fortunately, that is not the same thing as being an actual carrier for the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was much more lower more like 3,500,\" says Homeyer as she thumbed through the test results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, even though Rob and Shara’s worst fears didn't play out, they still lost sleep at night wondering if their child could be the \u003cem>1 \u003c/em>in 3,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_446549\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-446549 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-800x547.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-768x525.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-1020x697.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-1200x820.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shara Watkins smiles while holding up her 5-month-old daughter Kaiya as they sit on the couch in their San Mateo home. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Sense of Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Homeyer says she frequently sees parents agonize over how to feel, or whether to act on abstract numbers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will not know whether a baby is 100 percent healthy until birth,\" says Homeyer. \"In the meantime they're trying not to worry about the risks but they can't help it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeyer says the value of a test is dependent on the values of an individual couple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There's the family that will want every possible test available,\" says Homeyer. \"They'll want no stone unturned because their tolerance for risk is low. There are other families where this information in pregnancy isn't useful for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like families who would not seek further diagnostic testing , or potentially terminate a pregnancy regardless of testing results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We often have people who say, 'I wish I had never started down this path,'\" says Norton. \"Although I don't think people can really anticipate how they'll feel until they get there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One Test Leads to the Next\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who choose to do a carrier screening, the worst case scenario is their child has a 1 in 4chance of inheriting an autosomal recessive condition. In that case, further diagnostic invasive testing like an \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/amniocentesis/about/pac-20392914\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amniocentesis\u003c/a> is necessary to confirm the possibility. Fortunately care for rare diseases has improved dramatically in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_446548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-446548 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gifty Hammond separating DNA samples at Myriad Genetics lab in South San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"M\u003cb>\u003c/b>any more of these conditions are treatable after birth,\" says Norton. \"And treatment starting right at the time of birth may improve the outcomes. In some cases we can even start treatment during pregnancy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norton says the advent of more advanced testing stirred a lot of fear amongst practitioners that abortion rates would simultaneously rise, but that's not what \u003ca href=\"https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pd.4808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preliminary studies\u003c/a> are showing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Scanning for More Diseases Isn't Always Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're the type of parent that does want as much information as possible you may be lured to take the most comprehensive test on the market. However, Aleks\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Rajkovic, chief genomics officer at UCSF, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cautions families attracted to extensive panels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\"A lot of them are overkill,\" says Rajkovic. \"S\u003cb>\u003c/b>ome panels are testing for very rare disorders that have only been seen in a single family, so the likelihood of a client ever actually having the variation is infinitely small.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, he says extremely rare disease are usually not well studied or understood, so it's very hard for doctors to offer helpful information about what a prognosis could entail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Happy Ending\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortunately Shara's little girl, Kaiya, is a healthy 5-month-old. When asked if Shara would go back and take the genetic test again, she pauses, but then nods yes. Even though she spent months fretting over the tiny possibility her child wasn't ok, she says the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">anxiety she dealt with was better than not knowing anything all. Her advice to future parents is think carefully about whether more information will, for them, be reassuring or just another thing to worry about. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norton agrees. She hopes families focus on a key fact: 97 percent of babies are born perfectly healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Why screening for hundreds of genetic diseases can lead to more questions than answers.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1550275626,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":1518},"headData":{"title":"'Do I Really Want to Know?' The Quandary of Genetic Testing When You're Pregnant | KQED","description":"Why screening for hundreds of genetic diseases can lead to more questions than answers.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"446470 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=446470","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2019/02/11/the-quandary-of-genetic-testing-when-youre-pregnant/","disqusTitle":"'Do I Really Want to Know?' The Quandary of Genetic Testing When You're Pregnant","source":"Medical Science","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2019/02/McClurgGeneticTesting.mp3","audioTrackLength":295,"path":"/futureofyou/446470/the-quandary-of-genetic-testing-when-youre-pregnant","audioDuration":313000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It wasn't hard for Shara Watkins to get pregnant. It was hard to stay pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, she was devastated by two miscarriages. Fortunately through the aid of several medications like progesterone and lovenox she successfully carried a child last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shara and her husband Robert were elated when she reached her second trimester, the phase when the highest risk of miscarriage subsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately the San Mateo couple's struggles continued. Shara spent four months of her pregnancy on bedrest. When their doctor offered extensive genetic testing to check the health of their fetus, the couple leaped at the opportunity. Plus, Shara had a history of rare disease in her family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had a high-risk pregnancy, and there had been a lot of complications prior to this,\" says Shara. \"And, so I just wanted to have all the information that I could.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Information Available to Expecting Parents Balloons \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, a doctor may have screened a parent for a few suspect diseases common to their specific ethnicity or family history, but now a growing number of companies offer extensive panels testing for hundreds of rare diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\"Over the last 10 to 20 years the number of genetic disorders that we are able to test for has exploded,\" says Mary Norton, a prenatal geneticist at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_446547\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-446547 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0386-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gifty Hammond preps DNA samples at Myriad Genetics lab in South San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley is a hotbed for companies vying for the business of concerned future parents. The prenatal genetic testing industry is \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/v6g7tj/global_carrier?w=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected\u003c/a> to grow nearly 30 percent over the next five years. A wide variety of \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Prenatal-Genetic-Screening-Tests?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tests\u003c/a> are now available to screen both fetus and parents. One option that's rapidly growing in popularity is called an \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Carrier-Screening?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expanded carrier screening.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a dozen lab companies, most based in the Bay Area can scan a patient's blood or saliva for hundreds of conditions that their child could inherit. A perfectly healthy parent can pass along an \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002052.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">autosomal-recessive disease\u003c/a> like cystic fibrosis, Fragile X syndrome or Tay-Sachs, if their partner is also a carrier for the disease. When both parents have a mutated version of the same gene then their child is at an \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/inheritance/riskassessment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased risk\u003c/a> for developing a condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In these types of diseases 80 percent of the time there's no family history,\" says Jim Goldberg, chief medical officer of Myriad Women's Health. Norton agrees that family history is not a very sensitive screening tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ideal time to take a carrier screening is prior to conception because \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/about/pac-20384716\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in vitro fertilization\u003c/a> is still a possibility. If both parents are found to be carriers of the same disease IVF allows doctors to ensure a healthy fertilized egg. The tests\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> must be prescribed by a doctor and screening panels vary widely in price. For example, if you call the customer service line for Myriad Genetics lab in South San Francisco a representative will quote a price of $1,599 for patients who don't have insurance. But if you pay within 45 days the price drops to $349. Shara and Robert paid about $600 out of pocket for their two screening panels from a Bay Area company called \u003ca href=\"https://www.natera.com/horizon-carrier-screen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natera\u003c/a>. The company billed their insurance about $3,200 dollars. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Knowing More Help?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Shara and Rob's doctor emailed over their tests results the couple was alarmed because their physician suggested they see a genetic counselor to help them interpret the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This new landscape is complicated and it's beyond the ability for most OB-GYN's to really understand it themselves and explain it well,\" says UCSF's Norton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It appeared the Watkin's baby could inherit \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Spinal-Muscular-Atrophy-Fact-Sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spinal muscular atrophy\u003c/a>, or SMA, a potentially fatal disease. The couple hadn’t discussed what they would do if their child was unhealthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I called Rob in pure hysterics on my way to work,” says Shara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I got the call in my office she was crying,\" recalls Rob. \"We were both in kind of a panic mode immediately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob and Shara spent the day pouring over page after page of testing results, and then subsequent days searching the Internet for answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The test results give you kind of these alerts on the first page like you're a carrier for this, your carrier for this,\" explains Shara. \"It's definitely not clear. I mean, if it had been clear we wouldn't have ever gone into full panic mode.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find an Expert\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although Shara and Rob could have sought free counseling from one of Natera's genetic counselors, they chose an unaffiliated expert. They \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">booked the first available appointment at Stanford Children's Health. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They came to us with this information not knowing what it meant, not knowing what the risks were, and not understanding the implications,” says Meg Homeyer, a genetic counselor at Stanford. \"Plus, the language is difficult to interpret and sometimes can sound alarmist.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it turns out Shara, Rob and their doctor thought their baby's risk of SMA was a lot higher than it was. The\u003c/span> report says they were at an \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Carrier-Screening-for-Spinal-Muscular-Atrophy?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased carrier risk,\u003c/a> fortunately, that is not the same thing as being an actual carrier for the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was much more lower more like 3,500,\" says Homeyer as she thumbed through the test results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, even though Rob and Shara’s worst fears didn't play out, they still lost sleep at night wondering if their child could be the \u003cem>1 \u003c/em>in 3,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_446549\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-446549 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-800x547.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-768x525.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-1020x697.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut-1200x820.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/RS34787_WATKINS_009-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shara Watkins smiles while holding up her 5-month-old daughter Kaiya as they sit on the couch in their San Mateo home. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Sense of Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Homeyer says she frequently sees parents agonize over how to feel, or whether to act on abstract numbers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will not know whether a baby is 100 percent healthy until birth,\" says Homeyer. \"In the meantime they're trying not to worry about the risks but they can't help it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeyer says the value of a test is dependent on the values of an individual couple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There's the family that will want every possible test available,\" says Homeyer. \"They'll want no stone unturned because their tolerance for risk is low. There are other families where this information in pregnancy isn't useful for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like families who would not seek further diagnostic testing , or potentially terminate a pregnancy regardless of testing results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We often have people who say, 'I wish I had never started down this path,'\" says Norton. \"Although I don't think people can really anticipate how they'll feel until they get there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One Test Leads to the Next\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who choose to do a carrier screening, the worst case scenario is their child has a 1 in 4chance of inheriting an autosomal recessive condition. In that case, further diagnostic invasive testing like an \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/amniocentesis/about/pac-20392914\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amniocentesis\u003c/a> is necessary to confirm the possibility. Fortunately care for rare diseases has improved dramatically in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_446548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-446548 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/02/IMG_0379-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gifty Hammond separating DNA samples at Myriad Genetics lab in South San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"M\u003cb>\u003c/b>any more of these conditions are treatable after birth,\" says Norton. \"And treatment starting right at the time of birth may improve the outcomes. In some cases we can even start treatment during pregnancy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norton says the advent of more advanced testing stirred a lot of fear amongst practitioners that abortion rates would simultaneously rise, but that's not what \u003ca href=\"https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pd.4808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preliminary studies\u003c/a> are showing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Scanning for More Diseases Isn't Always Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're the type of parent that does want as much information as possible you may be lured to take the most comprehensive test on the market. However, Aleks\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Rajkovic, chief genomics officer at UCSF, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cautions families attracted to extensive panels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\"A lot of them are overkill,\" says Rajkovic. \"S\u003cb>\u003c/b>ome panels are testing for very rare disorders that have only been seen in a single family, so the likelihood of a client ever actually having the variation is infinitely small.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, he says extremely rare disease are usually not well studied or understood, so it's very hard for doctors to offer helpful information about what a prognosis could entail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Happy Ending\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortunately Shara's little girl, Kaiya, is a healthy 5-month-old. When asked if Shara would go back and take the genetic test again, she pauses, but then nods yes. Even though she spent months fretting over the tiny possibility her child wasn't ok, she says the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">anxiety she dealt with was better than not knowing anything all. Her advice to future parents is think carefully about whether more information will, for them, be reassuring or just another thing to worry about. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norton agrees. She hopes families focus on a key fact: 97 percent of babies are born perfectly healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/446470/the-quandary-of-genetic-testing-when-youre-pregnant","authors":["11229"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1575"],"tags":["futureofyou_1643","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1641"],"featImg":"futureofyou_446474","label":"source_futureofyou_446470"},"futureofyou_444911":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444911","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444911","score":null,"sort":[1548716426000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-mother-comes-to-terms-with-young-daughters-transgender-identity","title":"From Denial to Gratitude: A Mom Comes to Terms With Young Daughter's Transgender Identity","publishDate":1548716426,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Last year in the course of reporting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/440851/can-you-really-know-that-a-3-year-old-is-transgender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversy\u003c/a> over socially transitioning young transgender children, I met a mother, Molly, and her then-six-year-old transgender daughter, Gracie. (The family, which lives in the Bay Area, doesn't want their last name used for reasons of privacy.) Gracie had socially transitioned at the age of four.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There was no way I was going to raise a child who was ashamed of who they are.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/137/3/e20154358\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">social transition\u003c/a> is distinct from one that involves medical procedures like taking hormones or undergoing surgery. But e\u003c/em>\u003cem>ven without a medical intervention, the decision by parents to allow their children to socially transition -- to publicly live in their new gender identity -- can be agonizing. S\u003c/em>\u003cem>ince Molly was so articulate in describing her emotional journey around her daughter's transition, from denial to acceptance to gratitude, we wanted to let her tell that story in her own words.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The following is an edited transcript of Molly's answers during our interview ...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'She Took Every Opportunity to Tell Us'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as Gracie could tell us, it was, 'I'm a girl. I'm a sister. I'm a daughter. I'm that girl on that show. I'm that girl in that book. I'm the princess.' She took every opportunity to tell us she was a girl. She took every towel and blanket and turned it into long hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"zfCL4NYYDoEb3nH3NPCAOj9vXGj8reoz\"]We would not let her leave the house with any of those things, so it was all behind closed doors. It felt really isolating because here you have this child who's showing you all these signs of not being the way you thought they would or that society tells you they should.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was really, really hard. I don't think people realize when they think about kids this age that it isn't something that they just wake up and say one day, and then you're like, \"Oh, that's what you want to be today? Great, like let's go explore that and let's be that.\" It's a battle. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It's difficult as a parent to watch those signs develop in your child, and to know your child's life is going to be harder because of who they are. Because of society wanting them to fit somewhere that your child is telling you they don't.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trucks, Dinosaurs and Superheroes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early on, we tried to discourage Gracie's transgender identity, and we filled her world with trucks and dinosaurs and superheroes. We refused \"girl things.\" Like, 'No, you can't be Elsa for Halloween. You have to be Superman. No, you can't have the dolls for Christmas. We're going to get you a pirate ship.' We just really tried everything we could. That's the part I'm ashamed of now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_441819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-441819 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-768x513.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-960x641.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gracie, 7, poses for a picture in her room. (Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'What If He Changes His Mind?'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot of advice out there about following your child's lead if they're telling you that this is how they feel. But I always felt like how can I just follow their lead when I'm the one that they're looking to set those boundaries and guidelines?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We went to an expert. We asked, 'What if we do this? What if we let our son walk into the world in a dress with fairy wings, and crowns, and high heels, and even just in regular girl clothes? What if we let him do all of this, and he gets to express himself, and then he changes his mind, and we just went through all of this for nothing?'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapist said: \"That's not the question. The question is:\u003cbr>\nWhat if you \u003cem>don't\u003c/em> do it?\" She said, \"What will happen, and what I'm hearing when you describe the insistence of Gracie, is you're going to end up with a child who's anxious and depressed and feels ashamed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as I knew there was even a chance that my kid could feel ashamed of who they are, there was no way. I had to support. I had to listen. I had to let her steer a little bit. Because there was no way I was going to raise a child who was ashamed of who they are. Period. My job is to set boundaries and guidelines, but it's also to teach them to be proud of who they are no matter what, and that's what we're doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Making the Decision to Let Gracie Become a Girl\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the transition, the most incredible moments of having a child were passing us by. Life seemed sort of lackluster. You never got to see that sparkle, or that magic of a Christmas morning or a Halloween. Or just regular day-to day-happiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got to a point where I was like, I can't do it anymore. I need to see my child light up. We were at Marshalls one day and they had a display of children's Easter dresses. I just remember thinking, 'Oh crap. How am I gonna steer you away from this?'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband was with me and we both looked at each other. We told Gracie: \"You can pick a dress.\" We let our then-son pick a dress, and Gracie would tear through the house to get to the dress the second she got home. For at least a year, she wore it all over the house . I just kicked myself for it taking so long to do that and to open the world to her like that. Also, for just caring so much about what other people would've thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grief, Then Gratitude\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a time when there was a lot of grief for me around the loss of the idea of my son. There was a point in time when I thought I may never recover from that. Now I look at pictures of Gracie as a baby and all I see is her face with the wrong haircut and the wrong clothes. It's completely shifted. There was a time when I didn't know that that would be possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ultimately, my husband and I are both so grateful because this has given us the opportunity to lead more meaningful lives. Now we have this huge emphasis on teaching our kids about acceptance and tolerance, and being really proud of who you are and self-love. I hope that I would've emphasized those things anyway, but now there's no question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that before the transition there was a part of Gracie that had to resign to whatever we told her, and so she was just sort of coasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now she gets to really live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What do you do when your child tells you from the very start that they are not the gender you think they are? A mother takes us through the difficult emotional journey her family had to travel. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1548892366,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1152},"headData":{"title":"From Denial to Gratitude: A Mom Comes to Terms With Young Daughter's Transgender Identity | KQED","description":"What do you do when your child tells you from the very start that they are not the gender you think they are? A mother takes us through the difficult emotional journey her family had to travel. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"444911 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444911","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2019/01/28/a-mother-comes-to-terms-with-young-daughters-transgender-identity/","disqusTitle":"From Denial to Gratitude: A Mom Comes to Terms With Young Daughter's Transgender Identity","audioTrackLength":402,"path":"/futureofyou/444911/a-mother-comes-to-terms-with-young-daughters-transgender-identity","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcrmag/2019/01/BrooksTransKid.mp3","audioDuration":414000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Last year in the course of reporting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/440851/can-you-really-know-that-a-3-year-old-is-transgender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversy\u003c/a> over socially transitioning young transgender children, I met a mother, Molly, and her then-six-year-old transgender daughter, Gracie. (The family, which lives in the Bay Area, doesn't want their last name used for reasons of privacy.) Gracie had socially transitioned at the age of four.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There was no way I was going to raise a child who was ashamed of who they are.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/137/3/e20154358\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">social transition\u003c/a> is distinct from one that involves medical procedures like taking hormones or undergoing surgery. But e\u003c/em>\u003cem>ven without a medical intervention, the decision by parents to allow their children to socially transition -- to publicly live in their new gender identity -- can be agonizing. S\u003c/em>\u003cem>ince Molly was so articulate in describing her emotional journey around her daughter's transition, from denial to acceptance to gratitude, we wanted to let her tell that story in her own words.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The following is an edited transcript of Molly's answers during our interview ...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'She Took Every Opportunity to Tell Us'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as Gracie could tell us, it was, 'I'm a girl. I'm a sister. I'm a daughter. I'm that girl on that show. I'm that girl in that book. I'm the princess.' She took every opportunity to tell us she was a girl. She took every towel and blanket and turned it into long hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>We would not let her leave the house with any of those things, so it was all behind closed doors. It felt really isolating because here you have this child who's showing you all these signs of not being the way you thought they would or that society tells you they should.