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That is, at least, not among young people, and not when the activity is learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychiatrist.com/JCP/article/Pages/2018/v79/17m11977.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Clinical Psychiatry \u003c/em>finds that when adolescents stop using marijuana — even for just one week — their verbal learning and memory improve. The study contributes to growing\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> evidence that marijuana use in adolescents\u003c/a> is associated with reduced neurocognitive functioning.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gapfFkqeMFkKiddjhmrAPnGjnaQfV5tT\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 14 percent of students in middle school and high school reported using marijuana within the past month, finds a \u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Institutes of Health survey\u003c/a> conducted in 2017. And marijuana use has increased among high-schoolers over the past 10 years, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/substance-use/marijuana/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> U.S. Department of Health & Human Services\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the percentage of teens who believe that regular marijuana use poses a great risk to their health has\u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol2_2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> dropped sharply since the mid-2000s\u003c/a>. And legalization of marijuana may play a part in shaping how young people think about the drug. One study noted that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5365078/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after 2012, when marijuana was legalized\u003c/a> in Washington state, the number of eighth-graders there that believed marijuana posed risks to their health dropped by 14 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are particularly concerned with marijuana use among the young because THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, most sharply affects the parts of the brain that develop during adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The adolescent brain is undergoing significant neurodevelopment well into the 20s, and the regions that are last to develop are those regions that are most populated by cannabis receptors and are also very critical to cognitive functioning,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mghaddictionmedicine.com/about/staff/randi-schuster-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Randi Schuster\u003c/a>. Schuster is the director of neuropsychology at Massachusetts General Hospital's Center for Addiction Medicine and the study's lead author.[contextly_sidebar id=\"lZELc7PUUZvmD5VTorbXygfap5jLk01F\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster and the team of researchers set out to determine if cognitive functions that are potentially harmed by marijuana use in adolescents — particularly attention and memory — improve when they abstain from marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They recruited 88 pot-using teens and young adults, ages 16 to 25, and got some of them to agree to stop smoking (or otherwise consuming) marijuana for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster says the researchers wanted to recruit a range of participants, not just heavy users or those in a treatment program, for example. Some of the young people smoked once per week; some smoked nearly daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers randomly assigned the volunteers into an abstaining group and a nonabstaining group. They delivered the bad news to those chosen to be abstainers at the end of their first visit, and Schuster says, they took it surprisingly well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People were generally fine,\" she says. \"We kind of went through what the next month would look like and helped them come up with strategies for staying abstinent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One motivation for the non-tokers to stick with the program? They received increasing amounts of money each week of the month-long study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers urine-tested both groups on a weekly basis to make sure that the THC levels for the abstinent group were going down, and that the levels for the control group were staying consistent as they continued using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also at each visit, the participants completed a variety of tasks testing their attention and memory through the\u003ca href=\"http://www.cambridgecognition.com/cantab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery\u003c/a>, a validated cognitive assessment tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that after four weeks, there was no noticeable difference in attention scores between the marijuana users and the nonusers. But, the memory scores of the nonusers improved, whereas the users' memories mostly stayed the same.[contextly_sidebar id=\"c4SATwAqatlL4R15kRXVJih13AxNqqVR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The verbal memory test challenged participants to learn and recall new words, which \"lets us look both at their ability to learn information the first time the words were presented, as well as the number of words that they're able to retrieve from long-term memory storage after a delay,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verbal memory is particularly relevant for adolescents and young adults when they're in the classroom, Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For an adolescent sitting in their history class learning new facts for the first time, we're suspecting that active cannabis users might have a difficult time putting that new information into their long-term memory,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study didn't prove that abstaining from cannabis improves adolescents' attention, other studies have found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">marijuana users fare worse in attention tests\u003c/a> than nonusers. Schuster hypothesizes it might take more than four weeks of abstinence for attention levels to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, most of the memory improvement for the abstinent group happened during the first week of the study, which leaves the researchers feeling hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were pleasantly surprised to see that at least some of the deficits that we think may be caused by cannabis appear to be reversible, and at least some of them are quickly reversible, which is good news,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One weakness of this study is its lack of a non-marijuana-using control group, says \u003ca href=\"https://uwm.edu/psychology/people/lisdahl-krista-m/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Krista Lisdahl\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee who was not involved with the study but also researches the neuroscience of addiction. Because of this, it's difficult to conclude whether the improvements in memory brought the participants back to their baseline levels prior to using marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, because the study lasted only four weeks, it's impossible to draw conclusions about the long-term effects of marijuana usage for young people, such as how marijuana directly affects academic performance, sleep patterns or mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl says that longitudinal studies such as the NIH's\u003ca href=\"https://abcdstudy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study\u003c/a> could provide more information about what marijuana does to the adolescent brain. It might also reveal what happens if adolescents stop using marijuana and if their brain functioning can completely recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl is helping with the NIH study, which has, to date, enrolled more than 11,000 children ages 9 and 10 and will follow them into young adulthood. It's the largest long-term research study on child brain development in the U.S., and it assesses how everything from screen time to concussions to drugs affect adolescents' brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Lisdahl says the findings from the new study — that abstinence from marijuana is associated with improvements in adolescents' learning and memory — sends a positive message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remain optimistic that we can show recovery of function with sustained abstinence,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rachel D. Cohen is an intern on NPR's Science Desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Adolescents+Give+Up+Pot%2C+Their+Cognition+Quickly+Improves&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When researchers convinced a group of young people to stop smoking pot, their cognition quickly improved. This adds to research warning against teen pot use, despite marijuana's growing acceptance. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1541016393,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1093},"headData":{"title":"When Adolescents Give Up Pot, Their Cognition Quickly Improves | KQED","description":"When researchers convinced a group of young people to stop smoking pot, their cognition quickly improved. This adds to research warning against teen pot use, despite marijuana's growing acceptance. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"When Adolescents Give Up Pot, Their Cognition Quickly Improves","datePublished":"2018-10-31T20:04:23.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-31T20:06:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445318 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445318","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/31/when-adolescents-give-up-pot-their-cognition-quickly-improves/","disqusTitle":"When Adolescents Give Up Pot, Their Cognition Quickly Improves","source":"DIY Health","nprByline":"Rachel D. Cohen, NPR","nprImageAgency":"BURGER/Canopy/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"662127406","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=662127406&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/30/662127406/when-adolescents-give-up-pot-their-cognition-quickly-improves?ft=nprml&f=662127406","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 31 Oct 2018 09:02:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 30 Oct 2018 13:01:25 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 31 Oct 2018 09:02:03 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/445318/when-adolescents-give-up-pot-their-cognition-quickly-improves","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Marijuana, it seems, is not a performance-enhancing drug. That is, at least, not among young people, and not when the activity is learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychiatrist.com/JCP/article/Pages/2018/v79/17m11977.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Clinical Psychiatry \u003c/em>finds that when adolescents stop using marijuana — even for just one week — their verbal learning and memory improve. The study contributes to growing\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> evidence that marijuana use in adolescents\u003c/a> is associated with reduced neurocognitive functioning.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 14 percent of students in middle school and high school reported using marijuana within the past month, finds a \u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Institutes of Health survey\u003c/a> conducted in 2017. And marijuana use has increased among high-schoolers over the past 10 years, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/substance-use/marijuana/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> U.S. Department of Health & Human Services\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the percentage of teens who believe that regular marijuana use poses a great risk to their health has\u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol2_2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> dropped sharply since the mid-2000s\u003c/a>. And legalization of marijuana may play a part in shaping how young people think about the drug. One study noted that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5365078/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after 2012, when marijuana was legalized\u003c/a> in Washington state, the number of eighth-graders there that believed marijuana posed risks to their health dropped by 14 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are particularly concerned with marijuana use among the young because THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, most sharply affects the parts of the brain that develop during adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The adolescent brain is undergoing significant neurodevelopment well into the 20s, and the regions that are last to develop are those regions that are most populated by cannabis receptors and are also very critical to cognitive functioning,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mghaddictionmedicine.com/about/staff/randi-schuster-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Randi Schuster\u003c/a>. Schuster is the director of neuropsychology at Massachusetts General Hospital's Center for Addiction Medicine and the study's lead author.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster and the team of researchers set out to determine if cognitive functions that are potentially harmed by marijuana use in adolescents — particularly attention and memory — improve when they abstain from marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They recruited 88 pot-using teens and young adults, ages 16 to 25, and got some of them to agree to stop smoking (or otherwise consuming) marijuana for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster says the researchers wanted to recruit a range of participants, not just heavy users or those in a treatment program, for example. Some of the young people smoked once per week; some smoked nearly daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers randomly assigned the volunteers into an abstaining group and a nonabstaining group. They delivered the bad news to those chosen to be abstainers at the end of their first visit, and Schuster says, they took it surprisingly well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People were generally fine,\" she says. \"We kind of went through what the next month would look like and helped them come up with strategies for staying abstinent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One motivation for the non-tokers to stick with the program? They received increasing amounts of money each week of the month-long study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers urine-tested both groups on a weekly basis to make sure that the THC levels for the abstinent group were going down, and that the levels for the control group were staying consistent as they continued using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also at each visit, the participants completed a variety of tasks testing their attention and memory through the\u003ca href=\"http://www.cambridgecognition.com/cantab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery\u003c/a>, a validated cognitive assessment tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that after four weeks, there was no noticeable difference in attention scores between the marijuana users and the nonusers. But, the memory scores of the nonusers improved, whereas the users' memories mostly stayed the same.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The verbal memory test challenged participants to learn and recall new words, which \"lets us look both at their ability to learn information the first time the words were presented, as well as the number of words that they're able to retrieve from long-term memory storage after a delay,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verbal memory is particularly relevant for adolescents and young adults when they're in the classroom, Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For an adolescent sitting in their history class learning new facts for the first time, we're suspecting that active cannabis users might have a difficult time putting that new information into their long-term memory,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study didn't prove that abstaining from cannabis improves adolescents' attention, other studies have found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">marijuana users fare worse in attention tests\u003c/a> than nonusers. Schuster hypothesizes it might take more than four weeks of abstinence for attention levels to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, most of the memory improvement for the abstinent group happened during the first week of the study, which leaves the researchers feeling hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were pleasantly surprised to see that at least some of the deficits that we think may be caused by cannabis appear to be reversible, and at least some of them are quickly reversible, which is good news,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One weakness of this study is its lack of a non-marijuana-using control group, says \u003ca href=\"https://uwm.edu/psychology/people/lisdahl-krista-m/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Krista Lisdahl\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee who was not involved with the study but also researches the neuroscience of addiction. Because of this, it's difficult to conclude whether the improvements in memory brought the participants back to their baseline levels prior to using marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, because the study lasted only four weeks, it's impossible to draw conclusions about the long-term effects of marijuana usage for young people, such as how marijuana directly affects academic performance, sleep patterns or mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl says that longitudinal studies such as the NIH's\u003ca href=\"https://abcdstudy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study\u003c/a> could provide more information about what marijuana does to the adolescent brain. It might also reveal what happens if adolescents stop using marijuana and if their brain functioning can completely recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl is helping with the NIH study, which has, to date, enrolled more than 11,000 children ages 9 and 10 and will follow them into young adulthood. It's the largest long-term research study on child brain development in the U.S., and it assesses how everything from screen time to concussions to drugs affect adolescents' brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Lisdahl says the findings from the new study — that abstinence from marijuana is associated with improvements in adolescents' learning and memory — sends a positive message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remain optimistic that we can show recovery of function with sustained abstinence,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rachel D. Cohen is an intern on NPR's Science Desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Adolescents+Give+Up+Pot%2C+Their+Cognition+Quickly+Improves&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445318/when-adolescents-give-up-pot-their-cognition-quickly-improves","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445318"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_828","futureofyou_1585","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1041","futureofyou_872"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445319","label":"source_futureofyou_445318"},"futureofyou_445306":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445306","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445306","score":null,"sort":[1540921365000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"doctors-test-bacterial-smear-after-c-sections-to-bolster-babies-health","title":"Doctors Test Bacterial Smear After C-sections To Bolster Babies' Health","publishDate":1540921365,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Danielle Vukadinovich is sitting up in a hospital bed at the Inova Women's Hospital in Falls Church, Va., waiting to give birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel good, I'm excited!\" says Vukadinovich, 35, of Annandale, Va., \"Nervous, but good!\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"FEjJfJVXw64VNWTIkBjmTrT87lKdBgJO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich is getting a \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cesareansection.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cesarean section\u003c/a> today. It's the second time for her — she underwent the surgical procedure 19 months ago when her twins were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time Danielle wants to try something different, something that might sound strange. As soon as her daughter is born, a doctor will wipe bacteria fluid from Danielle's birth canal all over her baby's body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I haven't told many people about this yet,\" Vukadinovich says, laughing. \"I understand why people would be like, 'Oh my gosh. That's so weird.' But I don't think it's yucky. It's normal. It's natural really.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procedure, known as \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/expert-answers/vaginal-seeding/faq-20380881\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vaginal seeding\u003c/a>,\" is designed to help babies develop healthy microbiomes — the collection of friendly bacteria that inhabit every person's body. Some people call it a \"bacterial baptism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little bit like that baby's first dunk,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.inova.org/indirectory/clinicaltrials.aspx?design=true&dirId=1&LoadCategory=ITMI&LoadSubCategory=Microbiome&memberID=280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shira Levy\u003c/a>, the microbiome research manager at the Inova hospital. \"That's their first religious experience. You know, they get the water and that changes their spirituality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In this case, they get the bacteria and that changes their microbiome,\" Levy says. \"This is their first microbiome experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procedure was developed in response to the sharp rise in C-section births in recent years. That increase has been accompanied by \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/30/444746094/missing-microbes-provide-clues-about-asthma-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more cases of asthma\u003c/a>, allergies, eczema, obesity, and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory is that the rise in these diseases might be happening, in part, because babies aren't getting exposed to their mother's microbes the way they would if they were passing naturally through the birth canal.[contextly_sidebar id=\"0AllfLEduBOKAavkhBROexZnBFbtKljt\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think that one of the reasons that babies born by C-section are at increased risk for these diseases is because they don't receive that first beneficial exposure to their mother's vaginal microbiome,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.inova.org/Physician_Directory/Suchitra-K-Hourigan-MD/824530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Suchitra Hourigan\u003c/a>, a pediatric gastroenterologist at Inova.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One very small study \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/02/01/464905786/researchers-test-microbe-wipe-to-promote-babies-health-after-c-sections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicated \u003c/a>that swabbing C-section babies with their mother's microbes immediately after birth could make their microbiomes develop more like those of babies born vaginally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the appeal of vaginal seeding has outpaced evidence that it is safe and effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some couples have started trying vaginal seeding on their own. Vukadinovich jokes that she considered doing it herself. After all, she says, she's a nurse and her husband is a high school biology teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I even told my mom: 'Nobody has to know. My husband would help me out,' \" she says, laughing. \"But I try not to take unnecessary risks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich knows the procedure could be risky. Babies could be inadvertently exposed to disease-causing microbes, such as herpes virus or streptococcus bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, medical groups such as the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Vaginal-Seeding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warn\u003c/a> women against doing this. \"While there are data to suggest that there may be some scientific plausibility to the concept, it is not without significant risks,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.ucla.edu/experts/preview/578561302cfac209100154a4/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neil Silverman\u003c/a>, a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the UCLA School of Medicine, who represents ACOG. The group notes that mothers also transfer microbes to their newborns through skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Vukadinovich was thrilled when she found out she could be part of the first \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03298334?term=vaginal+seeding&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> the Food and Drug Administration is allowing to rigorously test whether the procedure is safe and helps improve babies' health.[contextly_sidebar id=\"kMHzgUs0dutTuVHV7G0EJpefrLt2hB8h\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who knows what's going to happen with the results? But if it does show something positive, I just think that would be great for kids and parents,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hourigan, who's helping lead the study, agrees. \"Just to be able to reduce one risk factor for obesity, especially when there are such high [C-section rates] in the U.S., would be huge,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, half of the babies will get swabbed with their mother's microbes; half will get swabbed with a sterile solution. All of the mothers will be carefully screened for dangerous infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the babies will then be followed for three years to see if they become obese or develop other health problems. A \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03567707?term=vaginal+seeding&rank=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">similar study\u003c/a> is starting at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich agreed to let an NPR reporter and photographer observe her baby's birth and the swabbing. It's the first time journalists have been allowed to watch a baby go through the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evelyn Marie is Born\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the nurses wheel Vukadinovich into the operating room, Hourigan, Levy and Dr. Varsha Deopujari follow. Deopujari, the study's clinical manager, will do the actual swabbing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the OR, everyone quickly takes their places. As the surgeon starts, Hourigan explains what's happening. It goes very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An incision is being made into mom, and they are getting ready to take out the baby,\" Hourigan says. \"They can see the head. And the head is now coming out of the C-section incision. Baby's head is out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than a minute after the surgery starts, the baby girl is completely out. A nurse rushes the newborn to a nearby table to clear her breathing. After the baby is breathing smoothly, Deopujari starts swabbing with a gauze pad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, she swabs the baby's mouth, cheeks and face. After turning the gauze over to expose more bacteria, Deopujari wipes the baby's hands and arms. Next, she wipes down her chest, goes over her abdomen, up the other arm and then over her back.[contextly_sidebar id=\"umm131VoK2OKqBWygztDrKkMjOgsaGeH\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And the swabbing is now over,\" Hourigan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deopujari hands the baby back to a nurse. Hourigan and her team quickly head out of the OR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That went perfectly,\" she says. \"Baby came out and was crying. We waited until baby was stable, and the swabbing went just as planned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hourigan and her colleagues will swab 50 babies to make sure their procedure is safe. If it is, they plan to expand the study to 800 babies, who would randomly receive either the bacterial swab or a placebo, throughout the Inova hospital system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results could prove important. \"We need more data and we need better data,\" says Silverman, of ACOG. \"If it shows that there is a clear benefit, then this process can be re-evaluated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, Vukadinovich, her husband, Nick, 41, and their new daughter are together in a hospital room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm good — feeling good today,\" she says, cradling her baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple doesn't know if their new daughter, who they would later name Evelyn Marie, was exposed to her mother's microbes or a sterile placebo solution. But they have their fingers crossed she was swabbed with bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I really hope that she was,\" Vukadinovich says. \"If there's a decreased chance of her having any health issues, that would be awesome.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her husband, Nick, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're not terribly religious so we won't baptize with water — holy water,\" Nick says. \"But since we're scientists, we like the idea of a bacterial baptism instead of a holy baptism — because now she's been initiated with bacteria, friendly bacteria, that should protect her down the road.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Doctors+Test+Bacterial+Smear+After+Cesarean+Sections+To+Bolster+Babies%27+Microbiomes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After a C-section, does swabbing a baby with the mother's microbes reduce the risk of obesity and other health problems later in life? An ambitious study to help answer the question is underway.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1540921365,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":1252},"headData":{"title":"Doctors Test Bacterial Smear After C-sections To Bolster Babies' Health | KQED","description":"After a C-section, does swabbing a baby with the mother's microbes reduce the risk of obesity and other health problems later in life? An ambitious study to help answer the question is underway.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Doctors Test Bacterial Smear After C-sections To Bolster Babies' Health","datePublished":"2018-10-30T17:42:45.