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was really, really hard. I don't think people realize when they think about kids this age that it isn't something that they just wake up and say one day, and then you're like, \"Oh, that's what you want to be today? Great, like let's go explore that and let's be that.\" It's a battle. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It's difficult as a parent to watch those signs develop in your child, and to know your child's life is going to be harder because of who they are. Because of society wanting them to fit somewhere that your child is telling you they don't.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trucks, Dinosaurs and Superheroes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early on, we tried to discourage Gracie's transgender identity, and we filled her world with trucks and dinosaurs and superheroes. We refused \"girl things.\" Like, 'No, you can't be Elsa for Halloween. You have to be Superman. No, you can't have the dolls for Christmas. We're going to get you a pirate ship.' We just really tried everything we could. That's the part I'm ashamed of now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_441819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-441819 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-768x513.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-960x641.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/04/Gracie-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gracie, 7, poses for a picture in her room. (Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'What If He Changes His Mind?'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot of advice out there about following your child's lead if they're telling you that this is how they feel. But I always felt like how can I just follow their lead when I'm the one that they're looking to set those boundaries and guidelines?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We went to an expert. We asked, 'What if we do this? What if we let our son walk into the world in a dress with fairy wings, and crowns, and high heels, and even just in regular girl clothes? What if we let him do all of this, and he gets to express himself, and then he changes his mind, and we just went through all of this for nothing?'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapist said: \"That's not the question. The question is:\u003cbr>\nWhat if you \u003cem>don't\u003c/em> do it?\" She said, \"What will happen, and what I'm hearing when you describe the insistence of Gracie, is you're going to end up with a child who's anxious and depressed and feels ashamed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as I knew there was even a chance that my kid could feel ashamed of who they are, there was no way. I had to support. I had to listen. I had to let her steer a little bit. Because there was no way I was going to raise a child who was ashamed of who they are. Period. My job is to set boundaries and guidelines, but it's also to teach them to be proud of who they are no matter what, and that's what we're doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Making the Decision to Let Gracie Become a Girl\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the transition, the most incredible moments of having a child were passing us by. Life seemed sort of lackluster. You never got to see that sparkle, or that magic of a Christmas morning or a Halloween. Or just regular day-to day-happiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got to a point where I was like, I can't do it anymore. I need to see my child light up. We were at Marshalls one day and they had a display of children's Easter dresses. I just remember thinking, 'Oh crap. How am I gonna steer you away from this?'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband was with me and we both looked at each other. We told Gracie: \"You can pick a dress.\" We let our then-son pick a dress, and Gracie would tear through the house to get to the dress the second she got home. For at least a year, she wore it all over the house . I just kicked myself for it taking so long to do that and to open the world to her like that. Also, for just caring so much about what other people would've thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grief, Then Gratitude\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a time when there was a lot of grief for me around the loss of the idea of my son. There was a point in time when I thought I may never recover from that. Now I look at pictures of Gracie as a baby and all I see is her face with the wrong haircut and the wrong clothes. It's completely shifted. There was a time when I didn't know that that would be possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ultimately, my husband and I are both so grateful because this has given us the opportunity to lead more meaningful lives. Now we have this huge emphasis on teaching our kids about acceptance and tolerance, and being really proud of who you are and self-love. I hope that I would've emphasized those things anyway, but now there's no question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that before the transition there was a part of Gracie that had to resign to whatever we told her, and so she was just sort of coasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now she gets to really live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444911/a-mother-comes-to-terms-with-young-daughters-transgender-identity","authors":["80"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1642","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1641","futureofyou_1018"],"featImg":"futureofyou_446328","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_446028":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_446028","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"446028","score":null,"sort":[1545442364000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-find-a-brain-circuit-that-could-explain-seasonal-depression","title":"Are You Sad in the Winter? Scientists May Have Figured Out Why","publishDate":1545442364,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Just in time for the winter solstice, scientists may have figured out how short days can lead to dark moods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two recent studies suggest the culprit is a brain circuit that connects special light-sensing cells in the retina with brain areas that affect whether you are happy or sad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these cells detect shorter days, they appear to use this pathway to send signals to the brain that can make a person feel glum or even depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very likely that things like seasonal affective disorder involve this pathway,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://vivo.brown.edu/display/jsanes\">Jerome Sanes\u003c/a>, a professor of neuroscience at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanes was part of a team that \u003ca href=\"https://abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/4649/presentation/20010\">found evidence \u003c/a>of the brain circuit in people. The scientists presented their research in November at the Society for Neuroscience meeting. The work hasn't been published in a peer-reviewed journal yet, but the researchers plan to submit it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks earlier, a different team published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867418310201\">study\u003c/a> suggesting a very similar circuit in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, the studies offer a strong argument that seasonal mood changes, which affect about 1 in 5 people, have a biological cause. The research also adds to the evidence that support light therapy as an appropriate treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now you have a circuit that you know your eye is influencing your brain to affect mood,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/labs-at-nimh/principal-investigators/samer-hattar.shtml\">Samer Hattar\u003c/a>, an author of the mouse study and chief of the section on light and circadian rhythms at the National Institute of Mental Health. The finding is the result of a decades-long effort to understand the elusive link between light and mood. \"It is the last piece of the puzzle,\" Hattar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research effort began in the early 2000s, when Hattar and \u003ca href=\"https://vivo.brown.edu/display/dberson\">David Berson\u003c/a>, a professor of neuroscience at Brown University, were studying cells in the retina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, most scientists thought that when light struck the retina, only two kinds of cells responded: rods and cones. But Hattar and Berson thought there were other light-sensitive cells that hadn't been identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People used to laugh at us if we say there are other photoreceptors distinct from rods and cones in the retina,\" Hattar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The skeptics stopped laughing when the team discovered a third kind of photoreceptor that contained a light-sensitive substance called melanopsin not found in rods and cones. (The full name of these cells, if you're interested, is intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, or ipRGCs.) These receptors responded to light but weren't part of the visual system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, their most obvious function was keeping the brain's internal clock in sync with changes in daylight. And many scientists assumed that this circadian function also explained seasonal depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People thought that the only reason you get mood problems is because your clock is misaligned,\" Hattar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other potential explanations included speculation that reduced sunlight was triggering depression by changing levels of serotonin, which can affect mood, or melatonin, which plays a role in sleep patterns and mood. But the evidence for either of these possibilities has been weak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hattar and Berson were pretty sure there was a better reason. And, after years of searching, they found one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, Hattar's team \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30173913\">published\u003c/a> a study about mice suggesting a direct pathway between the third kind of photoreceptor in the retina and brain areas that affect mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these cells were present, an artificially shortened cycle of light and dark caused a version of depression in a mouse. But when the team removed the cells with gene-editing tools, the mouse didn't become depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanes knew about the research, in part because he and Berson are neuroscientists at Brown. And he was so intrigued by the discovery of the new pathway between retina and brain in mice that he decided to see whether something similar was going on in human brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanes' team put young adults in an MRI machine and measured their brain activity as they were exposed to different levels of light. This allowed the team to identify brain areas that seemed to be receiving signals from the photoreceptors Hattar and Berson had discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of these areas were in the front of the brain. \"It's interesting because these areas seem to be the areas that have been shown in many studies to be involved in depression and other affective disorders,\" Sanes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The areas also appeared to be part of the same circuit found in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding needs to be confirmed. But Hattar is pretty confident that this circuit explains the link between light exposure and mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now he's trying to answer a new question: Why would evolution produce a brain that works this way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You will understand why you would need light to see,\" he says, \"but why do you need light to make you happy?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hattar hopes to find out. In the meantime, he has some advice for people who are feeling low: \"Try to take your lunch outside. That will help you adjust your mood.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Find+A+Brain+Circuit+That+Could+Explain+Seasonal+Depression&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Research suggests the winter blues are triggered by specialized light-sensing cells in the retina that communicate directly with brain areas involved in mood.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1546020231,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":848},"headData":{"title":"Are You Sad in the Winter? Scientists May Have Figured Out Why | KQED","description":"Research suggests the winter blues are triggered by specialized light-sensing cells in the retina that communicate directly with brain areas involved in mood.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"446028 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=446028","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/12/21/scientists-find-a-brain-circuit-that-could-explain-seasonal-depression/","disqusTitle":"Are You Sad in the Winter? Scientists May Have Figured Out Why","source":"NPR","nprImageCredit":"Omikron ","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images/Science Source","nprStoryId":"678342879","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=678342879&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/12/21/678342879/scientists-find-a-brain-circuit-that-could-explain-seasonal-depression?ft=nprml&f=678342879","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 21 Dec 2018 11:46:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 21 Dec 2018 05:03:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 21 Dec 2018 11:50:22 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/12/20181221_me_scientists_find_a_brain_circuit_that_could_explain_seasonal_depression.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=210&p=3&story=678342879&ft=nprml&f=678342879","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1679036799-eb477c.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=210&p=3&story=678342879&ft=nprml&f=678342879","audioTrackLength":210,"path":"/futureofyou/446028/scientists-find-a-brain-circuit-that-could-explain-seasonal-depression","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/12/20181221_me_scientists_find_a_brain_circuit_that_could_explain_seasonal_depression.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=210&p=3&story=678342879&ft=nprml&f=678342879","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just in time for the winter solstice, scientists may have figured out how short days can lead to dark moods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two recent studies suggest the culprit is a brain circuit that connects special light-sensing cells in the retina with brain areas that affect whether you are happy or sad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these cells detect shorter days, they appear to use this pathway to send signals to the brain that can make a person feel glum or even depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very likely that things like seasonal affective disorder involve this pathway,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://vivo.brown.edu/display/jsanes\">Jerome Sanes\u003c/a>, a professor of neuroscience at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanes was part of a team that \u003ca href=\"https://abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/4649/presentation/20010\">found evidence \u003c/a>of the brain circuit in people. The scientists presented their research in November at the Society for Neuroscience meeting. The work hasn't been published in a peer-reviewed journal yet, but the researchers plan to submit it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks earlier, a different team published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867418310201\">study\u003c/a> suggesting a very similar circuit in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, the studies offer a strong argument that seasonal mood changes, which affect about 1 in 5 people, have a biological cause. The research also adds to the evidence that support light therapy as an appropriate treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now you have a circuit that you know your eye is influencing your brain to affect mood,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/labs-at-nimh/principal-investigators/samer-hattar.shtml\">Samer Hattar\u003c/a>, an author of the mouse study and chief of the section on light and circadian rhythms at the National Institute of Mental Health. The finding is the result of a decades-long effort to understand the elusive link between light and mood. \"It is the last piece of the puzzle,\" Hattar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research effort began in the early 2000s, when Hattar and \u003ca href=\"https://vivo.brown.edu/display/dberson\">David Berson\u003c/a>, a professor of neuroscience at Brown University, were studying cells in the retina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, most scientists thought that when light struck the retina, only two kinds of cells responded: rods and cones. But Hattar and Berson thought there were other light-sensitive cells that hadn't been identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People used to laugh at us if we say there are other photoreceptors distinct from rods and cones in the retina,\" Hattar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The skeptics stopped laughing when the team discovered a third kind of photoreceptor that contained a light-sensitive substance called melanopsin not found in rods and cones. (The full name of these cells, if you're interested, is intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, or ipRGCs.) These receptors responded to light but weren't part of the visual system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, their most obvious function was keeping the brain's internal clock in sync with changes in daylight. And many scientists assumed that this circadian function also explained seasonal depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People thought that the only reason you get mood problems is because your clock is misaligned,\" Hattar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other potential explanations included speculation that reduced sunlight was triggering depression by changing levels of serotonin, which can affect mood, or melatonin, which plays a role in sleep patterns and mood. But the evidence for either of these possibilities has been weak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hattar and Berson were pretty sure there was a better reason. And, after years of searching, they found one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, Hattar's team \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30173913\">published\u003c/a> a study about mice suggesting a direct pathway between the third kind of photoreceptor in the retina and brain areas that affect mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these cells were present, an artificially shortened cycle of light and dark caused a version of depression in a mouse. But when the team removed the cells with gene-editing tools, the mouse didn't become depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanes knew about the research, in part because he and Berson are neuroscientists at Brown. And he was so intrigued by the discovery of the new pathway between retina and brain in mice that he decided to see whether something similar was going on in human brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanes' team put young adults in an MRI machine and measured their brain activity as they were exposed to different levels of light. This allowed the team to identify brain areas that seemed to be receiving signals from the photoreceptors Hattar and Berson had discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of these areas were in the front of the brain. \"It's interesting because these areas seem to be the areas that have been shown in many studies to be involved in depression and other affective disorders,\" Sanes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The areas also appeared to be part of the same circuit found in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding needs to be confirmed. But Hattar is pretty confident that this circuit explains the link between light exposure and mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now he's trying to answer a new question: Why would evolution produce a brain that works this way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You will understand why you would need light to see,\" he says, \"but why do you need light to make you happy?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hattar hopes to find out. In the meantime, he has some advice for people who are feeling low: \"Try to take your lunch outside. That will help you adjust your mood.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Find+A+Brain+Circuit+That+Could+Explain+Seasonal+Depression&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/446028/scientists-find-a-brain-circuit-that-could-explain-seasonal-depression","authors":["byline_futureofyou_446028"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_446030","label":"source_futureofyou_446028"},"futureofyou_446011":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_446011","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"446011","score":null,"sort":[1545411707000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tobacco-giant-buys-35-percent-stake-in-juul","title":"Tobacco Giant Buys 35 Percent Stake in Juul","publishDate":1545411707,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Altria, one of the world's biggest tobacco companies, is spending nearly $13 billion to buy a huge stake in the vape company Juul as cigarette use continues to decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Today, we have been joined by an unlikely – and seemingly counterintuitive – investor in our journey. ... We understand the controversy and skepticism that comes with an affiliation and partnership with the largest tobacco company in the US. We were skeptical as well.'\u003ccite>\u003ca href=\"https://contextly.com/redirect/?id=c7RcpktiX9:446011:4068:13:::sidebar:5c1d1f75d944b5-96249117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Juul press release\u003c/a>\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Marlboro maker said Thursday that it will take a 35 percent share of Juul, putting the value of the company at $38 billion, larger than Ford Motor Co., Delta Air Lines or the retail giant Target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are taking significant action to prepare for a future where adult smokers overwhelmingly choose non-combustible products over cigarettes,\" Altria Chairman and CEO Howard Willard said in a prepared statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarettes and other vaping devices have been sold in the U.S. since 2007 and have grown into a $6.6 billion business, and it is already intersecting with another seismic shift in the U.S. — the legalization of marijuana across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investment comes about two weeks after Altria stepped into the cannabis market with an investment of around $2 billion in Cronos Group, the Canadian medical and recreational marijuana provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North American consumer spending on legal cannabis is expected to grow from $9.2 billion in 2017, to $47.3 billion by 2027, according to Arcview Market Research, a cannabis-focused investment firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altria Group Inc. isn't the only major corporation attempting to incorporate marijuana sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"PIX3Hytk1X1Ix98885tbxQ3hOeDiaZra\"]This week Anheuser-Busch InBev, the maker of Budweiser, partnered with medical cannabis company Tilray in a $100 million deal to research cannabis-infused drinks for the Canadian market. In August, Constellation Brands announced a $4 billion investment in another Canadian pot producer, Canopy Growth Corp., the largest to date by a major U.S. corporation in the cannabis market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nicotine-based vaping, devices heat a flavored nicotine solution into an inhalable vapor. They have been pitched to adult smokers as a less-harmful alternative to cigarettes, though there's been little research on the long-term health effects or on whether they help people quit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health Officials Worried\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing popularity of e-cigarettes has alarmed a number of health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, Surgeon General Jerome Adams said parents, teachers, health professionals and government officials must take \"aggressive steps\" to keep children from using e-cigarettes. Federal law bars the sale of e-cigarettes to those under 18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. John Maa of the American Heart Association’s Bay Area Division called the Altria acquisition a troubling development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For over five years, the electronic cigarette advocates and proponents have touted how they have been anti-Big Tobacco,\" Maa said. \"But to see Big Tobacco and Juul join in a partnership now creates a public health nightmare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a scramble in the U.S. to reverse a recent explosion in teen vaping that public health officials fear could undermine decades of declines in tobacco use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 3.6 million U.S. teens are now using e-cigarettes, representing 1 in 5 high school students and 1 in 20 middle schoolers, according to the latest federal figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul said Thursday that it recently began to take actions intended to prevent underage vaping. The company shut down its Facebook and Instagram accounts last month and halted in-store sales of flavored pods, which were viewed by many critics as a direct play for younger users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul also said that it's also enhancing age-verification for its online sales.\u003cbr>\nJuul Labs Inc., based in San Francisco, said it had initially hesitated to accept the investment from Altria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But over the course of the last several months we were convinced by actions, not words, that in fact this partnership could help accelerate our success switching adult smokers,\" Juul said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul will remain an independent company, but it gains access to Altria's massive infrastructure and reach. Namely, Altria will help Juul secure space on store shelves beside traditional cigarettes. It will also help Juul reach smokers via cigarette pack inserts and mailings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the agreement, Altria's only entry into the e-cigarette market will be through Juul for at least six years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Altria, make of Marlboro cigarettes, said it will take a 35 percent share of Juul, putting the value of the company at $38 billion, larger than Ford Motor Co., Delta Air Lines or Target.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1545414903,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":726},"headData":{"title":"Tobacco Giant Buys 35 Percent Stake in Juul | KQED","description":"Altria, make of Marlboro cigarettes, said it will take a 35 percent share of Juul, putting the value of the company at $38 billion, larger than Ford Motor Co., Delta Air Lines or Target.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"446011 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=446011","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/12/21/tobacco-giant-buys-35-percent-stake-in-juul/","disqusTitle":"Tobacco Giant Buys 35 Percent Stake in Juul","nprByline":"Matthew Perrone\u003cbr />Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/446011/tobacco-giant-buys-35-percent-stake-in-juul","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Altria, one of the world's biggest tobacco companies, is spending nearly $13 billion to buy a huge stake in the vape company Juul as cigarette use continues to decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Today, we have been joined by an unlikely – and seemingly counterintuitive – investor in our journey. ... We understand the controversy and skepticism that comes with an affiliation and partnership with the largest tobacco company in the US. We were skeptical as well.'\u003ccite>\u003ca href=\"https://contextly.com/redirect/?id=c7RcpktiX9:446011:4068:13:::sidebar:5c1d1f75d944b5-96249117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Juul press release\u003c/a>\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Marlboro maker said Thursday that it will take a 35 percent share of Juul, putting the value of the company at $38 billion, larger than Ford Motor Co., Delta Air Lines or the retail giant Target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are taking significant action to prepare for a future where adult smokers overwhelmingly choose non-combustible products over cigarettes,\" Altria Chairman and CEO Howard Willard said in a prepared statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarettes and other vaping devices have been sold in the U.S. since 2007 and have grown into a $6.6 billion business, and it is already intersecting with another seismic shift in the U.S. — the legalization of marijuana across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investment comes about two weeks after Altria stepped into the cannabis market with an investment of around $2 billion in Cronos Group, the Canadian medical and recreational marijuana provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North American consumer spending on legal cannabis is expected to grow from $9.2 billion in 2017, to $47.3 billion by 2027, according to Arcview Market Research, a cannabis-focused investment firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altria Group Inc. isn't the only major corporation attempting to incorporate marijuana sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>This week Anheuser-Busch InBev, the maker of Budweiser, partnered with medical cannabis company Tilray in a $100 million deal to research cannabis-infused drinks for the Canadian market. In August, Constellation Brands announced a $4 billion investment in another Canadian pot producer, Canopy Growth Corp., the largest to date by a major U.S. corporation in the cannabis market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nicotine-based vaping, devices heat a flavored nicotine solution into an inhalable vapor. They have been pitched to adult smokers as a less-harmful alternative to cigarettes, though there's been little research on the long-term health effects or on whether they help people quit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health Officials Worried\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing popularity of e-cigarettes has alarmed a number of health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, Surgeon General Jerome Adams said parents, teachers, health professionals and government officials must take \"aggressive steps\" to keep children from using e-cigarettes. Federal law bars the sale of e-cigarettes to those under 18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. John Maa of the American Heart Association’s Bay Area Division called the Altria acquisition a troubling development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For over five years, the electronic cigarette advocates and proponents have touted how they have been anti-Big Tobacco,\" Maa said. \"But to see Big Tobacco and Juul join in a partnership now creates a public health nightmare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a scramble in the U.S. to reverse a recent explosion in teen vaping that public health officials fear could undermine decades of declines in tobacco use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 3.6 million U.S. teens are now using e-cigarettes, representing 1 in 5 high school students and 1 in 20 middle schoolers, according to the latest federal figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul said Thursday that it recently began to take actions intended to prevent underage vaping. The company shut down its Facebook and Instagram accounts last month and halted in-store sales of flavored pods, which were viewed by many critics as a direct play for younger users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul also said that it's also enhancing age-verification for its online sales.\u003cbr>\nJuul Labs Inc., based in San Francisco, said it had initially hesitated to accept the investment from Altria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But over the course of the last several months we were convinced by actions, not words, that in fact this partnership could help accelerate our success switching adult smokers,\" Juul said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul will remain an independent company, but it gains access to Altria's massive infrastructure and reach. Namely, Altria will help Juul secure space on store shelves beside traditional cigarettes. It will also help Juul reach smokers via cigarette pack inserts and mailings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the agreement, Altria's only entry into the e-cigarette market will be through Juul for at least six years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/446011/tobacco-giant-buys-35-percent-stake-in-juul","authors":["byline_futureofyou_446011"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1479","futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440488","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_445929":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445929","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445929","score":null,"sort":[1545263282000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-were-2018s-biggest-digital-health-stories-an-interview-with-cnbcs-christina-farr","title":"What Were the Year's Biggest Digital Health Stories? An Interview With CNBC's Christina Farr","publishDate":1545263282,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>We like to check in every once in awhile on the world of digital health, an area full of promise \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/438782/digital-medicine-may-have-just-hit-the-trough-of-disillusionment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">but not, thus far, overbrimming with results\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/437796/what-are-digital-healths-biggest-successes-and-disappointments-cnbcs-chrissy-farr-weighs-in\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exceptions\u003c/a>, however, and as we did last year at this time, we're turning to San Francisco-based CNBC journalist\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/christina-farr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Christina Farr, \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>who breaks a lot of health tech stories, to clue us in on her beat. This year we asked her what were the really big stories she covered in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here are some highlights from our talk, in Christina's own words. The following has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Digital Health: It's a Thing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a really big year in digital health, particularly where large tech companies are concerned: Apple, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Samsung...\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'As [big] tech companies attempt to become trillion-dollar or greater businesses, they need something more than just their core competencies. And you can't ignore health care; it's just too big.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>John Doerr, the venture capitalist who is a big health investor, recounted at the Forbes Healthcare Summit how internet companies in the '90s aimed to disrupt the advertising space, which back then was based mostly on television advertising. Those companies thought they could do a better job because there was really no way at that time to measure and track the performance of ads in real time. So they took on this industry, which is now worth about $75 billion in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison the health care opportunity is $3.5 trillion in America alone. As these tech companies attempt to become trillion-dollar or greater businesses, they need something more than just their core competencies. And you can't ignore health care; it's just too big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here Comes Amazon ...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amazon’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/28/amazon-to-acquire-online-pharmacy-pillpack.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acquisition\u003c/a> of online pharmacy PillPack in June was a very big story. The announcement really marked them as a player, and the market response -- billions of dollars were knocked off some of these pharmacy stocks -- showed how much of a threat Amazon could be. It's also a very good deal for PillPack and probably showed the digital health community that those sorts of exits are possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 589px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-437838\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"589\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1.png 589w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1-160x116.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1-240x174.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1-375x272.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1-520x378.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CNBC's Chrissy Farr. \u003ccite>(CNBC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the same time, Amazon also \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/14/amazon-explored-medical-diagnostics-was-in-talks-to-buy-confer-health.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looked at Confer Health\u003c/a>, a company in the at-home medical diagnostic space. That's interesting, because it speaks to a strategy that goes deeper than just drug delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Amazon could potentially go is this: Imagine you're experiencing symptoms for strep throat, and you \u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/artificial-intelligence/2018/10/15/amazons-new-patent-will-allow-alexa-to-detect-your-illness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">talk to your Amazon Alexa device\u003c/a>, and there's an AI system, or a real physician, even, that speaks to you and recommends you get tested. A courier comes to your home with a portable device from which you run a sample and you get a result immediately. Or from there the same physician ships you a prescription. And that could all be done in a couple hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or imagine an elderly person who potentially has the flu and might have to go to a physical clinic, and then from there bring a prescription to a Walgreens. That is an annoying user experience but also think about how many people they could infect with the flu on the way to the clinic and pharmacy. So I think there could be some basic things Amazon can do with diagnosing illness in the home. And if they can do that coupled with prescription drug delivery, that's a very \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/17/amazon-vision-future-health-care.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">different experience of health care\u003c/a> than we've seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>...and Apple\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole Apple health care rollout was big, and I would probably pinpoint the electro-cardiogram\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/12/05/apple-watch-ecg-sensor-review.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> being introduced on the Apple Watch\u003c/a> as the biggest story from what they've done this year. It got Apple into a more regulated medical device space; I don't know if they are now a medical device company, but they're certainly a consumer tech company that makes medical products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an important story because it sort of changed the game around proactive health monitoring. They were looking specifically for people who didn't even know they have a type of arrhythmia called atrial fibrillation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's controversial, as there are doctors who think this is bad news, because it's going to lead to a lot of anxious people thinking there's something wrong when there isn't. I've been hearing from physicians who already have patients with normal results reach out and ask, ‘Hey, does this look right?’ Doctors are already overloaded and don't want to be managing an influx of healthy people. So Apple's got to really make sure the false positive rate isn't too high, and they need to be transparent about what this ECG means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think this is probably the beginning of what Apple's overall strategy is when it comes to bringing health monitoring to the watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>... and, uh, Facebook? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This year even Facebook was trying to get into digital health. At one point it hired some people in the medical community to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/05/facebook-building-8-explored-data-sharing-agreement-with-hospitals.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">approach top hospitals\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> about a patient data-sharing agreement. Facebook wanted to see if it could match up the health system's user data with its own data to see if patients might need special care\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. That seemed to be have fallen apart out of general fears of data privacy surrounding the company.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.cnbc.com/p/gZWlPC/cnbc_global?playertype=synd&byGuid=7000011603&size=530_298\" width=\"530\" height=\"298\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Real Money' for Digital Health Startup \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmaceutical giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/15/roche-buying-flatiron-health-backed-by-alphabet.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Roche bought Flatiron Health\u003c/a> in February for just over $2 billion. I think that was a big deal because it was a pharmaceutical company spending real money on a digital health startup. I think it shows that there can be real successes in the space. It's also a thumbs-up for precision medicine; Flatiron was basically creating a medical record system that was popular with oncologists, and then using data to figure out better treatments for those patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watson Stumbles, or: \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P18EdAKuC1U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Care Ain't 'Jeopardy'\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In talking with folks familiar with the IBM Watson strategy, I think where they may have gone wrong is in building this AI system that was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/05/watson-ibm-cancer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trained using top U.S. oncologists\u003c/a>, and then they tried to sell it to other big cancer centers. So if you're an oncologist at one of these other places, why wouldn't you just say, \"Well, I'm as good as these physicians at Memorial Sloan Kettering?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I think they tried to sell into the wrong market because they thought they could get these really big contracts, and what they probably should have done is figured out a much cheaper system that they could have sold to smaller health systems; you can see why some of these local offices and physicians who don't have the same resources as Sloan Kettering would find it beneficial to get information on what Sloan Kettering would do in any given situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's the Outcomes, Stupid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a long time you didn't really see digital health companies invest in outcomes, because I think they wanted to be viewed more as technology companies. But there were a few -- Livongo, Omada Health, Propeller Health -- that were always sort of forward-leaning and did do that investment from the outset, and I think those companies are the ones that are doing better now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Propeller Health was \u003ca href=\"https://www.jsonline.com/story/money/business/health-care/2018/12/03/propeller-health-madison-acquired-225-million/2192097002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sold\u003c/a> this year to ResMed, for instance. I think it was because it had that focus on outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That model is especially important for the influx of companies trying to sell into the employer space, because in order to tell the difference between them, there has been a lot of questioning around: \"Is this actually making my population healthier? Is it really going to save me money?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general I think the companies that are coming up this year have kind of learned from the mistakes of some of their predecessors and are positioning themselves with a bit more humility, and in many cases doing the right thing. They don't describe themselves, when pitching potential customers, as startups. They take themselves more seriously now, and they want to be viewed as new health care companies and businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It just speaks to a general sort of growing-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The tech journalist discusses where the digital health industry is headed after a year in which Big Tech made some Big investments.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1545332340,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1389},"headData":{"title":"What Were the Year's Biggest Digital Health Stories? An Interview With CNBC's Christina Farr | KQED","description":"The tech journalist discusses where the digital health industry is headed after a year in which Big Tech made some Big investments.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"445929 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445929","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/12/19/what-were-2018s-biggest-digital-health-stories-an-interview-with-cnbcs-christina-farr/","disqusTitle":"What Were the Year's Biggest Digital Health Stories? An Interview With CNBC's Christina Farr","source":"Digital Health","path":"/futureofyou/445929/what-were-2018s-biggest-digital-health-stories-an-interview-with-cnbcs-christina-farr","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We like to check in every once in awhile on the world of digital health, an area full of promise \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/438782/digital-medicine-may-have-just-hit-the-trough-of-disillusionment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">but not, thus far, overbrimming with results\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/437796/what-are-digital-healths-biggest-successes-and-disappointments-cnbcs-chrissy-farr-weighs-in\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exceptions\u003c/a>, however, and as we did last year at this time, we're turning to San Francisco-based CNBC journalist\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/christina-farr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Christina Farr, \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>who breaks a lot of health tech stories, to clue us in on her beat. This year we asked her what were the really big stories she covered in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here are some highlights from our talk, in Christina's own words. The following has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Digital Health: It's a Thing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a really big year in digital health, particularly where large tech companies are concerned: Apple, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Samsung...\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'As [big] tech companies attempt to become trillion-dollar or greater businesses, they need something more than just their core competencies. And you can't ignore health care; it's just too big.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>John Doerr, the venture capitalist who is a big health investor, recounted at the Forbes Healthcare Summit how internet companies in the '90s aimed to disrupt the advertising space, which back then was based mostly on television advertising. Those companies thought they could do a better job because there was really no way at that time to measure and track the performance of ads in real time. So they took on this industry, which is now worth about $75 billion in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison the health care opportunity is $3.5 trillion in America alone. As these tech companies attempt to become trillion-dollar or greater businesses, they need something more than just their core competencies. And you can't ignore health care; it's just too big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here Comes Amazon ...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amazon’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/28/amazon-to-acquire-online-pharmacy-pillpack.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acquisition\u003c/a> of online pharmacy PillPack in June was a very big story. The announcement really marked them as a player, and the market response -- billions of dollars were knocked off some of these pharmacy stocks -- showed how much of a threat Amazon could be. It's also a very good deal for PillPack and probably showed the digital health community that those sorts of exits are possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 589px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-437838\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"589\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1.png 589w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1-160x116.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1-240x174.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1-375x272.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissyfarrphoto1-520x378.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CNBC's Chrissy Farr. \u003ccite>(CNBC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the same time, Amazon also \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/14/amazon-explored-medical-diagnostics-was-in-talks-to-buy-confer-health.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looked at Confer Health\u003c/a>, a company in the at-home medical diagnostic space. That's interesting, because it speaks to a strategy that goes deeper than just drug delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Amazon could potentially go is this: Imagine you're experiencing symptoms for strep throat, and you \u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/artificial-intelligence/2018/10/15/amazons-new-patent-will-allow-alexa-to-detect-your-illness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">talk to your Amazon Alexa device\u003c/a>, and there's an AI system, or a real physician, even, that speaks to you and recommends you get tested. A courier comes to your home with a portable device from which you run a sample and you get a result immediately. Or from there the same physician ships you a prescription. And that could all be done in a couple hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or imagine an elderly person who potentially has the flu and might have to go to a physical clinic, and then from there bring a prescription to a Walgreens. That is an annoying user experience but also think about how many people they could infect with the flu on the way to the clinic and pharmacy. So I think there could be some basic things Amazon can do with diagnosing illness in the home. And if they can do that coupled with prescription drug delivery, that's a very \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/17/amazon-vision-future-health-care.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">different experience of health care\u003c/a> than we've seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>...and Apple\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole Apple health care rollout was big, and I would probably pinpoint the electro-cardiogram\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/12/05/apple-watch-ecg-sensor-review.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> being introduced on the Apple Watch\u003c/a> as the biggest story from what they've done this year. It got Apple into a more regulated medical device space; I don't know if they are now a medical device company, but they're certainly a consumer tech company that makes medical products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an important story because it sort of changed the game around proactive health monitoring. They were looking specifically for people who didn't even know they have a type of arrhythmia called atrial fibrillation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's controversial, as there are doctors who think this is bad news, because it's going to lead to a lot of anxious people thinking there's something wrong when there isn't. I've been hearing from physicians who already have patients with normal results reach out and ask, ‘Hey, does this look right?’ Doctors are already overloaded and don't want to be managing an influx of healthy people. So Apple's got to really make sure the false positive rate isn't too high, and they need to be transparent about what this ECG means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think this is probably the beginning of what Apple's overall strategy is when it comes to bringing health monitoring to the watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>... and, uh, Facebook? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This year even Facebook was trying to get into digital health. At one point it hired some people in the medical community to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/05/facebook-building-8-explored-data-sharing-agreement-with-hospitals.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">approach top hospitals\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> about a patient data-sharing agreement. Facebook wanted to see if it could match up the health system's user data with its own data to see if patients might need special care\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. That seemed to be have fallen apart out of general fears of data privacy surrounding the company.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.cnbc.com/p/gZWlPC/cnbc_global?playertype=synd&byGuid=7000011603&size=530_298\" width=\"530\" height=\"298\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Real Money' for Digital Health Startup \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmaceutical giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/15/roche-buying-flatiron-health-backed-by-alphabet.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Roche bought Flatiron Health\u003c/a> in February for just over $2 billion. I think that was a big deal because it was a pharmaceutical company spending real money on a digital health startup. I think it shows that there can be real successes in the space. It's also a thumbs-up for precision medicine; Flatiron was basically creating a medical record system that was popular with oncologists, and then using data to figure out better treatments for those patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watson Stumbles, or: \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P18EdAKuC1U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Care Ain't 'Jeopardy'\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In talking with folks familiar with the IBM Watson strategy, I think where they may have gone wrong is in building this AI system that was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/05/watson-ibm-cancer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trained using top U.S. oncologists\u003c/a>, and then they tried to sell it to other big cancer centers. So if you're an oncologist at one of these other places, why wouldn't you just say, \"Well, I'm as good as these physicians at Memorial Sloan Kettering?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I think they tried to sell into the wrong market because they thought they could get these really big contracts, and what they probably should have done is figured out a much cheaper system that they could have sold to smaller health systems; you can see why some of these local offices and physicians who don't have the same resources as Sloan Kettering would find it beneficial to get information on what Sloan Kettering would do in any given situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's the Outcomes, Stupid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a long time you didn't really see digital health companies invest in outcomes, because I think they wanted to be viewed more as technology companies. But there were a few -- Livongo, Omada Health, Propeller Health -- that were always sort of forward-leaning and did do that investment from the outset, and I think those companies are the ones that are doing better now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Propeller Health was \u003ca href=\"https://www.jsonline.com/story/money/business/health-care/2018/12/03/propeller-health-madison-acquired-225-million/2192097002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sold\u003c/a> this year to ResMed, for instance. I think it was because it had that focus on outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That model is especially important for the influx of companies trying to sell into the employer space, because in order to tell the difference between them, there has been a lot of questioning around: \"Is this actually making my population healthier? Is it really going to save me money?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general I think the companies that are coming up this year have kind of learned from the mistakes of some of their predecessors and are positioning themselves with a bit more humility, and in many cases doing the right thing. They don't describe themselves, when pitching potential customers, as startups. They take themselves more seriously now, and they want to be viewed as new health care companies and businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It just speaks to a general sort of growing-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445929/what-were-2018s-biggest-digital-health-stories-an-interview-with-cnbcs-christina-farr","authors":["80"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_26","futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_274615","label":"source_futureofyou_445929"},"futureofyou_445776":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445776","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445776","score":null,"sort":[1544034704000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"no-cash-no-organ-transplant-patients-must-prove-they-can-pay-enormous-bills","title":"No Cash, No Organ Transplant: Patients Must Prove They Can Pay Enormous Bills","publishDate":1544034704,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>When Patrick Mannion heard about the Michigan woman denied a heart transplant because she couldn’t afford the anti-rejection drugs, he knew what she was up against.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_445781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-445781 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1.jpg 270w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-240x360.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick Mannion received a double-lung transplant in May 2017 after being diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive, life-threatening lung disease. Through a transplant fundraising organization, HelpHopeLive, he has raised nearly $115,000, twice the original goal to help pay expenses that insurance didn’t cover, including copays for costly anti-rejection drugs. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Patrick Mannion)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On social media posts of a letter that \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Ocasio2018/status/1066351594843844608\">went viral\u003c/a> last month, Hedda Martin, 60, of Grand Rapids, was informed that she was not a candidate for a heart transplant because of her finances. It recommended “a fundraising effort of $10,000.