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-30T17:42:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445306 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445306","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/30/doctors-test-bacterial-smear-after-c-sections-to-bolster-babies-health/","disqusTitle":"Doctors Test Bacterial Smear After C-sections To Bolster Babies' Health","source":"DIY Health","nprByline":"Rob Stein, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Mary Mathis/NPR","nprStoryId":"658254175","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=658254175&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/30/658254175/doctors-test-bacterial-smear-after-cesarean-sections-to-bolster-babies-microbiom?ft=nprml&f=658254175","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 30 Oct 2018 09:58:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 30 Oct 2018 05:03:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 30 Oct 2018 12:45:06 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/10/20181030_me_doctors_test_bacterial_smear_after_cesarean_sections_to_bolster_babies_microbiomes.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=421&p=3&story=658254175&ft=nprml&f=658254175","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1662009687-72e5e0.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=421&p=3&story=658254175&ft=nprml&f=658254175","audioTrackLength":422,"path":"/futureofyou/445306/doctors-test-bacterial-smear-after-c-sections-to-bolster-babies-health","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/10/20181030_me_doctors_test_bacterial_smear_after_cesarean_sections_to_bolster_babies_microbiomes.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=421&p=3&story=658254175&ft=nprml&f=658254175","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Danielle Vukadinovich is sitting up in a hospital bed at the Inova Women's Hospital in Falls Church, Va., waiting to give birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel good, I'm excited!\" says Vukadinovich, 35, of Annandale, Va., \"Nervous, but good!\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich is getting a \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cesareansection.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cesarean section\u003c/a> today. It's the second time for her — she underwent the surgical procedure 19 months ago when her twins were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time Danielle wants to try something different, something that might sound strange. As soon as her daughter is born, a doctor will wipe bacteria fluid from Danielle's birth canal all over her baby's body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I haven't told many people about this yet,\" Vukadinovich says, laughing. \"I understand why people would be like, 'Oh my gosh. That's so weird.' But I don't think it's yucky. It's normal. It's natural really.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procedure, known as \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/expert-answers/vaginal-seeding/faq-20380881\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vaginal seeding\u003c/a>,\" is designed to help babies develop healthy microbiomes — the collection of friendly bacteria that inhabit every person's body. Some people call it a \"bacterial baptism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little bit like that baby's first dunk,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.inova.org/indirectory/clinicaltrials.aspx?design=true&dirId=1&LoadCategory=ITMI&LoadSubCategory=Microbiome&memberID=280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shira Levy\u003c/a>, the microbiome research manager at the Inova hospital. \"That's their first religious experience. You know, they get the water and that changes their spirituality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In this case, they get the bacteria and that changes their microbiome,\" Levy says. \"This is their first microbiome experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procedure was developed in response to the sharp rise in C-section births in recent years. That increase has been accompanied by \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/30/444746094/missing-microbes-provide-clues-about-asthma-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more cases of asthma\u003c/a>, allergies, eczema, obesity, and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory is that the rise in these diseases might be happening, in part, because babies aren't getting exposed to their mother's microbes the way they would if they were passing naturally through the birth canal.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think that one of the reasons that babies born by C-section are at increased risk for these diseases is because they don't receive that first beneficial exposure to their mother's vaginal microbiome,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.inova.org/Physician_Directory/Suchitra-K-Hourigan-MD/824530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Suchitra Hourigan\u003c/a>, a pediatric gastroenterologist at Inova.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One very small study \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/02/01/464905786/researchers-test-microbe-wipe-to-promote-babies-health-after-c-sections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicated \u003c/a>that swabbing C-section babies with their mother's microbes immediately after birth could make their microbiomes develop more like those of babies born vaginally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the appeal of vaginal seeding has outpaced evidence that it is safe and effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some couples have started trying vaginal seeding on their own. Vukadinovich jokes that she considered doing it herself. After all, she says, she's a nurse and her husband is a high school biology teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I even told my mom: 'Nobody has to know. My husband would help me out,' \" she says, laughing. \"But I try not to take unnecessary risks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich knows the procedure could be risky. Babies could be inadvertently exposed to disease-causing microbes, such as herpes virus or streptococcus bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, medical groups such as the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Vaginal-Seeding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warn\u003c/a> women against doing this. \"While there are data to suggest that there may be some scientific plausibility to the concept, it is not without significant risks,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.ucla.edu/experts/preview/578561302cfac209100154a4/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neil Silverman\u003c/a>, a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the UCLA School of Medicine, who represents ACOG. The group notes that mothers also transfer microbes to their newborns through skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Vukadinovich was thrilled when she found out she could be part of the first \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03298334?term=vaginal+seeding&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> the Food and Drug Administration is allowing to rigorously test whether the procedure is safe and helps improve babies' health.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who knows what's going to happen with the results? But if it does show something positive, I just think that would be great for kids and parents,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hourigan, who's helping lead the study, agrees. \"Just to be able to reduce one risk factor for obesity, especially when there are such high [C-section rates] in the U.S., would be huge,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, half of the babies will get swabbed with their mother's microbes; half will get swabbed with a sterile solution. All of the mothers will be carefully screened for dangerous infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the babies will then be followed for three years to see if they become obese or develop other health problems. A \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03567707?term=vaginal+seeding&rank=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">similar study\u003c/a> is starting at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vukadinovich agreed to let an NPR reporter and photographer observe her baby's birth and the swabbing. It's the first time journalists have been allowed to watch a baby go through the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evelyn Marie is Born\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the nurses wheel Vukadinovich into the operating room, Hourigan, Levy and Dr. Varsha Deopujari follow. Deopujari, the study's clinical manager, will do the actual swabbing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the OR, everyone quickly takes their places. As the surgeon starts, Hourigan explains what's happening. It goes very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An incision is being made into mom, and they are getting ready to take out the baby,\" Hourigan says. \"They can see the head. And the head is now coming out of the C-section incision. Baby's head is out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than a minute after the surgery starts, the baby girl is completely out. A nurse rushes the newborn to a nearby table to clear her breathing. After the baby is breathing smoothly, Deopujari starts swabbing with a gauze pad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, she swabs the baby's mouth, cheeks and face. After turning the gauze over to expose more bacteria, Deopujari wipes the baby's hands and arms. Next, she wipes down her chest, goes over her abdomen, up the other arm and then over her back.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And the swabbing is now over,\" Hourigan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deopujari hands the baby back to a nurse. Hourigan and her team quickly head out of the OR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That went perfectly,\" she says. \"Baby came out and was crying. We waited until baby was stable, and the swabbing went just as planned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hourigan and her colleagues will swab 50 babies to make sure their procedure is safe. If it is, they plan to expand the study to 800 babies, who would randomly receive either the bacterial swab or a placebo, throughout the Inova hospital system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results could prove important. \"We need more data and we need better data,\" says Silverman, of ACOG. \"If it shows that there is a clear benefit, then this process can be re-evaluated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, Vukadinovich, her husband, Nick, 41, and their new daughter are together in a hospital room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm good — feeling good today,\" she says, cradling her baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple doesn't know if their new daughter, who they would later name Evelyn Marie, was exposed to her mother's microbes or a sterile placebo solution. But they have their fingers crossed she was swabbed with bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I really hope that she was,\" Vukadinovich says. \"If there's a decreased chance of her having any health issues, that would be awesome.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her husband, Nick, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're not terribly religious so we won't baptize with water — holy water,\" Nick says. \"But since we're scientists, we like the idea of a bacterial baptism instead of a holy baptism — because now she's been initiated with bacteria, friendly bacteria, that should protect her down the road.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Doctors+Test+Bacterial+Smear+After+Cesarean+Sections+To+Bolster+Babies%27+Microbiomes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445306/doctors-test-bacterial-smear-after-c-sections-to-bolster-babies-health","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445306"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_631","futureofyou_1635","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_68","futureofyou_520"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445307","label":"source_futureofyou_445306"},"futureofyou_445294":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445294","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445294","score":null,"sort":[1540920607000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"government-intervenes-in-heart-study-following-concerns-about-underlying-research","title":"Government Intervenes in Heart Study Following Concerns About Underlying Research","publishDate":1540920607,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">A government agency has paused a clinical trial testing an experimental stem cell therapy in heart failure patients, a move made public on Monday and sparked by recommendations to retract 31 journal articles from the lab of a controversial cardiac stem cell researcher.[contextly_sidebar id=\"I7izVP7XTjOkvUPxO6DOfpUiStgsOB7A\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">“Recent calls for the retraction of journal articles in related fields of cell therapy research have raised concerns about the scientific foundations of this trial,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/statement-nhlbi-decision-pause-concert-hf-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\u003c/a> said in a statement posted Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">On Oct. 17, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/17/nejm-retract-stem-cell-anversa/\">New England Journal of Medicine retracted\u003c/a> one paper and published an “expression of concern” about two others from the lab of Dr. Piero Anversa, a controversial stem cell researcher. The journal’s move came three days after Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital told \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/14/harvard-brigham-retractions-stem-cell/\">STAT and Retraction Watch\u003c/a> they had recommended that 31 papers from Anversa be retracted by medical journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. David Goff, director of the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences at NHLBI, confirmed Monday that news about the 31 journal articles from the Anversa lab prompted the pause in the trial known as \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02501811\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CONCERT-HF\u003c/a>. None of the retracted or disputed papers specifically relate to the trial\u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02501811\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">,\u003c/a> he said, but the trial’s Data and Safety Monitoring Board, convened last week at the institute’s request, on Friday recommended a “pause” in the trial so the board could complete its review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anversa’s research focused on advancing the idea that the heart contains stem cells, called c-kit cells, that could regenerate cardiac muscle after a heart attack. But when various research teams tried to reproduce results reported in his papers, they failed. Anversa left Harvard and the Brigham in 2015. Lawyers for Anversa and his colleague Dr. Annarosa Leri said earlier this month the doctors “stand by the scientific findings in their papers, including the existence and potential therapeutic benefits of cardiac stem cells.” In an Oct. 3 letter that Anversa provided to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/29/health/dr-piero-anversa-harvard-retraction.