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick Mannion received a double-lung transplant in May 2017 after being diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive, life-threatening lung disease. Through a transplant fundraising organization, HelpHopeLive, he has raised nearly $115,000, twice the original goal to help pay expenses that insurance didn’t cover, including copays for costly anti-rejection drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Mannion, of Oxford, Conn., learned he needed a double-lung transplant after contracting idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive, fatal disease. From the start, hospital officials told him to set aside $30,000 in a separate bank account to cover the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mannion, 59, who received his new lungs in May 2017, reflected: “Here you are, you need a heart — that’s a tough road for any person,” he said. “And then for that person to have to be a fundraiser?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin’s case sparked outrage over a transplant system that links access to a lifesaving treatment to finances. But requiring proof of payment for organ transplants and post-operative care is common, transplant experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It happens every day,” said Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist at the New York University Langone Medical Center. “You get what I call a ‘wallet biopsy.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtually all of the nation’s more than 250 transplant centers, which refer patients to a \u003ca href=\"https://unos.org/\">single national registry\u003c/a>, require patients to verify how they will cover bills that \u003ca href=\"http://www.milliman.com/uploadedFiles/insight/2017/2017-Transplant-Report.pdf\">can total\u003c/a> $400,000 for a kidney transplant or $1.3 million for a heart, plus monthly costs that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520417/\">average $2,500\u003c/a> for anti-rejection drugs that must be taken for life, Caplan said. Coverage for the drugs is more scattershot than for the operation itself, even though transplanted organs will not last without the medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Martin, the social media attention helped. Within days, she had raised more than $30,000 through a GoFundMe account, and officials at Spectrum Health confirmed she was added to the transplant waiting list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.spectrumhealth.org/fyi/\">In a statement\u003c/a>, officials there defended their position, saying that financial resources, along with physical health and social well-being, are among crucial factors to consider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ability to pay for post-transplant care and life-long immunosuppression medications is essential to increase the likelihood of a successful transplant and longevity of the transplant recipient,” officials wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most pragmatic light, that makes sense. More than 114,000 people are waiting for organs in the U.S. and \u003ca href=\"https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view-data-reports/national-data/\">fewer than 35,000\u003c/a> organs were transplanted last year, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing, or UNOS. Transplant centers want to make sure donated organs aren’t wasted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re receiving a lifesaving organ, you have to be able to afford it,” said Kelly Green, executive director of HelpHopeLive, the Pennsylvania organization that has helped Mannion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His friends and family have rallied, flocking to fundraisers that ranged from hair salon cut-a-thons to golf tournaments, raising nearly $115,000 so far for transplant-related care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allowing financial factors to determine who gets a spot on the waiting list strikes many as unfair, Caplan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may be a source of anger, because when we’re looking for organs, we don’t like to think that they go to the rich,” he said. “In reality, it’s largely true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the patients waiting for organs in the U.S. have private health insurance, UNOS data show. The rest are largely covered by the government, including Medicaid, the federal program for the disabled and poor, and Medicare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare also \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicareinteractive.org/get-answers/medicare-health-coverage-options/medicare-and-end-stage-renal-disease-esrd/esrd-medicare-basics\">covers\u003c/a> kidney transplants for all patients with end-stage renal disease. But, there’s a catch. While the cost of a kidney transplant is covered for people younger than 65, the program halts payment for anti-rejection drugs after 36 months. That leaves many patients facing sudden bills, said Tonya Saffer, vice president of health policy for the National Kidney Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation that would extend Medicare coverage for those drugs has been stalled for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Alex Reed, 28, of Pittsburgh, who received a kidney transplant three years ago, coverage for the dozen medications he takes ended Nov. 30. His mother, Bobbie Reed, 62, has been scrambling for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t pick up those costs,” said Reed, whose family runs an independent insurance firm. “It would be at least $3,000 or $4,000 a month.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prices for the drugs, which include powerful medications that prevent the body from rejecting the organs, have been falling in recent years as more generic versions have come to market, Saffer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But “the cost can still be hard on the budget,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a struggle for decades to get transplants and associated expenses covered by insurance, said Dr. Maryl Johnson, a heart failure and transplant cardiologist at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unusual that there’s 100 percent coverage for everything,” said Johnson, a leader in the field for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GoFundMe efforts have become a popular way for sick people to raise money. About a third of the campaigns on the site target medical needs, the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when patients need to raise money, they should use fundraising organizations specifically aimed at those costs, transplant experts say, including \u003ca href=\"https://helphopelive.org/\">HelpHopeLive\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://transplants.org/\">National Foundation for Transplants\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americantransplantfoundation.org/programs/pap/\">American Transplant Foundation.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no guarantee funds generated through such general sites such as GoFundMe will be used for the intended purpose. In addition, the money likely will be regarded as taxable income that could jeopardize other resources, said Michelle Gilchrist, president and chief executive for the National Foundation for Transplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her group, which helps about 4,000 patients a year, has raised $82 million for transplant costs since 1983, she said. Such efforts usually involve a huge public-relations push. Still, 20 percent of the patients who turn to NFT each year fail to raise the needed funds, Gilchrist said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those cases, the patients don’t get the organs they need. “My concern is that health care should be accessible for everyone,” she said, adding: “Ten thousand dollars is a lot to someone who doesn’t have it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every transplant center in the U.S. has a team of social workers and financial coordinators who help patients negotiate the gaps in their care. Lara Tushla, a licensed clinical social worker with the Rush University transplant program in Chicago, monitors about 2,000 transplant patients. She urges potential patients to think realistically about the costs they’ll face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pharmacy will not hand over a bag full of pills without a bag full of money,” she said. “They will not bill you. They want the copays before they give you the medication.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's called a 'wallet biopsy' -- requiring proof of payment for organ transplants and post-operative care. And it's common, transplant experts say.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1544037026,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1300},"headData":{"title":"No Cash, No Organ Transplant: Patients Must Prove They Can Pay Enormous Bills | KQED","description":"It's called a 'wallet biopsy' -- requiring proof of payment for organ transplants and post-operative care. And it's common, transplant experts say.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"445776 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445776","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/12/05/no-cash-no-organ-transplant-patients-must-prove-they-can-pay-enormous-bills/","disqusTitle":"No Cash, No Organ Transplant: Patients Must Prove They Can Pay Enormous Bills","nprByline":"JoNel Aleccia\u003cbr />Kaiser Health News","path":"/futureofyou/445776/no-cash-no-organ-transplant-patients-must-prove-they-can-pay-enormous-bills","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Patrick Mannion heard about the Michigan woman denied a heart transplant because she couldn’t afford the anti-rejection drugs, he knew what she was up against.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_445781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-445781 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1.jpg 270w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/12/transplant_costs1-240x360.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick Mannion received a double-lung transplant in May 2017 after being diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive, life-threatening lung disease. Through a transplant fundraising organization, HelpHopeLive, he has raised nearly $115,000, twice the original goal to help pay expenses that insurance didn’t cover, including copays for costly anti-rejection drugs. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Patrick Mannion)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On social media posts of a letter that \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Ocasio2018/status/1066351594843844608\">went viral\u003c/a> last month, Hedda Martin, 60, of Grand Rapids, was informed that she was not a candidate for a heart transplant because of her finances. It recommended “a fundraising effort of $10,000.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick Mannion received a double-lung transplant in May 2017 after being diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive, life-threatening lung disease. Through a transplant fundraising organization, HelpHopeLive, he has raised nearly $115,000, twice the original goal to help pay expenses that insurance didn’t cover, including copays for costly anti-rejection drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Mannion, of Oxford, Conn., learned he needed a double-lung transplant after contracting idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive, fatal disease. From the start, hospital officials told him to set aside $30,000 in a separate bank account to cover the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mannion, 59, who received his new lungs in May 2017, reflected: “Here you are, you need a heart — that’s a tough road for any person,” he said. “And then for that person to have to be a fundraiser?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin’s case sparked outrage over a transplant system that links access to a lifesaving treatment to finances. But requiring proof of payment for organ transplants and post-operative care is common, transplant experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It happens every day,” said Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist at the New York University Langone Medical Center. “You get what I call a ‘wallet biopsy.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtually all of the nation’s more than 250 transplant centers, which refer patients to a \u003ca href=\"https://unos.org/\">single national registry\u003c/a>, require patients to verify how they will cover bills that \u003ca href=\"http://www.milliman.com/uploadedFiles/insight/2017/2017-Transplant-Report.pdf\">can total\u003c/a> $400,000 for a kidney transplant or $1.3 million for a heart, plus monthly costs that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520417/\">average $2,500\u003c/a> for anti-rejection drugs that must be taken for life, Caplan said. Coverage for the drugs is more scattershot than for the operation itself, even though transplanted organs will not last without the medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Martin, the social media attention helped. Within days, she had raised more than $30,000 through a GoFundMe account, and officials at Spectrum Health confirmed she was added to the transplant waiting list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.spectrumhealth.org/fyi/\">In a statement\u003c/a>, officials there defended their position, saying that financial resources, along with physical health and social well-being, are among crucial factors to consider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ability to pay for post-transplant care and life-long immunosuppression medications is essential to increase the likelihood of a successful transplant and longevity of the transplant recipient,” officials wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most pragmatic light, that makes sense. More than 114,000 people are waiting for organs in the U.S. and \u003ca href=\"https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view-data-reports/national-data/\">fewer than 35,000\u003c/a> organs were transplanted last year, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing, or UNOS. Transplant centers want to make sure donated organs aren’t wasted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re receiving a lifesaving organ, you have to be able to afford it,” said Kelly Green, executive director of HelpHopeLive, the Pennsylvania organization that has helped Mannion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His friends and family have rallied, flocking to fundraisers that ranged from hair salon cut-a-thons to golf tournaments, raising nearly $115,000 so far for transplant-related care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allowing financial factors to determine who gets a spot on the waiting list strikes many as unfair, Caplan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may be a source of anger, because when we’re looking for organs, we don’t like to think that they go to the rich,” he said. “In reality, it’s largely true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the patients waiting for organs in the U.S. have private health insurance, UNOS data show. The rest are largely covered by the government, including Medicaid, the federal program for the disabled and poor, and Medicare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare also \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicareinteractive.org/get-answers/medicare-health-coverage-options/medicare-and-end-stage-renal-disease-esrd/esrd-medicare-basics\">covers\u003c/a> kidney transplants for all patients with end-stage renal disease. But, there’s a catch. While the cost of a kidney transplant is covered for people younger than 65, the program halts payment for anti-rejection drugs after 36 months. That leaves many patients facing sudden bills, said Tonya Saffer, vice president of health policy for the National Kidney Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation that would extend Medicare coverage for those drugs has been stalled for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Alex Reed, 28, of Pittsburgh, who received a kidney transplant three years ago, coverage for the dozen medications he takes ended Nov. 30. His mother, Bobbie Reed, 62, has been scrambling for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t pick up those costs,” said Reed, whose family runs an independent insurance firm. “It would be at least $3,000 or $4,000 a month.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prices for the drugs, which include powerful medications that prevent the body from rejecting the organs, have been falling in recent years as more generic versions have come to market, Saffer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But “the cost can still be hard on the budget,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a struggle for decades to get transplants and associated expenses covered by insurance, said Dr. Maryl Johnson, a heart failure and transplant cardiologist at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unusual that there’s 100 percent coverage for everything,” said Johnson, a leader in the field for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GoFundMe efforts have become a popular way for sick people to raise money. About a third of the campaigns on the site target medical needs, the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when patients need to raise money, they should use fundraising organizations specifically aimed at those costs, transplant experts say, including \u003ca href=\"https://helphopelive.org/\">HelpHopeLive\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://transplants.org/\">National Foundation for Transplants\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americantransplantfoundation.org/programs/pap/\">American Transplant Foundation.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no guarantee funds generated through such general sites such as GoFundMe will be used for the intended purpose. In addition, the money likely will be regarded as taxable income that could jeopardize other resources, said Michelle Gilchrist, president and chief executive for the National Foundation for Transplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her group, which helps about 4,000 patients a year, has raised $82 million for transplant costs since 1983, she said. Such efforts usually involve a huge public-relations push. Still, 20 percent of the patients who turn to NFT each year fail to raise the needed funds, Gilchrist said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those cases, the patients don’t get the organs they need. “My concern is that health care should be accessible for everyone,” she said, adding: “Ten thousand dollars is a lot to someone who doesn’t have it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every transplant center in the U.S. has a team of social workers and financial coordinators who help patients negotiate the gaps in their care. Lara Tushla, a licensed clinical social worker with the Rush University transplant program in Chicago, monitors about 2,000 transplant patients. She urges potential patients to think realistically about the costs they’ll face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pharmacy will not hand over a bag full of pills without a bag full of money,” she said. “They will not bill you. They want the copays before they give you the medication.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445776/no-cash-no-organ-transplant-patients-must-prove-they-can-pay-enormous-bills","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445776"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445781","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_445693":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445693","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445693","score":null,"sort":[1543824116000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"medical-detectives-the-last-hope-for-families-coping-with-rare-diseases","title":"Medical Detectives: The Last Hope for Families Coping With Rare Diseases","publishDate":1543824116,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>All over the country, specialized strike teams of doctors are giving hope to families who are desperately searching for a diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medical sleuths have cracked more than a third of the 382 patient cases they're pursuing, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1714458?query=featured_home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> in the New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The specialists, scattered across 12 clinics nationwide, form the \u003ca href=\"https://undiagnosed.hms.harvard.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Undiagnosed Disease Network \u003c/a>(UDN). Since the program began in 2014 they've identified 31 previously unknown syndromes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'One letter of 6 billion can cause these incredibly devastating diseases.'\u003ccite>Euan Ashley, Stanford University cardiologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It was like Sherlock Holmes,\" says Euan Ashley, a professor of medicine at Stanford University. \"Patients would come with mystery diseases and we would try and solve them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although rare diseases are individually very uncommon, collectively they're surprisingly pervasive. In fact, if grouped together into a single category, they afflict \u003ca href=\"https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/pages/31/faqs-about-rare-diseases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one in 20\u003c/a> people in the population. That's on par with \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">diabetes\u003c/a>, which is often described as a national epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the people coping with mystery conditions, cracking these cases can be life-saving or life-changing. Take the perplexing case of the two Miller boys from Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disabled Bodies, Warm Hearts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five-year-old Chase and seven-year-old Carson have alert minds and radiant smiles but very uncooperative bodies. The blond blue-eyed brothers are not able to sit, stand, speak or feed themselves. They've spent their lives in wheelchairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though they attend a mainstream elementary school and are cognitively functioning on par with their peers, they are both still in diapers. The boys require constant care at home or attentive individual aides in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_445696\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-445696\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-800x1100.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-800x1100.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-160x220.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-768x1056.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-1020x1402.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-873x1200.jpg 873w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-1180x1622.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-960x1319.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-240x330.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-375x515.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-520x715.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878.jpg 1274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chase Miller using a walker. \u003ccite>(Andrew Ross-Perry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Four-Year Diagnostic Odyssey\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago the boys' parents, Nikki and Danny Miller, began noticing their first son wasn’t reaching milestones like rolling over or crawling. Instead, they witnessed spastic movements and tiny hands repeatedly balling into fists. Babbling never turned into words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Carson was about a year old he was misdiagnosed with cerebral palsy. Then when the same developmental delays emerged in their second-born, the parents started asking more questions, which led to a four-year diagnostic odyssey with countless inconclusive lab tests. One after another, specialists shrugged their shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really tough because as a parent you blame yourself,\" says Danny. \"What did I do wrong? Is there something wrong with my genes?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_445698\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-445698 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1440\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-240x320.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-375x500.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carson Miller in his wheelchair. \u003ccite>(Andrew Ross-Perry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cracking the Case\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, two years ago Danny applied to the Stanford UDN clinic. After reviewing the boys' medical history, researchers ordered full genome sequencing for all four family members. It was the first time every \u003cem>one\u003c/em> of their 20,000 genes would be mapped. Until recently this type of extensive testing was prohibitively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We're rapidly moving to the point where it makes more sense to go straight to the genome rather than measuring one gene, then another, then another,” says Ashley as he pulls out his laptop to point out the clue within the family’s genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The screen is divided into several rows and columns with long strings of letters that code for human DNA. Ashley points to a colored section in the MECR gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the two boys have inherited this variant that came from their father,” says Ashley. “One letter of 6 billion can cause these incredibly devastating diseases,\" says Ashley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the boys also inherited a different variant from their mother in the same gene. Neither of the boys' two copies of the gene works properly, which is why Carson and Chase have a brain disease called \u003ca href=\"https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/13488/mepan-syndrome\">MEPAN syndrome\u003c/a>. The genetic mutation affects the part of the brain that controls movement. Only 13 people in the world are currently known to have it, and there is only one published scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142118/\">paper\u003c/a> on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there is no treatment for MEPAN, but Danny and Nikki are hoping a heavy cocktail of vitamins and supplements will slow their boys’ brain decline. The parents also take the boys to physical, occupational and speech therapy to strengthen their muscles and teach them life skills. The boys communicate with computers attached to their wheelchairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovering what was wrong was only a single step on the family's journey, though a crucial one. A diagnosis is key to refining treatment and potentially attracting more scientific interest, which may someday lead to a cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The father's voice cracks as he contemplates the road ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recently at school Carson built a sentence that said, ‘I hate my wheelchair,’” recalls Danny. “Because I know that he wants to be up running around, playing tag, and hide and seek with the other kids. That may not be the way things work out. But I’m going to do everything in my power to try and make sure that does happen.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A unique national network of doctors provides hope and answers for families who have nowhere else to turn. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1543970277,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":842},"headData":{"title":"Medical Detectives: The Last Hope for Families Coping With Rare Diseases | KQED","description":"A unique national network of doctors provides hope and answers for families who have nowhere else to turn. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"445693 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445693","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/12/03/medical-detectives-the-last-hope-for-families-coping-with-rare-diseases/","disqusTitle":"Medical Detectives: The Last Hope for Families Coping With Rare Diseases","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/12/McClurgUndiagnosedDiseaseNetwork.mp3","audioTrackLength":429,"path":"/futureofyou/445693/medical-detectives-the-last-hope-for-families-coping-with-rare-diseases","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>All over the country, specialized strike teams of doctors are giving hope to families who are desperately searching for a diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medical sleuths have cracked more than a third of the 382 patient cases they're pursuing, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1714458?query=featured_home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> in the New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The specialists, scattered across 12 clinics nationwide, form the \u003ca href=\"https://undiagnosed.hms.harvard.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Undiagnosed Disease Network \u003c/a>(UDN). Since the program began in 2014 they've identified 31 previously unknown syndromes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'One letter of 6 billion can cause these incredibly devastating diseases.'\u003ccite>Euan Ashley, Stanford University cardiologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It was like Sherlock Holmes,\" says Euan Ashley, a professor of medicine at Stanford University. \"Patients would come with mystery diseases and we would try and solve them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although rare diseases are individually very uncommon, collectively they're surprisingly pervasive. In fact, if grouped together into a single category, they afflict \u003ca href=\"https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/pages/31/faqs-about-rare-diseases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one in 20\u003c/a> people in the population. That's on par with \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">diabetes\u003c/a>, which is often described as a national epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the people coping with mystery conditions, cracking these cases can be life-saving or life-changing. Take the perplexing case of the two Miller boys from Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disabled Bodies, Warm Hearts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five-year-old Chase and seven-year-old Carson have alert minds and radiant smiles but very uncooperative bodies. The blond blue-eyed brothers are not able to sit, stand, speak or feed themselves. They've spent their lives in wheelchairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though they attend a mainstream elementary school and are cognitively functioning on par with their peers, they are both still in diapers. The boys require constant care at home or attentive individual aides in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_445696\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-445696\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-800x1100.