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New York Times\u003c/a>, Harvard and the Brigham said he had “committed research misconduct” in eight papers and in a grant application.[contextly_sidebar id=\"J93WJNRRTNR70mMyZTyFDOqE9SKlEyHq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CONCERT-HF study set out to determine whether c-kit+ cells, either alone or in combination with stem cells derived from the bone marrow, are safe and could help patients with chronic heart failure. There are limited treatment options for people with heart failure; half of them will die within five years of receiving a diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goff said that the study’s approval to launch in 2015 was based on 11 reports from eight different labs — all independent of Anversa’s — showing benefits from c-kit+ cells in animal experiments. At the time, reviewers of the study protocols were aware that other labs were unable to duplicate findings reported by Anversa and his colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Texas and NHLBI are sponsors of the trial, which sought to enroll 141 patients at seven locations since it was launched in 2015. The trial has recruited 125 patients, Goff said. Of those 125 people, 117 have undergone tissue collection from bone marrow or heart muscle and 90 have been treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Lem Moye of the University of Texas said participants are being notified about the trial’s pause and being told that recent media coverage about cell therapy research is not directly related to CONCERT-HF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although we do not follow the protocols of Dr. Anversa (we have our own lab at the University of Miami which uses GMP procedures, as is FDA approved). … NHLBI would like to assure itself that our lab is in fact generating c-kit+ cells,” Moye wrote in response to questions. “We hope that this will not take long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goff said NHLBI has asked the board to conduct an “expeditious review in keeping with appropriate rigor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a responsibility to our participants and to generating knowledge to improve the health of people with heart failure.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A trial testing experimental stem cell therapy in heart failure patients has been stalled following recommendations to retract 31 journal articles from the lab of a controversial researcher.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1540920607,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":697},"headData":{"title":"Government Intervenes in Heart Study Following Concerns About Underlying Research | KQED","description":"A trial testing experimental stem cell therapy in heart failure patients has been stalled following recommendations to retract 31 journal articles from the lab of a controversial researcher.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Government Intervenes in Heart Study Following Concerns About Underlying Research","datePublished":"2018-10-30T17:30:07.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-30T17:30:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445294 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445294","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/30/government-intervenes-in-heart-study-following-concerns-about-underlying-research/","disqusTitle":"Government Intervenes in Heart Study Following Concerns About Underlying Research","source":"Health","nprByline":"Elizabeth Cooney\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/445294/government-intervenes-in-heart-study-following-concerns-about-underlying-research","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">A government agency has paused a clinical trial testing an experimental stem cell therapy in heart failure patients, a move made public on Monday and sparked by recommendations to retract 31 journal articles from the lab of a controversial cardiac stem cell researcher.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">“Recent calls for the retraction of journal articles in related fields of cell therapy research have raised concerns about the scientific foundations of this trial,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/statement-nhlbi-decision-pause-concert-hf-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\u003c/a> said in a statement posted Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">On Oct. 17, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/17/nejm-retract-stem-cell-anversa/\">New England Journal of Medicine retracted\u003c/a> one paper and published an “expression of concern” about two others from the lab of Dr. Piero Anversa, a controversial stem cell researcher. The journal’s move came three days after Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital told \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/14/harvard-brigham-retractions-stem-cell/\">STAT and Retraction Watch\u003c/a> they had recommended that 31 papers from Anversa be retracted by medical journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. David Goff, director of the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences at NHLBI, confirmed Monday that news about the 31 journal articles from the Anversa lab prompted the pause in the trial known as \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02501811\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CONCERT-HF\u003c/a>. None of the retracted or disputed papers specifically relate to the trial\u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02501811\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">,\u003c/a> he said, but the trial’s Data and Safety Monitoring Board, convened last week at the institute’s request, on Friday recommended a “pause” in the trial so the board could complete its review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anversa’s research focused on advancing the idea that the heart contains stem cells, called c-kit cells, that could regenerate cardiac muscle after a heart attack. But when various research teams tried to reproduce results reported in his papers, they failed. Anversa left Harvard and the Brigham in 2015. Lawyers for Anversa and his colleague Dr. Annarosa Leri said earlier this month the doctors “stand by the scientific findings in their papers, including the existence and potential therapeutic benefits of cardiac stem cells.” In an Oct. 3 letter that Anversa provided to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/29/health/dr-piero-anversa-harvard-retraction.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New York Times\u003c/a>, Harvard and the Brigham said he had “committed research misconduct” in eight papers and in a grant application.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CONCERT-HF study set out to determine whether c-kit+ cells, either alone or in combination with stem cells derived from the bone marrow, are safe and could help patients with chronic heart failure. There are limited treatment options for people with heart failure; half of them will die within five years of receiving a diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goff said that the study’s approval to launch in 2015 was based on 11 reports from eight different labs — all independent of Anversa’s — showing benefits from c-kit+ cells in animal experiments. At the time, reviewers of the study protocols were aware that other labs were unable to duplicate findings reported by Anversa and his colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Texas and NHLBI are sponsors of the trial, which sought to enroll 141 patients at seven locations since it was launched in 2015. The trial has recruited 125 patients, Goff said. Of those 125 people, 117 have undergone tissue collection from bone marrow or heart muscle and 90 have been treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Lem Moye of the University of Texas said participants are being notified about the trial’s pause and being told that recent media coverage about cell therapy research is not directly related to CONCERT-HF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although we do not follow the protocols of Dr. Anversa (we have our own lab at the University of Miami which uses GMP procedures, as is FDA approved). … NHLBI would like to assure itself that our lab is in fact generating c-kit+ cells,” Moye wrote in response to questions. “We hope that this will not take long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goff said NHLBI has asked the board to conduct an “expeditious review in keeping with appropriate rigor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a responsibility to our participants and to generating knowledge to improve the health of people with heart failure.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445294/government-intervenes-in-heart-study-following-concerns-about-underlying-research","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445294"],"categories":["futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1592","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_279","futureofyou_775","futureofyou_680"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445296","label":"source_futureofyou_445294"},"futureofyou_445179":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445179","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445179","score":null,"sort":[1540330432000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cdc-chair-on-trumps-transgender-proposal-stigma-is-not-in-the-interest-of-public-health","title":"CDC Chair on Trump’s Transgender Proposal: Stigma is ‘Not in The Interest of Public Health’","publishDate":1540330432,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Tuesday suggested a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11700270/trump-move-to-redefine-gender-could-lead-to-david-and-goliath-battle-with-transgender-californians\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Trump administration proposal\u003c/a> that would define someone’s sex at birth risked heightening stigma around transgender people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The director, Robert Redfield, did not directly criticize the proposal. But when asked whether any such effort might hamper efforts to treat HIV, especially among transgender women, he replied: “We need to understand that stigmatizing illness, stigmatizing individuals is not in the interest of public health.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"mVeGOCjwCxD05uYuQsgkbTz0xWyggdvD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He made the remarks in an interview with STAT Executive Editor Rick Berke at the opening session of the Milken Institute’s Future of Health Summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Redfield said he was not involved in developing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/21/us/politics/transgender-trump-administration-sex-definition.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the policy\u003c/a>, which was first reported by the New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">The proposal was criticized by scientists, who pointed out that it \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/22/scientists-see-a-problem-with-trump-plan-on-defining-sex-biology/\">stands in contradiction to basic biology\u003c/a>, which recognizes that many individuals are born with sex chromosomes or genitalia that don’t conform to the social definitions of “male” and “female.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump addressed the issue Monday, telling reporters that the administration is “looking at it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of different concepts right now,” Trump said. “They have a lot of different things happening with respect to transgender right now. You know that as well as I do and we’re looking at it very seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees the CDC, has declined to comment on the substance of the proposal directly. On Monday, the Washington Post reported that, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/trump-administration-considering-different-concepts-regarding-transgender-rights-with-some-pushing-back-internally/2018/10/22/0668f4da-d624-11e8-83a2-d1c3da28d6b6_story.html?utm_term=.5da392e86f59\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HHS is backing the proposal\u003c/a>, the Department of Education is pushing back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redfield also argued that stigma is harmful more broadly, saying that it interferes with actually treating a disease, such as addiction to opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that the stigma around opioid use now is greater than the stigma around AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nothing compared to what we’re confronting with drug use,” Redfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For him, the issue is personal — his son has been in recovery for drug use for three years.[contextly_sidebar id=\"SSyvhjTE85ossB5jaH387kntcvQgQVWT\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I pray for him every day,” Redfield said. “People don’t realize that addiction is a medical condition, it’s not a moral failing. People don’t realize it’s a chronic medical condition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redfield compared it to another disease, like cancer. We don’t stigmatize people whose cancer goes into remission and then flares back up, he said, so why do we stigmatize people who relapse after treatment for drug use?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that treatment for addiction should be integrated into primary care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/23/cdc-director-on-trump-transgender-proposal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The proposal has been criticized by scientists, who point out that it stands in contradiction to basic biology.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1540332065,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":477},"headData":{"title":"CDC Chair on Trump’s Transgender Proposal: Stigma is ‘Not in The Interest of Public Health’ | KQED","description":"The proposal has been criticized by scientists, who point out that it stands in contradiction to basic biology.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"CDC Chair on Trump’s Transgender Proposal: Stigma is ‘Not in The Interest of Public Health’","datePublished":"2018-10-23T21:33:52.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-23T22:01:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445179 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445179","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/23/cdc-chair-on-trumps-transgender-proposal-stigma-is-not-in-the-interest-of-public-health/","disqusTitle":"CDC Chair on Trump’s Transgender Proposal: Stigma is ‘Not in The Interest of Public Health’","source":"Health","nprByline":"Ike Swetlitz, STAT","path":"/futureofyou/445179/cdc-chair-on-trumps-transgender-proposal-stigma-is-not-in-the-interest-of-public-health","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Tuesday suggested a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11700270/trump-move-to-redefine-gender-could-lead-to-david-and-goliath-battle-with-transgender-californians\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Trump administration proposal\u003c/a> that would define someone’s sex at birth risked heightening stigma around transgender people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The director, Robert Redfield, did not directly criticize the proposal. But when asked whether any such effort might hamper efforts to treat HIV, especially among transgender women, he replied: “We need to understand that stigmatizing illness, stigmatizing individuals is not in the interest of public health.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He made the remarks in an interview with STAT Executive Editor Rick Berke at the opening session of the Milken Institute’s Future of Health Summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Redfield said he was not involved in developing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/21/us/politics/transgender-trump-administration-sex-definition.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the policy\u003c/a>, which was first reported by the New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">The proposal was criticized by scientists, who pointed out that it \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/22/scientists-see-a-problem-with-trump-plan-on-defining-sex-biology/\">stands in contradiction to basic biology\u003c/a>, which recognizes that many individuals are born with sex chromosomes or genitalia that don’t conform to the social definitions of “male” and “female.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump addressed the issue Monday, telling reporters that the administration is “looking at it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of different concepts right now,” Trump said. “They have a lot of different things happening with respect to transgender right now. You know that as well as I do and we’re looking at it very seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees the CDC, has declined to comment on the substance of the proposal directly. On Monday, the Washington Post reported that, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/trump-administration-considering-different-concepts-regarding-transgender-rights-with-some-pushing-back-internally/2018/10/22/0668f4da-d624-11e8-83a2-d1c3da28d6b6_story.html?utm_term=.5da392e86f59\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HHS is backing the proposal\u003c/a>, the Department of Education is pushing back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redfield also argued that stigma is harmful more broadly, saying that it interferes with actually treating a disease, such as addiction to opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that the stigma around opioid use now is greater than the stigma around AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nothing compared to what we’re confronting with drug use,” Redfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For him, the issue is personal — his son has been in recovery for drug use for three years.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I pray for him every day,” Redfield said. “People don’t realize that addiction is a medical condition, it’s not a moral failing. People don’t realize it’s a chronic medical condition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redfield compared it to another disease, like cancer. We don’t stigmatize people whose cancer goes into remission and then flares back up, he said, so why do we stigmatize people who relapse after treatment for drug use?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that treatment for addiction should be integrated into primary care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/23/cdc-director-on-trump-transgender-proposal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445179/cdc-chair-on-trumps-transgender-proposal-stigma-is-not-in-the-interest-of-public-health","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445179"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1521","futureofyou_1633","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1018"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445182","label":"source_futureofyou_445179"},"futureofyou_445133":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445133","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445133","score":null,"sort":[1540229203000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"want-to-keep-your-brain-sharp-take-care-of-your-eyes-and-ears","title":"Want To Keep Your Brain Sharp? Take Care Of Your Eyes And Ears","publishDate":1540229203,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>By age 40, about 1 in 10 adults will experience some hearing loss. It happens so slowly and gradually, says audiologist Dina Rollins. \"You don't realize what you're missing.\" And even as it worsens, many people are in denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time someone is convinced they have a hearing problem, age-related memory loss may have already set in. But there's good news. Restoring hearing with hearing aids can help slow down cognitive decline.[contextly_sidebar id=\"6YAV50tRbgqwIJiI86NoTCI17lxry3wy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these findings: Researchers tracked about 2,000 older adults in the U.S. both before and after they started using hearing aids. The adults were participants in a big, national study called the \u003ca href=\"http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Retirement Study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 75 percent following the adoption of hearing aids,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/asri.maharani.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asri Maharani\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Manchester in the division of neuroscience and experimental psychology and an author of the paper. \"It is a surprising result,\" Maharani says. The study was \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15363\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> this spring in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess cognition over time, researchers performed a battery of face-to-face tests with participants. This was done every two years from 1996 to 2014. One test to assess memory required participants to recall a list of 10 words, both immediately after the words were read aloud and then again after the participants had been distracted by other tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We weren't expecting that hearing aid use would eliminate cognitive decline. That's just not going to happen\" because age-related decline is inevitable, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/piers.dawes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piers Dawes\u003c/a>, an experimental psychologist and another author of the study. \"But the reduction in the rate of change is quite substantial. It's a very intriguing finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put the findings in context, consider that the slower rate of decline equates to remembering less than one more word on the 10-word recall test. So it's a small but measurable effect. And it adds to the evidence that hearing loss and cognitive decline are strongly linked.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AfcnhascoCNQ0xP8K2IKX6aiTBhqbp6H\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, says Rollins. Consider what people are getting when their hearing is restored: \"Stimulating your ears stimulates the nerves that stimulate your brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you get hearing aids, \"we're giving your ears back what they're missing, and giving your brain what it needs to make sense of what you're hearing,\" Rollins explains. And this can help you stay more stimulated and socially engaged. Rollins was not involved in the study. She's in practice in Silver Spring, Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins says people who have hearing loss might decline faster than those with normal hearing due to the loss of social stimulation. \"Social isolation is a huge part of hearing loss, and people will notice their loved ones withdrawing from conversation, or not going to family or social functions like they used to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins fits a lot of people with hearing aids, and sometimes they come in only after their loved ones insist on it. \"No one \u003cem>wants \u003c/em>to wear a hearing aid,\" Rollins says. \"Typically, there's convincing that needs to be done.\" There's still a stigma attached to wearing hearing aids. People think: \"I don't want to look old!\" But Rollins says the technology has improved a lot in recent years. And often, hearing aids are a lot less noticeable and are covered up by hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another obstacle. With a price tag of $4,500 and upwards for high-end aids, they're not cheap. Less expensive options are available, but insurance plans typically don't cover the full cost. Some plans offer no benefit for hearing aids, and, in general, Medicare \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/11/600895543/can-you-hear-me-now-senate-bill-may-make-the-answer-yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does not cover the cost\u003c/a>, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when people decide to get fitted with hearing aids, this step can improve quality of life. This is the case with Rollins' patient Lucien Johnson, 92, who was fitted with hearing aids a few weeks back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was tired of screaming,\" his wife, Carrie Johnson, tells us. And it was frustrating for Lucien as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes she thought I was ignoring her,\" Lucien says. But, really, he just didn't hear her speaking.[contextly_sidebar id=\"I4AgglSmwy1bzyUdMoNKByGDxN5TnrXK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnsons say they're communicating better now. Lucien went in to see Rollins for an adjustment recently. \"I need some fine-tuning,\" he told her. \"But so far, so good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another common condition as we age is the deterioration of vision, often because of cataracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New evidence shows that restoring vision by having cataract surgery can also slow cognitive decline. A companion study carried out by the same researchers and \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204833\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em> this month evaluated the outcomes of about 2,000 older adults who had cataract surgery. They were all participants in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Longitudinal Study of Ageing,\u003c/a> which is carried out similarly to the U.S. Health and Retirement Survey. Participants are given periodic cognitive assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 50 percent following cataract surgery,\" explains Maharani. As with the outcome in the hearing aid study, restoring good vision can't eliminate cognitive decline, but this study suggests it can significantly slow the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many factors influence healthy aging, including lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. But Maharani and her co-authors say it's important to know that steps to correct vision and hearing loss can play into the equation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Want+To+Keep+Your+Brain+Sharp%3F+Take+Care+Of+Your+Eyes+And+Ears&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Two large studies show that age-related memory loss can be slowed significantly when older people promptly address hearing and vision loss.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1540229331,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":923},"headData":{"title":"Want To Keep Your Brain Sharp? Take Care Of Your Eyes And Ears | KQED","description":"Two large studies show that age-related memory loss can be slowed significantly when older people promptly address hearing and vision loss.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Want To Keep Your Brain Sharp? Take Care Of Your Eyes And Ears","datePublished":"2018-10-22T17:26:43.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-22T17:28:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445133 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445133","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/22/want-to-keep-your-brain-sharp-take-care-of-your-eyes-and-ears/","disqusTitle":"Want To Keep Your Brain Sharp? Take Care Of Your Eyes And Ears","source":"DIY Health","nprByline":"Allison Aubrey, NPR","nprStoryId":"658810909","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=658810909&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/22/658810909/can-t-hear-well-fixing-hearing-loss-can-keep-your-memory-sharper?ft=nprml&f=658810909","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 22 Oct 2018 11:37:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 22 Oct 2018 04:48:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 22 Oct 2018 11:37:19 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/10/20181022_me_want_to_keep_your_brain_sharp_take_care_of_your_eyes_and_ears.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=206&p=3&story=658810909&ft=nprml&f=658810909","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1659416513-0ba446.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=206&p=3&story=658810909&ft=nprml&f=658810909","audioTrackLength":206,"path":"/futureofyou/445133/want-to-keep-your-brain-sharp-take-care-of-your-eyes-and-ears","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/10/20181022_me_want_to_keep_your_brain_sharp_take_care_of_your_eyes_and_ears.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=206&p=3&story=658810909&ft=nprml&f=658810909","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By age 40, about 1 in 10 adults will experience some hearing loss. It happens so slowly and gradually, says audiologist Dina Rollins. \"You don't realize what you're missing.\" And even as it worsens, many people are in denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time someone is convinced they have a hearing problem, age-related memory loss may have already set in. But there's good news. Restoring hearing with hearing aids can help slow down cognitive decline.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these findings: Researchers tracked about 2,000 older adults in the U.S. both before and after they started using hearing aids. The adults were participants in a big, national study called the \u003ca href=\"http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Retirement Study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 75 percent following the adoption of hearing aids,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/asri.maharani.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asri Maharani\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Manchester in the division of neuroscience and experimental psychology and an author of the paper. \"It is a surprising result,\" Maharani says. The study was \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15363\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> this spring in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess cognition over time, researchers performed a battery of face-to-face tests with participants. This was done every two years from 1996 to 2014. One test to assess memory required participants to recall a list of 10 words, both immediately after the words were read aloud and then again after the participants had been distracted by other tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We weren't expecting that hearing aid use would eliminate cognitive decline. That's just not going to happen\" because age-related decline is inevitable, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/piers.dawes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piers Dawes\u003c/a>, an experimental psychologist and another author of the study. \"But the reduction in the rate of change is quite substantial. It's a very intriguing finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put the findings in context, consider that the slower rate of decline equates to remembering less than one more word on the 10-word recall test. So it's a small but measurable effect. And it adds to the evidence that hearing loss and cognitive decline are strongly linked.