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-800x1100.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-160x220.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-768x1056.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-1020x1402.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-873x1200.jpg 873w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-1180x1622.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-960x1319.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-240x330.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-375x515.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878-520x715.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/Millers-20171124-12-e1543531375878.jpg 1274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chase Miller using a walker. \u003ccite>(Andrew Ross-Perry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Four-Year Diagnostic Odyssey\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago the boys' parents, Nikki and Danny Miller, began noticing their first son wasn’t reaching milestones like rolling over or crawling. Instead, they witnessed spastic movements and tiny hands repeatedly balling into fists. Babbling never turned into words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Carson was about a year old he was misdiagnosed with cerebral palsy. Then when the same developmental delays emerged in their second-born, the parents started asking more questions, which led to a four-year diagnostic odyssey with countless inconclusive lab tests. One after another, specialists shrugged their shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really tough because as a parent you blame yourself,\" says Danny. \"What did I do wrong? Is there something wrong with my genes?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_445698\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-445698 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1440\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-240x320.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-375x500.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/11/IMG_6670-e1543531634836-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carson Miller in his wheelchair. \u003ccite>(Andrew Ross-Perry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cracking the Case\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, two years ago Danny applied to the Stanford UDN clinic. After reviewing the boys' medical history, researchers ordered full genome sequencing for all four family members. It was the first time every \u003cem>one\u003c/em> of their 20,000 genes would be mapped. Until recently this type of extensive testing was prohibitively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We're rapidly moving to the point where it makes more sense to go straight to the genome rather than measuring one gene, then another, then another,” says Ashley as he pulls out his laptop to point out the clue within the family’s genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The screen is divided into several rows and columns with long strings of letters that code for human DNA. Ashley points to a colored section in the MECR gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the two boys have inherited this variant that came from their father,” says Ashley. “One letter of 6 billion can cause these incredibly devastating diseases,\" says Ashley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the boys also inherited a different variant from their mother in the same gene. Neither of the boys' two copies of the gene works properly, which is why Carson and Chase have a brain disease called \u003ca href=\"https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/13488/mepan-syndrome\">MEPAN syndrome\u003c/a>. The genetic mutation affects the part of the brain that controls movement. Only 13 people in the world are currently known to have it, and there is only one published scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142118/\">paper\u003c/a> on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there is no treatment for MEPAN, but Danny and Nikki are hoping a heavy cocktail of vitamins and supplements will slow their boys’ brain decline. The parents also take the boys to physical, occupational and speech therapy to strengthen their muscles and teach them life skills. The boys communicate with computers attached to their wheelchairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovering what was wrong was only a single step on the family's journey, though a crucial one. A diagnosis is key to refining treatment and potentially attracting more scientific interest, which may someday lead to a cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The father's voice cracks as he contemplates the road ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recently at school Carson built a sentence that said, ‘I hate my wheelchair,’” recalls Danny. “Because I know that he wants to be up running around, playing tag, and hide and seek with the other kids. That may not be the way things work out. But I’m going to do everything in my power to try and make sure that does happen.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445693/medical-detectives-the-last-hope-for-families-coping-with-rare-diseases","authors":["11229"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1575"],"tags":["futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_120","futureofyou_39","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1332","futureofyou_1639"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445695","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_445528":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445528","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445528","score":null,"sort":[1542403324000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ucsf-study-probes-long-term-effects-of-head-trauma-and-not-just-in-football","title":"UCSF Study Probes Long-Term Effects of Head Trauma -- and Not Just in Football","publishDate":1542403324,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Traumatic brain injury has long been associated with combat and, more recently, contact sports like football. Now head injuries among \"the rest of us\" are getting a long look from researchers, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/441252/proposed-california-ban-on-kids-football-sacked-early-and-hard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Ban on Kids Football Sacked Early\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"They're actually very, very common,\" said Geoff Manly, who chairs the Dept. of Neurosurgery at UCSF and is leading the study. He says nearly 3 million people with head injuries turn up at U.S. emergency rooms every year, caused by everything from traffic accidents to falling down stairs to being thrown off a bicycle. Manley says the numbers are increasing yearly \"on a scale that dwarfs\" the problem in sports alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Historically, we've sort of treated this as an event, rather than a process,\" he said. \"And now we see that many people are suffering long-term consequences of these injuries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Football League is putting up nearly $3.5 million to fund the long-term study of \"community-acquired\" concussions and the long-range effects they have on some patients, such as depression, dementia, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study will track patients from the time they present for emergency care to as long as seven years beyond, to try to determine why some patients are able to shake off head trauma, while others are plagued with long-term and sometimes fatal consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's probably not just by chance that there's a strong association between prior history of TBI and the development of some of these disorders,\" says Manley. \"We're trying to figure out what those risk factors are and hoping that in identifying these risk factors, we can find a mechanism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With funding from the NFL's \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/h_yFCyPmRxsr24VOiZjhit?domain=email.prnewswire.com\">Play Smart - Play Safe\u003c/a> initiative, Manley says, the study will track about 2,700 patients whose data has \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/5K4lCzpn0ysMwrVWUXH4uq?domain=email.prnewswire.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already been gathered\u003c/a> by major trauma centers around the country. The research team will collect data on brain imaging, blood-based biomarkers and outcome assessments of psychological health, physical recovery and functional status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results could also provide insights into a condition known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which has turned up in alarming numbers of professional football players and is blamed for the tragic deaths of former stars like Pittsburgh Steelers center \"Iron\" Mike Webster and San Diego Chargers linebacker Junior Seau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of these high-profile cases and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/sports/junior-seau-suit-nfl.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">associated litigation\u003c/a>, the NFL has set aside $40 million in funding for medical research, primarily dedicated to neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Long-term consequences of concussion aren't just a problem for combat veterans and football players. A new study seeks to find the reasons why.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1542403607,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":415},"headData":{"title":"UCSF Study Probes Long-Term Effects of Head Trauma -- and Not Just in Football | KQED","description":"Long-term consequences of concussion aren't just a problem for combat veterans and football players. A new study seeks to find the reasons why.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"445528 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445528","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/11/16/ucsf-study-probes-long-term-effects-of-head-trauma-and-not-just-in-football/","disqusTitle":"UCSF Study Probes Long-Term Effects of Head Trauma -- and Not Just in Football","path":"/futureofyou/445528/ucsf-study-probes-long-term-effects-of-head-trauma-and-not-just-in-football","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Traumatic brain injury has long been associated with combat and, more recently, contact sports like football. Now head injuries among \"the rest of us\" are getting a long look from researchers, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/441252/proposed-california-ban-on-kids-football-sacked-early-and-hard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Ban on Kids Football Sacked Early\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"They're actually very, very common,\" said Geoff Manly, who chairs the Dept. of Neurosurgery at UCSF and is leading the study. He says nearly 3 million people with head injuries turn up at U.S. emergency rooms every year, caused by everything from traffic accidents to falling down stairs to being thrown off a bicycle. Manley says the numbers are increasing yearly \"on a scale that dwarfs\" the problem in sports alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Historically, we've sort of treated this as an event, rather than a process,\" he said. \"And now we see that many people are suffering long-term consequences of these injuries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Football League is putting up nearly $3.5 million to fund the long-term study of \"community-acquired\" concussions and the long-range effects they have on some patients, such as depression, dementia, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study will track patients from the time they present for emergency care to as long as seven years beyond, to try to determine why some patients are able to shake off head trauma, while others are plagued with long-term and sometimes fatal consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's probably not just by chance that there's a strong association between prior history of TBI and the development of some of these disorders,\" says Manley. \"We're trying to figure out what those risk factors are and hoping that in identifying these risk factors, we can find a mechanism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With funding from the NFL's \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/h_yFCyPmRxsr24VOiZjhit?domain=email.prnewswire.com\">Play Smart - Play Safe\u003c/a> initiative, Manley says, the study will track about 2,700 patients whose data has \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/5K4lCzpn0ysMwrVWUXH4uq?domain=email.prnewswire.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already been gathered\u003c/a> by major trauma centers around the country. The research team will collect data on brain imaging, blood-based biomarkers and outcome assessments of psychological health, physical recovery and functional status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results could also provide insights into a condition known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which has turned up in alarming numbers of professional football players and is blamed for the tragic deaths of former stars like Pittsburgh Steelers center \"Iron\" Mike Webster and San Diego Chargers linebacker Junior Seau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of these high-profile cases and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/sports/junior-seau-suit-nfl.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">associated litigation\u003c/a>, the NFL has set aside $40 million in funding for medical research, primarily dedicated to neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445528/ucsf-study-probes-long-term-effects-of-head-trauma-and-not-just-in-football","authors":["221"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1414","futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445545","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Live-From-Here-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.","airtime":"SUN 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/money/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/planet-money","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"}},"politicalbreakdown":{"id":"politicalbreakdown","title":"Political Breakdown","tagline":"Politics from a personal perspective","info":"Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.","airtime":"THU 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Political Breakdown","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"11"},"link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5Nzk2MzI2MTEx","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"}},"pri-the-world":{"id":"pri-the-world","title":"PRI's The World: Latest Edition","info":"Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.","airtime":"MON-FRI 2pm-3pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world","meta":{"site":"news","source":"PRI"},"link":"/radio/program/pri-the-world","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/","rss":"http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"}},"radiolab":{"id":"radiolab","title":"Radiolab","info":"A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.","airtime":"SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/radiolab","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/","rss":"https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"}},"reveal":{"id":"reveal","title":"Reveal","info":"Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.","airtime":"SAT 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/reveal","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/","rss":"http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"}},"says-you":{"id":"says-you","title":"Says You!","info":"Public radio's game show of bluff and bluster, words and whimsy. The warmest, wittiest cocktail party - it's spirited and civil, brainy and boisterous, peppered with musical interludes. Fast paced and playful, it's the most fun you can have with language without getting your mouth washed out with soap. Our motto: It's not important to know the answers, it's important to like the answers!","airtime":"SUN 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Says-You-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.saysyouradio.com/","meta":{"site":"comedy","source":"Pipit and Finch"},"link":"/radio/program/says-you","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/says-you!/id1050199826","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Says-You-p480/","rss":"https://saysyou.libsyn.com/rss"}},"science-friday":{"id":"science-friday","title":"Science Friday","info":"Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.","airtime":"FRI 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/science-friday","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"}},"science-podcast":{"id":"science-podcast","title":"KQED Science News","tagline":"From the lab, to your ears","info":"KQED Science explores science and environment news, trends, and events from the Bay Area and beyond.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-News-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/category/science-podcast/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"kqed","order":"17"},"link":"/science/category/science-podcast","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqed-science-news/id214663465","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2dzLmtxZWQub3JnL3NjaWVuY2UvZmVlZC8","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed-science-news","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/category/science-podcast/feed/podcast"}},"selected-shorts":{"id":"selected-shorts","title":"Selected Shorts","info":"Spellbinding short stories by established and emerging writers take on a new life when they are performed by stars of the stage and screen.","airtime":"SAT 8pm-9pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Selected-Shorts-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pri.org/programs/selected-shorts","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"pri"},"link":"/radio/program/selected-shorts","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=253191824&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Selected-Shorts-p31792/","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/selectedshorts"}},"snap-judgment":{"id":"snap-judgment","title":"Snap Judgment","info":"Snap Judgment (Storytelling, with a BEAT) mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic, kick-ass radio. Snap’s raw, musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. WNYC studios is the producer of leading podcasts including Radiolab, Freakonomics Radio, Note To Self, Here’s The Thing With Alec Baldwin, and more.","airtime":"SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/snapJudgement.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://snapjudgment.org","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/snap-judgment","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=283657561&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Snap-Judgment-p243817/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/snapjudgment-wnyc"}},"soldout":{"id":"soldout","title":"SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America","tagline":"A new future for housing","info":"Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/soldout","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":3},"link":"/podcasts/soldout","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america","tunein":"https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vc29sZG91dA"}},"ted-radio-hour":{"id":"ted-radio-hour","title":"TED Radio Hour","info":"The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.","airtime":"SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/ted-radio-hour","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"}},"tech-nation":{"id":"tech-nation","title":"Tech Nation Radio Podcast","info":"Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.","airtime":"FRI 10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://technation.podomatic.com/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"Tech Nation Media"},"link":"/radio/program/tech-nation","subscribe":{"rss":"https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"}},"thebay":{"id":"thebay","title":"The Bay","tagline":"Local news to keep you rooted","info":"Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED The Bay","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/thebay","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"6"},"link":"/podcasts/thebay","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM4MjU5Nzg2MzI3","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"}},"californiareport":{"id":"californiareport","title":"The California Report","tagline":"California, day by day","info":"KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The California Report","officialWebsiteLink":"/californiareport","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"9"},"link":"/californiareport","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1MDAyODE4NTgz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"}},"californiareportmagazine":{"id":"californiareportmagazine","title":"The California Report Magazine","tagline":"Your state, your stories","info":"Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.","airtime":"FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/californiareportmagazine","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"10"},"link":"/californiareportmagazine","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"}},"theleap":{"id":"theleap","title":"The Leap","tagline":"What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?","info":"Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The Leap","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/theleap","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"14"},"link":"/podcasts/theleap","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM0NTcwODQ2MjY2","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"}},"masters-of-scale":{"id":"masters-of-scale","title":"Masters of Scale","info":"Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.","airtime":"Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://mastersofscale.com/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WaitWhat"},"link":"/radio/program/masters-of-scale","subscribe":{"apple":"http://mastersofscale.app.link/","rss":"https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"}},"the-moth-radio-hour":{"id":"the-moth-radio-hour","title":"The Moth Radio Hour","info":"Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.","airtime":"SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://themoth.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"prx"},"link":"/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/","rss":"http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"}},"the-new-yorker-radio-hour":{"id":"the-new-yorker-radio-hour","title":"The New Yorker Radio Hour","info":"The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.","airtime":"SAT 10am-11am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"}},"the-takeaway":{"id":"the-takeaway","title":"The Takeaway","info":"The Takeaway is produced in partnership with its national audience. It delivers perspective and analysis to help us better understand the day’s news. Be a part of the American conversation on-air and online.","airtime":"MON-THU 12pm-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Takeaway-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/takeaway","meta":{"site":"news","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/the-takeaway","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-takeaway/id363143310?mt=2","tuneIn":"http://tunein.com/radio/The-Takeaway-p150731/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/takeawaypodcast"}},"this-american-life":{"id":"this-american-life","title":"This American Life","info":"This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.","airtime":"SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wbez"},"link":"/radio/program/this-american-life","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","rss":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"}},"truthbetold":{"id":"truthbetold","title":"Truth Be Told","tagline":"Advice by and for people of color","info":"We’re the friend you call after a long day, the one who gets it. Through wisdom from some of the greatest thinkers of our time, host Tonya Mosley explores what it means to grow and thrive as a Black person in America, while discovering new ways of being that serve as a portal to more love, more healing, and more joy.","airtime":"","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Truth-Be-Told-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Truth Be Told with Tonya Mosley","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.kqed.ord/podcasts/truthbetold","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr","order":"12"},"link":"/podcasts/truthbetold","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/truth-be-told/id1462216572","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS90cnV0aC1iZS10b2xkLXBvZGNhc3QvZmVlZA","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/719210818/truth-be-told","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/s?fid=398170&refid=stpr","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/587DhwTBxke6uvfwDfaV5N"}},"wait-wait-dont-tell-me":{"id":"wait-wait-dont-tell-me","title":"Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!","info":"Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.","airtime":"SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"}},"washington-week":{"id":"washington-week","title":"Washington Week","info":"For 50 years, Washington Week has been the most intelligent and up to date conversation about the most important news stories of the week. Washington Week is the longest-running news and public affairs program on PBS and features journalists -- not pundits -- lending insight and perspective to the week's important news stories.","airtime":"SAT 1:30am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/washington-week.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/washington-week","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/washington-week-audio-pbs/id83324702?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Current-Affairs/Washington-Week-p693/","rss":"http://feeds.pbs.org/pbs/weta/washingtonweek-audio"}},"weekend-edition-saturday":{"id":"weekend-edition-saturday","title":"Weekend Edition Saturday","info":"Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.","airtime":"SAT 5am-10am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"},"weekend-edition-sunday":{"id":"weekend-edition-sunday","title":"Weekend Edition Sunday","info":"Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.","airtime":"SUN 5am-10am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"},"world-affairs":{"id":"world-affairs","title":"World Affairs","info":"The world as we knew it is undergoing a rapid transformation…so what's next? Welcome to WorldAffairs, your guide to a changing world. We give you the context you need to navigate across borders and ideologies. Through sound-rich stories and in-depth interviews, we break down what it means to be a global citizen on a hot, crowded planet. Our hosts, Ray Suarez, Teresa Cotsirilos and Philip Yun help you make sense of an uncertain world, one story at a time.","airtime":"MON 10pm, TUE 1am, SAT 3am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/World-Affairs-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg ","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.worldaffairs.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"World Affairs"},"link":"/radio/program/world-affairs","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/world-affairs/id101215657?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/WorldAffairs-p1665/","rss":"https://worldaffairs.libsyn.com/rss"}},"on-shifting-ground":{"id":"on-shifting-ground","title":"On Shifting Ground with Ray Suarez","info":"Geopolitical turmoil. A warming planet. Authoritarians on the rise. We live in a chaotic world that’s rapidly shifting around us. “On Shifting Ground with Ray Suarez” explores international fault lines and how they impact us all. Each week, NPR veteran Ray Suarez hosts conversations with journalists, leaders and policy experts to help us read between the headlines – and give us hope for human resilience.","airtime":"MON 10pm, TUE 1am, SAT 3am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/12/onshiftingground-600x600-1.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://worldaffairs.org/radio-podcast/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"On Shifting Ground"},"link":"/radio/program/on-shifting-ground","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/on-shifting-ground/id101215657","rss":"https://feeds.libsyn.com/36668/rss"}},"hidden-brain":{"id":"hidden-brain","title":"Hidden Brain","info":"Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain","airtime":"SUN 7pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"NPR"},"link":"/radio/program/hidden-brain","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"}},"city-arts":{"id":"city-arts","title":"City Arts & Lectures","info":"A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.cityarts.net/","airtime":"SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am","meta":{"site":"news","source":"City Arts & Lectures"},"link":"https://www.cityarts.net","subscribe":{"tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/","rss":"https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"}},"white-lies":{"id":"white-lies","title":"White Lies","info":"In 1965, Rev. James Reeb was murdered in Selma, Alabama. Three men were tried and acquitted, but no one was ever held to account. Fifty years later, two journalists from Alabama return to the city where it happened, expose the lies that kept the murder from being solved and uncover a story about guilt and memory that says as much about America today as it does about the past.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/White-Lies-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510343/white-lies","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/white-lies","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/whitelies","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1462650519?