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, says Rollins. Consider what people are getting when their hearing is restored: \"Stimulating your ears stimulates the nerves that stimulate your brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you get hearing aids, \"we're giving your ears back what they're missing, and giving your brain what it needs to make sense of what you're hearing,\" Rollins explains. And this can help you stay more stimulated and socially engaged. Rollins was not involved in the study. She's in practice in Silver Spring, Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins says people who have hearing loss might decline faster than those with normal hearing due to the loss of social stimulation. \"Social isolation is a huge part of hearing loss, and people will notice their loved ones withdrawing from conversation, or not going to family or social functions like they used to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins fits a lot of people with hearing aids, and sometimes they come in only after their loved ones insist on it. \"No one \u003cem>wants \u003c/em>to wear a hearing aid,\" Rollins says. \"Typically, there's convincing that needs to be done.\" There's still a stigma attached to wearing hearing aids. People think: \"I don't want to look old!\" But Rollins says the technology has improved a lot in recent years. And often, hearing aids are a lot less noticeable and are covered up by hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another obstacle. With a price tag of $4,500 and upwards for high-end aids, they're not cheap. Less expensive options are available, but insurance plans typically don't cover the full cost. Some plans offer no benefit for hearing aids, and, in general, Medicare \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/11/600895543/can-you-hear-me-now-senate-bill-may-make-the-answer-yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does not cover the cost\u003c/a>, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when people decide to get fitted with hearing aids, this step can improve quality of life. This is the case with Rollins' patient Lucien Johnson, 92, who was fitted with hearing aids a few weeks back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was tired of screaming,\" his wife, Carrie Johnson, tells us. And it was frustrating for Lucien as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes she thought I was ignoring her,\" Lucien says. But, really, he just didn't hear her speaking.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnsons say they're communicating better now. Lucien went in to see Rollins for an adjustment recently. \"I need some fine-tuning,\" he told her. \"But so far, so good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another common condition as we age is the deterioration of vision, often because of cataracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New evidence shows that restoring vision by having cataract surgery can also slow cognitive decline. A companion study carried out by the same researchers and \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204833\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em> this month evaluated the outcomes of about 2,000 older adults who had cataract surgery. They were all participants in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Longitudinal Study of Ageing,\u003c/a> which is carried out similarly to the U.S. Health and Retirement Survey. Participants are given periodic cognitive assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 50 percent following cataract surgery,\" explains Maharani. As with the outcome in the hearing aid study, restoring good vision can't eliminate cognitive decline, but this study suggests it can significantly slow the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many factors influence healthy aging, including lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. But Maharani and her co-authors say it's important to know that steps to correct vision and hearing loss can play into the equation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Want+To+Keep+Your+Brain+Sharp%3F+Take+Care+Of+Your+Eyes+And+Ears&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445133/want-to-keep-your-brain-sharp-take-care-of-your-eyes-and-ears","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445133"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1023","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_398","futureofyou_1632"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445136","label":"source_futureofyou_445133"},"futureofyou_445076":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445076","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445076","score":null,"sort":[1539968992000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-youth-are-failing-to-recognize-dangers-of-juul-e-cigarettes","title":"California Youth Are Failing to Recognize Dangers of Juul E-Cigarettes","publishDate":1539968992,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Young adults and teens who smoke Juul brand e-cigarettes are blissfully unaware of the health risks associated with the popular vape kit, according to a new study out of Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger users fail to recognize the addictive potential of Juul e-cigarettes, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2707425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study published Friday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Network Open.[contextly_sidebar id=\"EK9hFqM2yZUTzSOgfHFT52apU2Vgh1xK\"]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they found a \"worrisome disconnect\" between teens’ perceptions of their Juul use and actual addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's troubling since adolescents who use Juul e-cigarettes do so on a more regular basis than adolescents who use other forms of e-cigarettes, according to the study’s senior author and Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/adolescent/research/Research.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">professor Bonnie Halpern-Felsher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Juul said, \"We agree that underage use of JUUL is completely unacceptable and it is directly opposed to our mission of eliminating cigarettes by offering existing adult smokers a true alternative to combustible cigarettes. We stand committed to working with those who want to keep nicotine products out of the hands of young people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing Up With E-Cigs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first phase of the study, researchers interviewed more than 700 students in ninth and 12th grade in 2014 and 2015. Follow-up questionnaires were completed by 445 of the participants, who were by then in the 12th grade or a few years out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants who used e-cigarettes also completed a separate questionnaire assessing their degree of nicotine dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all participants said they had heard of Juul, while about 16 percent said they had used it. Other e-cigarette brands were used by about 30 percent of participants, while conventional cigarettes were smoked by about 24 percent of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two-thirds of users reported using more than one type of product. Among those who had tried Juul, nearly 60 percent reported that they had used the product within the last 30 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, participants who had tried other e-cigarette brands or conventional cigarettes, about 30 percent and 28 percent respectively, reported use within the last 30 days — a striking difference between Juul users and users of other tobacco products.[contextly_sidebar id=\"o8Fym2tNlF7cBkD0KG2bbPnUmKXrgLdI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also found that younger users were showing signs of addiction but not reporting it. In other words, there was a disconnect between what they were actually experiencing and their perception of the product's addiction potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says the findings raise serious concerns about higher rates of addiction among Juul users. Especially since users expressed the view that Juul e-cigarettes are less harmful or addictive than the other products mentioned in the survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul e-cigarettes account for two-thirds of the nation's e-cigarette market. They contain more nicotine than competing brands of e-cigarettes, according to the study. Nicotine \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/tobacco/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been\u003c/a> linked to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not clear on the package how much nicotine is in there and how harmful nicotine can be,\" says Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label says it contains five percent nicotine, but to a young person that may not seem like much, according to Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that Juul products contain 59 mg of nicotine per milliliter, which is comparable to about a pack-and-a-half to two packs of cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forms of e-cigarettes have anywhere between 0 to around 36 mg per milliliter.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yBQAN1uArOrCWBWhXStG5szdMxIJkw7D\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarette use in adolescents is particularly alarming since nicotine can change the brain of an adolescent, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4560573/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making it easier\u003c/a> for the user to be calm while addicted to that substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Halpern-Felsher says there's a higher possibility of addiction during adolescence than if the user had started using the product as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Perception\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers blame marketing and advertisements for the gap between reality and public perception among younger users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul has come under sharp criticism for designing e-cigarettes that appeal to the youth market. Their products use flavored nicotine-containing liquids, such as cool mint and dessert flavors, that are inhaled from colorful pods resembling USB flash drives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/PublicHealthEducation/PublicEducationCampaigns/TheRealCostCampaign/ucm620783.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently launched a\u003c/a> campaign to warn youths about the health risks and to stop Juul sales to young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says that youth are more likely to use tobacco products that come in flavors. She notes that only one of the participants in the study used the plain tobacco flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study emphasizes the need for better public-health campaigns highlighting the health risks of e-cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul users aren't aware of the amount of nicotine in the product,\" says Halpern-Felsher. \"We really need to have a discussion about the amount of nicotine in these products. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also recommends increased regulation of e-cigarette flavors and how they are advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul needs to report more accurately and in plain English,\" she says. \"And in a way that everybody understands how much nicotine is in there.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"U.S. youth are failing to appreciate the addiction potential of the e-cigarette, according to a new Stanford study. The way the products are marketed are partly to blame.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1539990484,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":829},"headData":{"title":"California Youth Are Failing to Recognize Dangers of Juul E-Cigarettes | KQED","description":"U.S. youth are failing to appreciate the addiction potential of the e-cigarette, according to a new Stanford study. The way the products are marketed are partly to blame.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Youth Are Failing to Recognize Dangers of Juul E-Cigarettes","datePublished":"2018-10-19T17:09:52.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-19T23:08:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445076 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445076","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/19/california-youth-are-failing-to-recognize-dangers-of-juul-e-cigarettes/","disqusTitle":"California Youth Are Failing to Recognize Dangers of Juul E-Cigarettes","source":"Health","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/10/KlivansJuulAddiction.mp3","nprByline":"Laura Klivans and Amel Ahmed","path":"/futureofyou/445076/california-youth-are-failing-to-recognize-dangers-of-juul-e-cigarettes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Young adults and teens who smoke Juul brand e-cigarettes are blissfully unaware of the health risks associated with the popular vape kit, according to a new study out of Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger users fail to recognize the addictive potential of Juul e-cigarettes, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2707425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study published Friday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Network Open.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they found a \"worrisome disconnect\" between teens’ perceptions of their Juul use and actual addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's troubling since adolescents who use Juul e-cigarettes do so on a more regular basis than adolescents who use other forms of e-cigarettes, according to the study’s senior author and Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/adolescent/research/Research.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">professor Bonnie Halpern-Felsher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Juul said, \"We agree that underage use of JUUL is completely unacceptable and it is directly opposed to our mission of eliminating cigarettes by offering existing adult smokers a true alternative to combustible cigarettes. We stand committed to working with those who want to keep nicotine products out of the hands of young people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing Up With E-Cigs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first phase of the study, researchers interviewed more than 700 students in ninth and 12th grade in 2014 and 2015. Follow-up questionnaires were completed by 445 of the participants, who were by then in the 12th grade or a few years out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants who used e-cigarettes also completed a separate questionnaire assessing their degree of nicotine dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all participants said they had heard of Juul, while about 16 percent said they had used it. Other e-cigarette brands were used by about 30 percent of participants, while conventional cigarettes were smoked by about 24 percent of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two-thirds of users reported using more than one type of product. Among those who had tried Juul, nearly 60 percent reported that they had used the product within the last 30 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, participants who had tried other e-cigarette brands or conventional cigarettes, about 30 percent and 28 percent respectively, reported use within the last 30 days — a striking difference between Juul users and users of other tobacco products.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also found that younger users were showing signs of addiction but not reporting it. In other words, there was a disconnect between what they were actually experiencing and their perception of the product's addiction potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says the findings raise serious concerns about higher rates of addiction among Juul users. Especially since users expressed the view that Juul e-cigarettes are less harmful or addictive than the other products mentioned in the survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul e-cigarettes account for two-thirds of the nation's e-cigarette market. They contain more nicotine than competing brands of e-cigarettes, according to the study. Nicotine \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/tobacco/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been\u003c/a> linked to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not clear on the package how much nicotine is in there and how harmful nicotine can be,\" says Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label says it contains five percent nicotine, but to a young person that may not seem like much, according to Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that Juul products contain 59 mg of nicotine per milliliter, which is comparable to about a pack-and-a-half to two packs of cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forms of e-cigarettes have anywhere between 0 to around 36 mg per milliliter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarette use in adolescents is particularly alarming since nicotine can change the brain of an adolescent, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4560573/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making it easier\u003c/a> for the user to be calm while addicted to that substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Halpern-Felsher says there's a higher possibility of addiction during adolescence than if the user had started using the product as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Perception\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers blame marketing and advertisements for the gap between reality and public perception among younger users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul has come under sharp criticism for designing e-cigarettes that appeal to the youth market. Their products use flavored nicotine-containing liquids, such as cool mint and dessert flavors, that are inhaled from colorful pods resembling USB flash drives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/PublicHealthEducation/PublicEducationCampaigns/TheRealCostCampaign/ucm620783.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently launched a\u003c/a> campaign to warn youths about the health risks and to stop Juul sales to young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says that youth are more likely to use tobacco products that come in flavors. She notes that only one of the participants in the study used the plain tobacco flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study emphasizes the need for better public-health campaigns highlighting the health risks of e-cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul users aren't aware of the amount of nicotine in the product,\" says Halpern-Felsher. \"We really need to have a discussion about the amount of nicotine in these products. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also recommends increased regulation of e-cigarette flavors and how they are advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul needs to report more accurately and in plain English,\" she says. \"And in a way that everybody understands how much nicotine is in there.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445076/california-youth-are-failing-to-recognize-dangers-of-juul-e-cigarettes","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445076"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1479","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1138","futureofyou_1478","futureofyou_1434"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445087","label":"source_futureofyou_445076"},"futureofyou_445095":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445095","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445095","score":null,"sort":[1539966226000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"open-those-blinds-sunlight-helps-kill-indoor-bacteria","title":"Open Those Blinds: Sunlight Helps Kill Indoor Bacteria","publishDate":1539966226,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Even before Florence Nightingale advised that hospitals be designed to let daylight in, people observed that sunshine helps keep you healthy. But there was not much research to explain why that's the case, especially inside buildings.[contextly_sidebar id=\"IjvS3scrk3CCEGum7zZ7aa5YWo6TitWh\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Oregon set up a study of dusty, dollhouse-size rooms to compare what happens in rooms exposed to daylight through regular glass, rooms exposed to only ultraviolet light and those kept dark. They used a mix of dust collected from actual homes in the Portland area and let the miniature rooms sit outdoors while keeping the insides at a normal room temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 90 days (because that's how long dust can hang around, even if you vacuumed), they sampled the dust and analyzed the types of bacteria present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found surprised them and confirmed what your grandmother already knew: Rooms exposed to daylight have fewer germs. In fact, the study showed that the lit rooms had about half the viable bacteria (those that are able to grow), compared with dark rooms. Rooms that were exposed only to UV light had just slightly less viable bacteria than ones exposed to daylight. Their research was \u003ca href=\"https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0559-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Microbiome.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/what-your-dust-says-about-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so much time indoors\u003c/a>, the new research could give insights into the relationship between air quality and light. \"I think it's a novel study because they looked at the effect of visible light, and they were also looking at real bacterial communities and real household dust,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.cee.vt.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linsey Marr\u003c/a>, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech who specializes in indoor air quality and was not involved with this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study's lead author,\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashkaan_Fahimipour\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Ashkaan Fahimipour\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oregon's Biology and the Built Environment Center, says he was surprised that the visible light and the UV light performed so similarly to keep bacteria down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at both types of light because UV is known to be a good disinfectant and is used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/07/27/632393234/which-water-is-best-for-health-hint-dont-discount-the-tap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean drinking water\u003c/a>. Yet typical window glass filters out most UV light.[contextly_sidebar id=\"4QgoB7NXdj3QdtESGYlnpqlI9RBpqxdt\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another surprising thing was the amount of microbes that were viable in dust. Earlier studies didn't suggest it would be as much, says co-author \u003ca href=\"https://archenvironment.uoregon.edu/architecture/kevin-van-den-wymelenberg\">Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg\u003c/a>, co-director of the Biology and the Built Environment Center at the University of Oregon. That's because \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1814/20151139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indoor dust\u003c/a> is like a desert — it's too dry for most bacteria or other things to grow. This study found 12 percent of bacteria in dark rooms were viable compared to 6.8 percent in rooms with daylight and 6.1 percent in rooms exposed to UV light only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it may not sound like much, \"6 percent of millions of cells is still a lot of microbes,\" Van Den Wymelenberg says. \"Until now, daylighting [illuminating a building with natural light] has been about visual comfort or broad health. But now we can say daylighting influences air quality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The daylit rooms in the study also had less of the types of bacteria associated with \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104662183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human skin\u003c/a>, which people shed as they move around indoors, and more closely resembled outdoor bacterial communities. Some of the human-associated bacteria species that didn't survive in the lighted rooms are from a family of bacteria known to cause \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894335/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">respiratory disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their future work, the researchers said they'd like to design studies to determine how much light is necessary to kill microbes so architects can begin to design buildings with that in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, researchers have learned from trying to eradicate all germs in hospital and laboratory clean rooms that it's really hard to get rid of microbes wholesale. \"Sanitizing isn't the best approach,\" Fahimipour says. And some microbes are actually good for us, like the ones in yogurt. Someday, he says, \"it may be better to enrich an indoor setting with microbes that are not harmful or even [with those that are] beneficial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kathleen O'Neil is a freelance science writer who lives in the Washington, D.C., area. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Grandma+Was+Right%3A+Sunshine+Helps+Kill+Germs+Indoors&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"All kinds of bacteria live with us indoors, and some can make us sick. A new study shows that rooms exposed to light had about half the live bacteria found in rooms that were kept in darkness.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1539966391,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":702},"headData":{"title":"Open Those Blinds: Sunlight Helps Kill Indoor Bacteria | KQED","description":"All kinds of bacteria live with us indoors, and some can make us sick. A new study shows that rooms exposed to light had about half the live bacteria found in rooms that were kept in darkness.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Open Those Blinds: Sunlight Helps Kill Indoor Bacteria","datePublished":"2018-10-19T16:23:46.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-19T16:26:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445095 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445095","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/19/open-those-blinds-sunlight-helps-kill-indoor-bacteria/","disqusTitle":"Open Those Blinds: Sunlight Helps Kill Indoor Bacteria","source":"DIY Health","nprImageCredit":"Dave G Kelly","nprByline":"Kathleen O'Neil, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"658335490","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=658335490&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/18/658335490/grandma-was-right-sunshine-helps-kill-germs-indoors?ft=nprml&f=658335490","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 19 Oct 2018 00:51:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 18 Oct 2018 10:51:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 19 Oct 2018 00:51:25 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/445095/open-those-blinds-sunlight-helps-kill-indoor-bacteria","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Even before Florence Nightingale advised that hospitals be designed to let daylight in, people observed that sunshine helps keep you healthy. But there was not much research to explain why that's the case, especially inside buildings.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Oregon set up a study of dusty, dollhouse-size rooms to compare what happens in rooms exposed to daylight through regular glass, rooms exposed to only ultraviolet light and those kept dark. They used a mix of dust collected from actual homes in the Portland area and let the miniature rooms sit outdoors while keeping the insides at a normal room temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 90 days (because that's how long dust can hang around, even if you vacuumed), they sampled the dust and analyzed the types of bacteria present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found surprised them and confirmed what your grandmother already knew: Rooms exposed to daylight have fewer germs. In fact, the study showed that the lit rooms had about half the viable bacteria (those that are able to grow), compared with dark rooms. Rooms that were exposed only to UV light had just slightly less viable bacteria than ones exposed to daylight. Their research was \u003ca href=\"https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0559-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Microbiome.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/what-your-dust-says-about-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so much time indoors\u003c/a>, the new research could give insights into the relationship between air quality and light. \"I think it's a novel study because they looked at the effect of visible light, and they were also looking at real bacterial communities and real household dust,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.cee.vt.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linsey Marr\u003c/a>, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech who specializes in indoor air quality and was not involved with this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study's lead author,\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashkaan_Fahimipour\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Ashkaan Fahimipour\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oregon's Biology and the Built Environment Center, says he was surprised that the visible light and the UV light performed so similarly to keep bacteria down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at both types of light because UV is known to be a good disinfectant and is used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/07/27/632393234/which-water-is-best-for-health-hint-dont-discount-the-tap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean drinking water\u003c/a>. Yet typical window glass filters out most UV light.