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM0My9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/12yZ2j8vxqhc0QZyRES3ft?si=LfWYEK6URA63hueKVxRLAw","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510343/podcast.xml"}},"rightnowish":{"id":"rightnowish","title":"Rightnowish","tagline":"Art is where you find it","info":"Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/rightnowish","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"kqed","order":"5"},"link":"/podcasts/rightnowish","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"}},"jerrybrown":{"id":"jerrybrown","title":"The Political Mind of Jerry Brown","tagline":"Lessons from a lifetime in politics","info":"The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/jerrybrown","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"16"},"link":"/podcasts/jerrybrown","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/","tuneIn":"http://tun.in/pjGcK","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9zZXJpZXMvamVycnlicm93bi9mZWVkL3BvZGNhc3Qv"}},"the-splendid-table":{"id":"the-splendid-table","title":"The Splendid Table","info":"\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.splendidtable.org/","airtime":"SUN 10-11 pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/the-splendid-table"}},"racesReducer":{"5921":{"id":"5921","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 7","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":158422,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.97,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Doris Matsui","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":89456,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tom Silva","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":48920,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Mandel","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":20046,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-09T01:00:38.194Z"},"5922":{"id":"5922","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 8","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Rudy Recile","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John Garamendi","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5924":{"id":"5924","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 10","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":185034,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.07,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark DeSaulnier","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":121265,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katherine Piccinini","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34883,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nolan Chen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":19459,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Sweeney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":7606,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mohamed Elsherbini","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1821,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-09T01:02:32.415Z"},"5926":{"id":"5926","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":153801,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.88,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:41 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lateefah Simon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":85905,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jennifer Tran","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":22964,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tony Daysog","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":17197,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stephen Slauson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9699,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Glenn Kaplan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":6785,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4243,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Abdur Sikder","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2847,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ned Nuerge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2532,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Andre Todd","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1629,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-16T00:22:36.062Z"},"5928":{"id":"5928","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 14","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":125831,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.14,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:41 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Eric Swalwell","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":83989,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Vin Kruttiventi","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":22106,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Alison Hayden","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11928,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Luis Reynoso","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":7808,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:51:36.366Z"},"5930":{"id":"5930","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 16","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":182135,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.91,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","timeUpdated":"3:04 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sam Liccardo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":38489,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Evan Low","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":30249,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Simitian","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":30249,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Peter Ohtaki","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":23275,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Peter Dixon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14673,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Rishi Kumar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":12377,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Karl Ryan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11557,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Julie Lythcott-Haims","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11383,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ahmed Mostafa","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":5811,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Greg Tanaka","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2421,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joby Bernstein","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1651,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:32:05.002Z"},"5931":{"id":"5931","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 17","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":117534,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.92,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ro Khanna","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":73941,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Anita Chen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":31539,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Ritesh Tandon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":5728,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mario Ramirez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4491,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Dehn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":1835,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-08T01:50:53.956Z"},"5932":{"id":"5932","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 18","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":96302,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.93,"eevp":98.83,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Zoe Lofgren","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":49323,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Peter Hernandez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":31622,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Charlene Nijmeh","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":10614,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Lawrence Milan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2712,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Luele Kifle","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2031,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:26:02.706Z"},"5963":{"id":"5963","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":139085,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.62,"eevp":98.6,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Greer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":38079,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Chris Rogers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":27126,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rusty Hicks","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25615,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ariel Kelley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19483,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Frankie Myers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":17694,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ted Williams","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":9550,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Cynthia Click","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1538,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-22T21:38:36.711Z"},"5972":{"id":"5972","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":99775,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lori Wilson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":50085,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Dave Ennis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":26074,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Wanda Wallis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14638,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jeffrey Flack","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":8978,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-08T02:01:24.524Z"},"5973":{"id":"5973","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":143532,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.19,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:38 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Damon Connolly","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":111275,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andy Podshadley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":17240,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Eryn Cervantes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15017,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-21T00:25:32.262Z"},"5975":{"id":"5975","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 14","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":106997,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.06,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Buffy Wicks","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":78678,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Margot Smith","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":18251,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Utkarsh Jain","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":10068,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-15T01:30:34.539Z"},"5976":{"id":"5976","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":97144,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.98,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sonia Ledo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":30946,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Anamarie Farias","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":29512,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Monica Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":24775,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Karen Mitchoff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11911,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T00:19:38.858Z"},"5977":{"id":"5977","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 16","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joseph Rubay","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rebecca Bauer-Kahan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5978":{"id":"5978","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 17","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":111003,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"8:25 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Matt Haney","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":90915,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Manuel Noris-Barrera","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":13843,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Otto Duke","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":6245,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:36:19.697Z"},"5979":{"id":"5979","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 18","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":86008,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.1,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:41 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mia Bonta","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":73040,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andre Sandford","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"AIP","voteCount":4575,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mindy Pechenuk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4389,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Cheyenne Kenney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4004,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T08:03:23.729Z"},"5980":{"id":"5980","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 19","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":113959,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.8,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Catherine Stefani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":64960,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":33035,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nadia Flamenco","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":8335,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Arjun Sodhani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":7629,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-11T23:50:23.109Z"},"5981":{"id":"5981","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 20","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:36 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Liz Ortega","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5982":{"id":"5982","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 21","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark Gilham","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Diane Papan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5984":{"id":"5984","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 23","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":116963,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.91,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Marc Berman","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":67106,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Lydia Kou","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":23699,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Gus Mattammal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":13277,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Allan Marson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":12881,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T01:13:06.280Z"},"5987":{"id":"5987","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 26","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":72753,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.19,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Patrick Ahrens","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25036,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tara Sreekrishnan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19600,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Sophie Song","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15954,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Omar Din","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":8772,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Bob Goodwyn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":2170,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ashish Garg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1221,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T21:06:29.070Z"},"5989":{"id":"5989","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 28","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Gail Pellerin","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Liz Lawler","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6010":{"id":"6010","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 49","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:36 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Fong","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Long Liu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6018":{"id":"6018","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":229348,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.05,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:38 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jared Huffman","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":169005,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Chris Coulombe","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":37372,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tief Gibbs","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":18437,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jolian Kangas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":3166,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Brisendine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1368,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:46:10.103Z"},"6020":{"id":"6020","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":187640,"precinctsReportPercentage":96.32,"eevp":96.36,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Thompson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":118147,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John Munn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":56232,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andrew Engdahl","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11202,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Niket Patwardhan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":2059,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-07T00:30:57.980Z"},"6025":{"id":"6025","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 9","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":121271,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.17,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Josh Harder","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":60396,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Kevin Lincoln","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":36346,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John McBride","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15525,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Khalid Jafri","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9004,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:49:44.113Z"},"6031":{"id":"6031","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Anna Kramer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Kevin Mullin","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6035":{"id":"6035","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 19","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":203670,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.11,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jimmy Panetta","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":132540,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jason Anderson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":58120,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Sean Dougherty","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Grn","voteCount":13010,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-07T00:23:46.779Z"},"6066":{"id":"6066","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 3","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jamie Gallagher","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Aaron Draper","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6067":{"id":"6067","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 4","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Cecilia Aguiar-Curry","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6087":{"id":"6087","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 24","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":66643,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.19,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Alex Lee","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":45544,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bob Brunton","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14951,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marti Souza","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":6148,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T23:23:49.770Z"},"6088":{"id":"6088","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 25","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":69560,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.31,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ash Kalra","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":35821,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Ted Stroll","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":18255,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Lan Ngo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":15484,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T02:40:57.200Z"},"6092":{"id":"6092","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 29","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Robert Rivas","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"J.W. Paine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6223":{"id":"6223","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 46","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:16 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lou Correa","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Pan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6530":{"id":"6530","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 3","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":222193,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Thom Bogue","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":61776,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Christopher Cabaldon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":59041,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rozzana Verder-Aliga","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":45546,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jackie Elward","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":41127,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jimih Jones","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14703,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-15T01:24:31.539Z"},"6531":{"id":"6531","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":171623,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.09,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:10 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jim Shoemaker","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":74935,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jerry McNerney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":57040,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Carlos Villapudua","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":39648,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T20:07:46.382Z"},"6532":{"id":"6532","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 7","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":192446,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.72,"eevp":98.78,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:48 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jesse Arreguín","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":61837,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jovanka Beckles","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":34025,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Dan Kalb","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":28842,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Kathryn Lybarger","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":28041,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sandre Swanson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":22862,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jeanne Solnordal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":16839,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-16T00:58:11.533Z"},"6533":{"id":"6533","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 9","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Tim Grayson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marisol Rubio","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6534":{"id":"6534","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":228260,"precinctsReportPercentage":99.09,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Scott Wiener","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":166592,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Yvette Corkrean","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34438,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Cynthia Cravens","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":18513,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jing Xiong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":8717,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T02:01:51.597Z"},"6535":{"id":"6535","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 13","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":227191,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.88,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Josh Becker","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":167127,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Alexander Glew","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":42788,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Christina Laskowski","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":17276,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T01:56:24.964Z"},"6536":{"id":"6536","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":180231,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.81,"eevp":98.95,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:20 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Dave Cortese","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":124440,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Robert Howell","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34173,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tony Loaiza","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":21618,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T01:15:45.365Z"},"6548":{"id":"6548","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 39","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 20, 2024","timeUpdated":"4:55 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Akilah Weber","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bob Divine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6611":{"id":"6611","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":188732,"precinctsReportPercentage":98.89,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 22, 2024","timeUpdated":"8:25 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Nancy Pelosi","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":138285,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bruce Lou","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":16285,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marjorie Mikels","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":9363,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Bianca Von Krieg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":7634,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Zeng","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":6607,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Boyce","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4325,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Larry Nichelson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3482,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eve Del Castello","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2751,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:31:55.445Z"},"8589":{"id":"8589","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. Senate, Class I","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":7276537,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Adam Schiff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2299507,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Steve Garvey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2292414,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katie Porter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1115606,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Barbara Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":714408,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Early","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":240723,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"James Bradley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":98180,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Christina Pascucci","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":61755,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sharleta Bassett","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":54422,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sarah Liew","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":38483,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Laura Garza ","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":34320,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jonathan Reiss","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34283,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sepi Gilani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":34056,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Gail Lightfoot","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":33046,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Denice Gary-Pandol","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":25494,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"James Macauley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":23168,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Harmesh Kumar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21522,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"David Peterson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21076,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Douglas Pierce","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19371,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Major Singh","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":16965,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"John Rose","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14577,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Perry Pound","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14134,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Raji Rab","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":13558,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mark Ruzon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":13429,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Forrest Jones","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"AIP","voteCount":13027,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stefan Simchowitz","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":12717,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Martin Veprauskas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9714,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Don Grundmann","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":6582,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T05:01:46.589Z"},"8686":{"id":"8686","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"President,","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":3589127,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:48 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joe Biden","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":3200188,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marianne Williamson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":145690,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Dean Phillips","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":99981,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Armando Perez-Serrato","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":42925,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Gabriel Cornejo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":41261,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"President Boddie","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25373,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stephen Lyons","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21008,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eban Cambridge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":12701,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:12:27.559Z"},"8688":{"id":"8688","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"President,","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":2466569,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Donald Trump","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":1953947,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nikki Haley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":430792,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ron DeSantis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":35581,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Chris Christie","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":20164,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Vivek Ramaswamy","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11069,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Rachel Swift","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4231,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"David Stuckenberg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3895,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ryan Binkley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3563,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Asa Hutchinson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3327,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:13:19.766Z"},"81993":{"id":"81993","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. Senate, Class I Unexpired Term","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":7358837,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Steve Garvey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2444940,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Adam Schiff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2155146,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katie Porter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1269194,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Barbara Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":863278,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Early","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":448788,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Christina Pascucci","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":109421,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sepi Gilani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":68070,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:31:08.186Z"},"82014":{"id":"82014","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"Proposition, 1 - Behavioral Health Services Program","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":7221972,"precinctsReportPercentage":99,"eevp":99,"tabulationStatus":"Tabulation Paused","dateUpdated":"March 25, 2024","timeUpdated":"5:47 AM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":null,"voteCount":3624998,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":null,"voteCount":3596974,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-21T00:11:06.265Z"},"timeLoaded":"April 17, 2024 11:17 PM","nationalRacesLoaded":true,"localRacesLoaded":true,"overrides":[{"id":"5921","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 7","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5922","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 8","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5924","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 10","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5926","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 12","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/congress-12th-district"},{"id":"5928","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 14","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5930","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 16","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/congress-16th-district"},{"id":"5931","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 17","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5932","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 18","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5963","raceName":"State Assembly, District 2","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5972","raceName":"State Assembly, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5973","raceName":"State Assembly, District 12","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5975","raceName":"State Assembly, District 14","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5976","raceName":"State Assembly, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/contracosta/state-assembly"},{"id":"5977","raceName":"State Assembly, District 16","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5978","raceName":"State Assembly, District 17","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5979","raceName":"State Assembly, District 18","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5980","raceName":"State Assembly, District 19","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5981","raceName":"State Assembly, District 20","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5982","raceName":"State Assembly, District 21","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5984","raceName":"State Assembly, District 23","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-assembly-23rd-district"},{"id":"5987","raceName":"State Assembly, District 26","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/state-assembly-26th-district"},{"id":"5989","raceName":"State Assembly, District 28","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6010","raceName":"State Assembly, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6018","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 2","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6020","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6025","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 9","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6031","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6035","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 19","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6067","raceName":"State Assembly, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6087","raceName":"State Assembly, District 24","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6088","raceName":"State Assembly, District 25","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6092","raceName":"State Assembly, District 29","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6223","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6530","raceName":"State Senate, District 3","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-senate-3rd-district"},{"id":"6531","raceName":"State Senate, District 5","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6532","raceName":"State Senate, District 7","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-senate-7th-district"},{"id":"6533","raceName":"State Senate, District 9","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6534","raceName":"State Senate, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6535","raceName":"State Senate, District 13","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6536","raceName":"State Senate, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6611","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"8589","raceName":"U.S. Senate (Full Term)","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/senator"},{"id":"8686","raceName":"California Democratic Presidential Primary","raceDescription":"Candidates are competing for 496 delegates.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/president/democrat"},{"id":"8688","raceName":"California Republican Presidential Primary","raceDescription":"Candidates are competing for 169 delegates.","raceReadTheStory":"https://kqed.org/elections/results/president/republican"},{"id":"81993","raceName":"U.S. Senate (Partial/Unexpired Term)","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election."},{"id":"82014","raceName":"Proposition 1","raceDescription":"Bond and mental health reforms. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/proposition-1"}],"AlamedaJudge5":{"id":"AlamedaJudge5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":200601,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Terry Wiley","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":200601}]},"AlamedaJudge12":{"id":"AlamedaJudge12","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":240853,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark Fickes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":133009},{"candidateName":"Michael P. Johnson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":107844}]},"AlamedaBoard2":{"id":"AlamedaBoard2","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":33580,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"John Lewis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6943},{"candidateName":"Angela Normand","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":26637}]},"AlamedaBoard5":{"id":"AlamedaBoard5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":26072,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Guadalupe \"Lupe\" Angulo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7521},{"candidateName":"Janevette Cole","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13338},{"candidateName":"Joe Orlando Ramos","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5213}]},"AlamedaBoard6":{"id":"AlamedaBoard6","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 6","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":30864,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"John Guerrero","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9989},{"candidateName":"Eileen McDonald","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20875}]},"AlamedaSup1":{"id":"AlamedaSup1","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":41038,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Haubert","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":41038}]},"AlamedaSup2":{"id":"AlamedaSup2","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":31034,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Elisa Márquez","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":31034}]},"AlamedaSup4":{"id":"AlamedaSup4","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":57007,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jennifer Esteen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22400},{"candidateName":"Nate Miley","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":34607}]},"AlamedaSup5":{"id":"AlamedaSup5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":81059,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ben Bartlett","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13518},{"candidateName":"Nikki Fortunato Bas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":27597},{"candidateName":"John J. Bauters","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":16783},{"candidateName":"Ken Berrick","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7520},{"candidateName":"Omar Farmer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1240},{"candidateName":"Gregory Hodge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3419},{"candidateName":"Chris Moore","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7428},{"candidateName":"Gerald Pechenuk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":305},{"candidateName":"Lorrel Plimier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3249}]},"AlamedaBoard7":{"id":"AlamedaBoard7","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Flood Control & Water Conservation District Director, Zone 7, Full Term","raceDescription":"Top three candidates win seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top3","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":134340,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Alan Burnham","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":15723},{"candidateName":"Sandy Figuers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22454},{"candidateName":"Laurene K. Green","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":30343},{"candidateName":"Kathy Narum","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23833},{"candidateName":"Seema Badar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7468},{"candidateName":"Catherine Brown","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":34519}]},"AlamedaAuditor":{"id":"AlamedaAuditor","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Oakland Auditor","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":59227,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Houston","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":59227}]},"AlamedaMeasureA":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Alameda County. Civil service. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":282335,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":167903},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":114432}]},"AlamedaMeasureB":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Alameda County. Recall rules. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/measure-b","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":282683,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":182200},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":100483}]},"AlamedaMeasureD":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Oakland. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":79797,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":59852},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":19945}]},"AlamedaMeasureE":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Alameda Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":22692,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":17280},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5412}]},"AlamedaMeasureF":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureF","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure F","raceDescription":"Piedmont. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":4855,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3673},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1182}]},"AlamedaMeasureG":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Albany Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":5898,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4651},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1247}]},"AlamedaMeasureH":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Berkeley Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":33331,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":29418},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3913}]},"AlamedaMeasureI":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureI","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure I","raceDescription":"Hayward Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":21929,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14151},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7778}]},"AlamedaMeasureJ":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureJ","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure J","raceDescription":"San Leandro Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":12338,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7784},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4554}]},"CCD2":{"id":"CCD2","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":45776,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Candace Andersen","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":45776}]},"CCD3":{"id":"CCD3","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":25120,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Diane Burgis","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":25120}]},"CCD5":{"id":"CCD5","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/contracosta/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":37045,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Barbanica","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14338},{"candidateName":"Jelani Killings","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5683},{"candidateName":"Shanelle Scales-Preston","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":12993},{"candidateName":"Iztaccuauhtli Hector Gonzalez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4031}]},"CCMeasureA":{"id":"CCMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Martinez. Appoint City Clerk. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":11513,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7554},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3959}]},"CCMeasureB":{"id":"CCMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Antioch Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":17971,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10397},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7574}]},"CCMeasureC":{"id":"CCMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Martinez Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":9230,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6917},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2313}]},"CCMeasureD":{"id":"CCMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Moraga School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":6007,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4052},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1955}]},"MarinD2":{"id":"MarinD2","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/supervisor-2nd-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":18466,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Brian Colbert","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7971},{"candidateName":"Heather McPhail Sridharan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4851},{"candidateName":"Ryan O'Neil","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2647},{"candidateName":"Gabe Paulson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2997}]},"MarinD3":{"id":"MarinD3","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":13274,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Stephanie Moulton-Peters","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13274}]},"MarinD4":{"id":"MarinD4","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":12986,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Dennis Rodoni","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10086},{"candidateName":"Francis Drouillard","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2900}]},"MarinLarkspurCC":{"id":"MarinLarkspurCC","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Larkspur City Council (Short Term)","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":4176,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Stephanie Andre","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2514},{"candidateName":"Claire Paquette","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1008},{"candidateName":"Lana Scott","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":654}]},"MarinRossCouncil":{"id":"MarinRossCouncil","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Ross Town Council","raceDescription":"Top three candidates win seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top3","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1740,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Charles William \"Bill\" Kircher, Jr.","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":536},{"candidateName":"Mathew Salter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":502},{"candidateName":"Shadi Aboukhater","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":187},{"candidateName":"Teri Dowling","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":515}]},"MarinMeasureA":{"id":"MarinMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Tamalpais Union High School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":45345,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":24376},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20969}]},"MarinMeasureB":{"id":"MarinMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Petaluma Joint Union High School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":132,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":62},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":70}]},"MarinMeasureC":{"id":"MarinMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Belvedere. Appropriation limit. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":870,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":679},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":191}]},"MarinMeasureD":{"id":"MarinMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Larkspur. Rent stabilization. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/measure-d","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":4955,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2573},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2382}]},"MarinMeasureE":{"id":"MarinMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Ross. Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/measure-e","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":874,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":683},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":191}]},"MarinMeasureF":{"id":"MarinMeasureF","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure F","raceDescription":"San Anselmo. Flood Control and Water Conservation District. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":5193,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3083},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2110}]},"MarinMeasureG":{"id":"MarinMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Bel Marin Keys Community Services District. Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":830,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":661},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":169}]},"MarinMeasureH":{"id":"MarinMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Marinwood Community Services District. Appropriations limit, fire protection. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1738,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1369},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":369}]},"MarinMeasureI":{"id":"MarinMeasureI","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure I","raceDescription":"Marinwood Community Services District. Appropriations limit, parks. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1735,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1336},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":399}]},"NapaD2":{"id":"NapaD2","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":8351,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Liz Alessio","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6340},{"candidateName":"Doris Gentry","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2011}]},"NapaD4":{"id":"NapaD4","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/napa/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":7306,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Amber Manfree","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3913},{"candidateName":"Pete Mott","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3393}]},"NapaD5":{"id":"NapaD5","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/napa/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":5356,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mariam Aboudamous","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2379},{"candidateName":"Belia Ramos","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2977}]},"NapaMeasureD":{"id":"NapaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Howell Mountain Elementary School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":741,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":367},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":374}]},"NapaMeasureU":{"id":"NapaMeasureU","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure U","raceDescription":"Lake Berryessa Resort Improvement District. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":86,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":63},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23}]},"NapaMeasureU1":{"id":"NapaMeasureU1","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure U","raceDescription":"Yountville. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":925,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":793},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":132}]},"SFJudge1":{"id":"SFJudge1","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Seat 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/superior-court-seat-1","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":202960,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Begert","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":124943},{"candidateName":"Chip Zecher","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":78017}]},"SFJudge13":{"id":"SFJudge13","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Seat 13","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/superior-court-seat-13","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":202386,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jean Myungjin Roland","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":90012},{"candidateName":"Patrick S. Thompson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":112374}]},"SFPropA":{"id":"SFPropA","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition A","raceDescription":"Housing bond. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-a","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":225187,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":158497},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":66690}]},"SFPropB":{"id":"SFPropB","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition B","raceDescription":"Police staffing. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222954,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":61580},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":161374}]},"SFPropC":{"id":"SFPropC","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition C","raceDescription":"Transfer tax exemption. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":220349,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":116311},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":104038}]},"SFPropD":{"id":"SFPropD","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition D","raceDescription":"Ethics laws. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222615,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":198584},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":24031}]},"SFPropE":{"id":"SFPropE","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition E","raceDescription":"Police policies. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-e","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222817,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":120529},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":102288}]},"SFPropF":{"id":"SFPropF","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition F","raceDescription":"Drug screening. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-f","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":224004,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":130214},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":93790}]},"SFPropG":{"id":"SFPropG","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition G","raceDescription":"Eighth-grade algebra. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222704,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":182066},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":40638}]},"SMJudge4":{"id":"SMJudge4","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":108919,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sarah Burdick","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":108919}]},"SMD1":{"id":"SMD1","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanmateo/supervisor-1st-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":29650,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jackie Speier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20353},{"candidateName":"Ann Schneider","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9297}]},"SMD4":{"id":"SMD4","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanmateo/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":22725,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Antonio Lopez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5730},{"candidateName":"Lisa Gauthier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10358},{"candidateName":"Celeste Brevard","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1268},{"candidateName":"Paul Bocanegra","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1909},{"candidateName":"Maggie Cornejo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3460}]},"SMD5":{"id":"SMD5","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":19937,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Canepa","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":19937}]},"SMMeasureB":{"id":"SMMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"County Service Area #1 (Highlands). Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":1549,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1360},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":189}]},"SMMeasureC":{"id":"SMMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Jefferson Elementary School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":12234,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8543},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3691}]},"SMMeasureE":{"id":"SMMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Woodside Elementary School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":1392,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":910},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":482}]},"SMMeasureG":{"id":"SMMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Pacifica School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":11548,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7067},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4481}]},"SMMeasureH":{"id":"SMMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"San Carlos School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":9938,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6283},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3655}]},"SCJudge5":{"id":"SCJudge5","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":301953,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jay Boyarsky","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":142549},{"candidateName":"Nicole M. Ford","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":52147},{"candidateName":"Johnene Linda Stebbins","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":107257}]},"SCD2":{"id":"SCD2","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/supervisor-2nd-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":44059,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Corina Herrera-Loera","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10519},{"candidateName":"Jennifer Margaret Celaya","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2394},{"candidateName":"Madison Nguyen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":12794},{"candidateName":"Betty Duong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14031},{"candidateName":"Nelson McElmurry","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4321}]},"SCD3":{"id":"SCD3","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":42549,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Otto Lee","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":42549}]},"SCD5":{"id":"SCD5","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":88712,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Margaret Abe-Koga","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":37172},{"candidateName":"Sally J. Lieber","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":21962},{"candidateName":"Barry Chang","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6164},{"candidateName":"Peter C. Fung","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":17892},{"candidateName":"Sandy Sans","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5522}]},"SCSJMayor":{"id":"SCSJMayor","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José Mayor","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":167064,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Matt Mahan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":144701},{"candidateName":"Tyrone Wade","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22363}]},"SCSJD2":{"id":"SCSJD2","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14131,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joe Lopez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4950},{"candidateName":"Pamela Campos","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3436},{"candidateName":"Vanessa Sandoval","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2719},{"candidateName":"Babu Prasad","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3026}]},"SCSJD4":{"id":"SCSJD4","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14322,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Kansen Chu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5931},{"candidateName":"David Cohen","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8391}]},"SCSJD6":{"id":"SCSJD6","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 6","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":25108,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Cohen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9875},{"candidateName":"Alex Shoor","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3850},{"candidateName":"Angelo \"A.J.\" Pasciuti","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2688},{"candidateName":"Michael Mulcahy","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8695}]},"SCSJD8":{"id":"SCSJD8","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 8","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":21462,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Tam Truong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6982},{"candidateName":"Domingo Candelas","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8466},{"candidateName":"Sukhdev Singh Bainiwal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5513},{"candidateName":"Surinder Kaur Dhaliwal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":501}]},"SCSJD10":{"id":"SCSJD10","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 10","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":22799,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"George Casey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8805},{"candidateName":"Arjun Batra","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8354},{"candidateName":"Lenka Wright","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5640}]},"SCMeasureA":{"id":"SCMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Santa Clara. Appointed city clerk. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":20315,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6580},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13735}]},"SCMeasureB":{"id":"SCMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Santa Clara. Appointed police chief. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":20567,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5680},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14887}]},"SCMeasureC":{"id":"SCMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Sunnyvale School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14656,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10261},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4395}]},"SolanoD15":{"id":"SolanoD15","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Department 15","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":81709,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Thompson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":36844},{"candidateName":"Bryan J. Kim","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":44865}]},"SolanoD1":{"id":"SolanoD1","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/supervisor-1st-district","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":13786,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6401},{"candidateName":"Cassandra James","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7385}]},"SolanoD2":{"id":"SolanoD2","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":19903,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Monica Brown","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10951},{"candidateName":"Nora Dizon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3135},{"candidateName":"Rochelle Sherlock","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5817}]},"SolanoD5":{"id":"SolanoD5","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":17888,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mitch Mashburn","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":11210},{"candidateName":"Chadwick J. Ledoux","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6678}]},"SolanoEducation":{"id":"SolanoEducation","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Sacramento County Board of Education","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":3650,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Heather Davis","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2960},{"candidateName":"Shazleen Khan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":690}]},"SolanoMeasureA":{"id":"SolanoMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Benicia. Hotel tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/measure-a","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10136,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7869},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2267}]},"SolanoMeasureB":{"id":"SolanoMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Benicia. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/measure-b","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10164,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7335},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2829}]},"SolanoMeasureC":{"id":"SolanoMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Benicia Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10112,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6316},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3796}]},"SolanoMeasureN":{"id":"SolanoMeasureN","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure N","raceDescription":"Davis Joint Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":15,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10}]},"SonomaJudge3":{"id":"SonomaJudge3","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":115405,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Kristine M. Burk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":79498},{"candidateName":"Beki Berrey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":35907}]},"SonomaJudge4":{"id":"SonomaJudge4","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":86789,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Paul J. Lozada","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":86789}]},"SonomaJudge6":{"id":"SonomaJudge6","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 6","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":117990,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Omar Figueroa","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":42236},{"candidateName":"Kenneth English","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":75754}]},"SonomaD1":{"id":"SonomaD1","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":30348,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Rebecca Hermosillo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23958},{"candidateName":"Jonathan Mathieu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6390}]},"SonomaD3":{"id":"SonomaD3","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sonoma/supervisor-3rd-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":16312,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Chris Coursey","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":11346},{"candidateName":"Omar Medina","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4966}]},"SonomaD5":{"id":"SonomaD5","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":23356,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lynda Hopkins","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23356}]},"SonomaMeasureA":{"id":"SonomaMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Cotati-Rohnert Park Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":13756,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10320},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3436}]},"SonomaMeasureB":{"id":"SonomaMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Petaluma Joint Union High School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":24877,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":15795},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9082}]},"SonomaMeasureC":{"id":"SonomaMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Fort Ross School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":286,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":159},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":127}]},"SonomaMeasureD":{"id":"SonomaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Harmony Union School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":1925,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1089},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":836}]},"SonomaMeasureE":{"id":"SonomaMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Petaluma City (Elementary) School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":11133,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7622},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3511}]},"SonomaMeasureG":{"id":"SonomaMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Rincon Valley Union School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":14577,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8668},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5909}]},"SonomaMeasureH":{"id":"SonomaMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Sonoma County. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sonoma/measure-h","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":145261,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":89646},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":55615}]}},"radioSchedulesReducer":{},"listsReducer":{"posts/futureofyou?tag=kqedscience":{"isFetching":false,"latestQuery":{"from":0,"postsToRender":9},"tag":null,"vitalsOnly":true,"totalRequested":9,"isLoading":false,"isLoadingMore":true,"total":397,"items":["futureofyou_442604","futureofyou_446470","futureofyou_444911","futureofyou_446028","futureofyou_446011","futureofyou_445929","futureofyou_445776","futureofyou_445693","futureofyou_445528"]}},"recallGuideReducer":{"intros":{},"policy":{},"candidates":{}},"savedPostsReducer":{},"pfsSessionReducer":{},"siteSettingsReducer":{},"subscriptionsReducer":{},"termsReducer":{"about":{"name":"About","type":"terms","id":"about","slug":"about","link":"/about","taxonomy":"site"},"arts":{"name":"Arts & Culture","grouping":["arts","pop","trulyca"],"description":"KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.","type":"terms","id":"arts","slug":"arts","link":"/arts","taxonomy":"site"},"artschool":{"name":"Art School","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"artschool","slug":"artschool","link":"/artschool","taxonomy":"site"},"bayareabites":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"bayareabites","slug":"bayareabites","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"bayareahiphop":{"name":"Bay Area Hiphop","type":"terms","id":"bayareahiphop","slug":"bayareahiphop","link":"/bayareahiphop","taxonomy":"site"},"campaign21":{"name":"Campaign 21","type":"terms","id":"campaign21","slug":"campaign21","link":"/campaign21","taxonomy":"site"},"checkplease":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"checkplease","slug":"checkplease","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"education":{"name":"Education","grouping":["education"],"type":"terms","id":"education","slug":"education","link":"/education","taxonomy":"site"},"elections":{"name":"Elections","type":"terms","id":"elections","slug":"elections","link":"/elections","taxonomy":"site"},"events":{"name":"Events","type":"terms","id":"events","slug":"events","link":"/events","taxonomy":"site"},"event":{"name":"Event","alias":"events","type":"terms","id":"event","slug":"event","link":"/event","taxonomy":"site"},"filmschoolshorts":{"name":"Film School Shorts","type":"terms","id":"filmschoolshorts","slug":"filmschoolshorts","link":"/filmschoolshorts","taxonomy":"site"},"food":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"type":"terms","id":"food","slug":"food","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"forum":{"name":"Forum","relatedContentQuery":"posts/forum?","parent":"news","type":"terms","id":"forum","slug":"forum","link":"/forum","taxonomy":"site"},"futureofyou":{"name":"Future of You","grouping":["science","futureofyou"],"parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"futureofyou","slug":"futureofyou","link":"/futureofyou","taxonomy":"site"},"jpepinheart":{"name":"KQED food","relatedContentQuery":"trending/food,bayareabites,checkplease","parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"jpepinheart","slug":"jpepinheart","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"liveblog":{"name":"Live Blog","type":"terms","id":"liveblog","slug":"liveblog","link":"/liveblog","taxonomy":"site"},"livetv":{"name":"Live TV","parent":"tv","type":"terms","id":"livetv","slug":"livetv","link":"/livetv","taxonomy":"site"},"lowdown":{"name":"The Lowdown","relatedContentQuery":"posts/lowdown?","parent":"news","type":"terms","id":"lowdown","slug":"lowdown","link":"/lowdown","taxonomy":"site"},"mindshift":{"name":"Mindshift","parent":"news","description":"MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.","type":"terms","id":"mindshift","slug":"mindshift","link":"/mindshift","taxonomy":"site"},"news":{"name":"News","grouping":["news","forum"],"type":"terms","id":"news","slug":"news","link":"/news","taxonomy":"site"},"perspectives":{"name":"Perspectives","parent":"radio","type":"terms","id":"perspectives","slug":"perspectives","link":"/perspectives","taxonomy":"site"},"podcasts":{"name":"Podcasts","type":"terms","id":"podcasts","slug":"podcasts","link":"/podcasts","taxonomy":"site"},"pop":{"name":"Pop","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"pop","slug":"pop","link":"/pop","taxonomy":"site"},"pressroom":{"name":"Pressroom","type":"terms","id":"pressroom","slug":"pressroom","link":"/pressroom","taxonomy":"site"},"quest":{"name":"Quest","parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"quest","slug":"quest","link":"/quest","taxonomy":"site"},"radio":{"name":"Radio","grouping":["forum","perspectives"],"description":"Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.","type":"terms","id":"radio","slug":"radio","link":"/radio","taxonomy":"site"},"root":{"name":"KQED","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","imageWidth":1200,"imageHeight":630,"headData":{"title":"KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California","description":"KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."},"type":"terms","id":"root","slug":"root","link":"/root","taxonomy":"site"},"science":{"name":"Science","grouping":["science","futureofyou"],"description":"KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.","type":"terms","id":"science","slug":"science","link":"/science","taxonomy":"site"},"stateofhealth":{"name":"State of Health","parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"stateofhealth","slug":"stateofhealth","link":"/stateofhealth","taxonomy":"site"},"support":{"name":"Support","type":"terms","id":"support","slug":"support","link":"/support","taxonomy":"site"},"thedolist":{"name":"The Do List","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"thedolist","slug":"thedolist","link":"/thedolist","taxonomy":"site"},"trulyca":{"name":"Truly CA","grouping":["arts","pop","trulyca"],"parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"trulyca","slug":"trulyca","link":"/trulyca","taxonomy":"site"},"tv":{"name":"TV","type":"terms","id":"tv","slug":"tv","link":"/tv","taxonomy":"site"},"voterguide":{"name":"Voter Guide","parent":"elections","alias":"elections","type":"terms","id":"voterguide","slug":"voterguide","link":"/voterguide","taxonomy":"site"},"futureofyou_80":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_80","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"80","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"kqedscience","slug":"kqedscience","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"kqedscience Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null,"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","width":1200,"height":630},"twImageSize":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"}},"ttid":80,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/kqedscience"},"source_futureofyou_442604":{"type":"terms","id":"source_futureofyou_442604","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Your Genes","isLoading":false},"source_futureofyou_446470":{"type":"terms","id":"source_futureofyou_446470","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Medical Science","isLoading":false},"source_futureofyou_446028":{"type":"terms","id":"source_futureofyou_446028","meta":{"override":true},"name":"NPR","isLoading":false},"source_futureofyou_445929":{"type":"terms","id":"source_futureofyou_445929","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Digital Health","isLoading":false},"futureofyou_73":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_73","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"73","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"KQED News","slug":"kqed-news","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"KQED News Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":73,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/category/kqed-news"},"futureofyou_1064":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1064","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1064","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Your Genes","slug":"your-genes","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Your Genes Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1064,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/category/your-genes"},"futureofyou_1275":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1275","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1275","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"featured","slug":"featured","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"featured Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1275,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/featured"},"futureofyou_120":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_120","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"120","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"genetics","slug":"genetics","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"genetics Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":120,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/genetics"},"futureofyou_1":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"KQED Future Of You","slug":"future-of-you","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"KQED Future Of You Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/category/future-of-you"},"futureofyou_1575":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1575","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1575","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Science Podcast","slug":"science-podcast","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Science Podcast Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1575,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/category/science-podcast"},"futureofyou_1643":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1643","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1643","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"FeatureRadio","slug":"featureradio","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"FeatureRadio Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1643,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/featureradio"},"futureofyou_1641":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1641","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1641","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"staff","slug":"staff","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"staff Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1641,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/staff"},"futureofyou_1642":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1642","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1642","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"2-way","slug":"2-way","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"2-way Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1642,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/2-way"},"futureofyou_1018":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1018","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1018","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"transgender","slug":"transgender","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"transgender Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1018,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/transgender"},"futureofyou_452":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_452","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"452","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Health Policy","slug":"health-policy","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Health Policy Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":452,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/category/health-policy"},"futureofyou_1479":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1479","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1479","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"e-cigarettes","slug":"e-cigarettes","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"e-cigarettes Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1479,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/e-cigarettes"},"futureofyou_1060":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1060","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1060","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"DIY Health","slug":"diy-health","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"DIY Health Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1060,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/category/diy-health"},"futureofyou_1062":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1062","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1062","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Hope/Hype","slug":"hopehype","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Hope/Hype Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1062,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/category/hopehype"},"futureofyou_26":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_26","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"26","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"digital health","slug":"digital-health","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"digital health Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":26,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/digital-health"},"futureofyou_39":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_39","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"39","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"genome","slug":"genome","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"genome Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":39,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/genome"},"futureofyou_1332":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1332","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1332","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"rare disease","slug":"rare-disease","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"rare disease Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1332,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/rare-disease"},"futureofyou_1639":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1639","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1639","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"undiagnosed disease","slug":"undiagnosed-disease","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"undiagnosed disease Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1639,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/undiagnosed-disease"},"futureofyou_1414":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1414","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1414","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"concussions","slug":"concussions","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"concussions Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1414,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/concussions"}},"userAgentReducer":{"userAgent":"claudebot","isBot":true},"userPermissionsReducer":{"wpLoggedIn":false},"localStorageReducer":{},"browserHistoryReducer":[],"eventsReducer":{},"fssReducer":{},"tvDailyScheduleReducer":{},"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer":{},"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer":{},"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer":{},"userAccountReducer":{"routeTo":"","showDeleteConfirmModal":false,"user":{"userId":"","isFound":false,"firstName":"","lastName":"","phoneNumber":"","email":"","articles":[]}},"youthMediaReducer":{},"checkPleaseReducer":{"filterData":{},"restaurantData":[]},"reframeReducer":{"attendee":null},"location":{"pathname":"/futureofyou/tag/kqedscience","previousPathname":"/"}}