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another surprising thing was the amount of microbes that were viable in dust. Earlier studies didn't suggest it would be as much, says co-author \u003ca href=\"https://archenvironment.uoregon.edu/architecture/kevin-van-den-wymelenberg\">Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg\u003c/a>, co-director of the Biology and the Built Environment Center at the University of Oregon. That's because \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1814/20151139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indoor dust\u003c/a> is like a desert — it's too dry for most bacteria or other things to grow. This study found 12 percent of bacteria in dark rooms were viable compared to 6.8 percent in rooms with daylight and 6.1 percent in rooms exposed to UV light only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it may not sound like much, \"6 percent of millions of cells is still a lot of microbes,\" Van Den Wymelenberg says. \"Until now, daylighting [illuminating a building with natural light] has been about visual comfort or broad health. But now we can say daylighting influences air quality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The daylit rooms in the study also had less of the types of bacteria associated with \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104662183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human skin\u003c/a>, which people shed as they move around indoors, and more closely resembled outdoor bacterial communities. Some of the human-associated bacteria species that didn't survive in the lighted rooms are from a family of bacteria known to cause \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894335/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">respiratory disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their future work, the researchers said they'd like to design studies to determine how much light is necessary to kill microbes so architects can begin to design buildings with that in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, researchers have learned from trying to eradicate all germs in hospital and laboratory clean rooms that it's really hard to get rid of microbes wholesale. \"Sanitizing isn't the best approach,\" Fahimipour says. And some microbes are actually good for us, like the ones in yogurt. Someday, he says, \"it may be better to enrich an indoor setting with microbes that are not harmful or even [with those that are] beneficial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kathleen O'Neil is a freelance science writer who lives in the Washington, D.C., area. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Grandma+Was+Right%3A+Sunshine+Helps+Kill+Germs+Indoors&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445095/open-those-blinds-sunlight-helps-kill-indoor-bacteria","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445095"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1231","futureofyou_1576","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_690","futureofyou_1631"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445096","label":"source_futureofyou_445095"},"futureofyou_444886":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444886","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444886","score":null,"sort":[1539018023000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"you-dont-have-to-pass-out-to-be-blackout-drunk","title":"You Don't Have To Pass Out To Be Blackout Drunk","publishDate":1539018023,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Unless you've been blissfully unplugged, you must have come across the term \"blackout\" lately. And you may have thought it means inebriated to the point of unconsciousness. Falling-down drunk. Blotto.[contextly_sidebar id=\"UNiHL8eB1QjUnbIxSw8VWUrjWiq8mQov\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh appears to think so, based on \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/09/27/kavanaugh-hearing-transcript/?utm_term=.953b6f43eb3c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this exchange\u003c/a> last Thursday during his fiery self-defense before the Senate Judiciary Committee:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Have you ever passed out from drinking?\" queried Rachel Mitchell, a sex crimes prosecutor from Phoenix retained by Republicans to ask question at the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Passed out would be — no. But I've gone to sleep. But — but I've never blacked out,\" Kavanaugh replied. \"That's the — allegation, and that — that's wrong.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But that notion of an alcohol-induced blackout is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A less confusing term might be \"alcohol-induced amnesia.\" It can be total. Hours of experience and events can be totally missing from memory. Or it can be spotty. Either way, it can be hard to impossible for a bystander, or even the inebriated person, to know when it has happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misunderstanding blackouts has big implications. The phenomenon could reconcile the disconnect between what psychologist Christine Blasey Ford says she remembers so indelibly about an alleged sexual assault by Kavanaugh one summer evening 36 years ago and Kavanaugh's categorical denial that it ever happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the phenomenon, I talked with Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bu.edu/sph/profile/richard-saitz/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richard Saitz\u003c/a>, chair of Boston University School of Public Health's Department of Community Health Sciences, a veteran researcher of alcohol abuse and an addiction medicine specialist. Our conversation, edited:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There's been recent confusion about alcohol-related blackouts — what they are and what they aren't. What's been your reaction to the use of the term lately?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people confuse the idea of a blackout with someone who's had so much to drink that they are unarousable — they're not awake and they don't know what's going on. That's not at all the case. A blackout is when you don't remember what happened. You can appear to be completely awake. An observer can't tell when someone is in the midst of not forming a memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second common misconception is that having a blackout is characteristic of an alcohol use disorder more commonly called alcoholism — that you only have blackouts if you have an alcohol use disorder. And that's just not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's a curious phenomenon — a very selective kind of temporary memory impairment. What's going on in there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It involves those parts of the brain that are required to take in what's happening and allow you to remember it later. You might remember it two or three minutes later but not 10 hours later or two days later or ever again, because it didn't get permanently encoded by the brain. It probably happens in the hippocampus and it involves the frontal lobes of the brain as well.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nWd7zNE3xlJLE0K0o8Op2Mrh7FV5jCXX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What touches it off?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you drink a substantial amount quickly, you might experience a blackout. Drinking games would be an example of that because that's the point of the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How common are blackouts?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't have great epidemiologic data about this. I've seen the prevalence of blackouts ranging anywhere from 10 percent to up to 50 percent of young people who drink. It's fair to say it's not rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does blackout seem to explain, at least potentially, the great divergence we heard last week in the testimony of Ford and Kavanaugh?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's plausible that if he were drinking heavily and rapidly that he might have a blackout. So it's possible he might have no recollection of what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you think when you hear Kavanaugh say, in response to a question about whether he's ever \"passed out from drinking,\" that he's \"gone to sleep, but ... never blacked out\"?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have no knowledge of what Judge Kavanaugh knows about the definition of \"blackout\" versus \"passing out\" versus \"falling asleep after drinking.\" Passed out is not a clinical term and usually people use it to mean that they drank so much that they ended up falling asleep. I'm not sure if he could say that he had a blackout or not. The only way he would know is if somebody later told him that something happened while he was intoxicated and he didn't remember it, and then he believed they were telling the truth. So it's not a particularly easy question to answer unless you know the definition of blackout and your memory has been questioned, or somebody told you about it.[contextly_sidebar id=\"cOFlriGvdakmZZ3kgLOVmpocMiXNOj0A\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ford placed Kavanaugh's companion, Mark Judge, in the room where the alleged assault occurred. If he also was drinking heavily and also had a blackout, neither of them would remember and nobody else would be in a position to call their attention to it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. It's conceivable they both could have had a blackout about the same event, although that begins to get a little bit less likely. If there was someone there to say that something happened, that's the only way you could come close to knowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If you were consulted by the FBI, which is trying to unravel all this, what would you advise them to consider in light of the blackout phenomenon? What should they be alert to?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They need to be aware that it's certainly possible there could have been something that happened that [Kavanaugh] might have no memory of. So if he says something didn't happen and it was supposed to have happened during a heavy drinking episode, then it's possible he has no memory of it. And so therefore they need to find other evidence or ask someone else, because his denial is questionable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would also tell them that it's unlikely, at that age and in that context, that this would have happened only once. It's likely he'd have had a blackout on some other occasion. And so there might be evidence of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It seems as though this whole phenomenon of blackouts is a really big public health issue. Because people may do things in that state, such as committing sexual assault, that they don't feel personally responsible for later.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real problem with blackouts is that you don't remember. And so you can't learn from your behavior unless someone tells you that you did something terrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shouldn't public health educators and message-makers address blackouts? Don't teens and young adults need to understand more about this phenomenon? That it's not simply a question of moral failure but it's the way the brain acts in some people, in certain situations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You're absolutely right. This is not a moral judgment about whether people are drinking too much or not. This is a toxic biological effect of something that you're taking in that affects your brain in this way and makes it so that you can't remember what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This afternoon our school of public health is having a conversation with students and faculty about sexual assault. So it's a teaching opportunity for that. And more broadly, it's a teaching opportunity around alcohol use and heavy drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A version of this story originally ran on WBUR's \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/commonhealth\">CommonHealth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WBUR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org\">WBUR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+Don%27t+Have+To+Pass+Out+To+Be+Blackout+Drunk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Heavy drinking can lead to alcohol-induced amnesia. It can be total or it can be spotty. Either way, it can be difficult for a bystander, or even the inebriated person, to know when it has happened.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1538984706,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1255},"headData":{"title":"You Don't Have To Pass Out To Be Blackout Drunk | KQED","description":"Heavy drinking can lead to alcohol-induced amnesia. It can be total or it can be spotty. Either way, it can be difficult for a bystander, or even the inebriated person, to know when it has happened.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"You Don't Have To Pass Out To Be Blackout Drunk","datePublished":"2018-10-08T17:00:23.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-08T07:45:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444886 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444886","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/08/you-dont-have-to-pass-out-to-be-blackout-drunk/","disqusTitle":"You Don't Have To Pass Out To Be Blackout Drunk","source":"Health","nprByline":"Richard Knox, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Tom Williams/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"654107109","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=654107109&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/04/654107109/you-dont-have-to-pass-out-to-be-blackout-drunk?ft=nprml&f=654107109","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 04 Oct 2018 13:13:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 04 Oct 2018 10:23:03 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 05 Oct 2018 14:43:28 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/444886/you-dont-have-to-pass-out-to-be-blackout-drunk","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Unless you've been blissfully unplugged, you must have come across the term \"blackout\" lately. And you may have thought it means inebriated to the point of unconsciousness. Falling-down drunk. Blotto.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh appears to think so, based on \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/09/27/kavanaugh-hearing-transcript/?utm_term=.953b6f43eb3c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this exchange\u003c/a> last Thursday during his fiery self-defense before the Senate Judiciary Committee:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Have you ever passed out from drinking?\" queried Rachel Mitchell, a sex crimes prosecutor from Phoenix retained by Republicans to ask question at the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Passed out would be — no. But I've gone to sleep. But — but I've never blacked out,\" Kavanaugh replied. \"That's the — allegation, and that — that's wrong.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But that notion of an alcohol-induced blackout is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A less confusing term might be \"alcohol-induced amnesia.\" It can be total. Hours of experience and events can be totally missing from memory. Or it can be spotty. Either way, it can be hard to impossible for a bystander, or even the inebriated person, to know when it has happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misunderstanding blackouts has big implications. The phenomenon could reconcile the disconnect between what psychologist Christine Blasey Ford says she remembers so indelibly about an alleged sexual assault by Kavanaugh one summer evening 36 years ago and Kavanaugh's categorical denial that it ever happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the phenomenon, I talked with Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bu.edu/sph/profile/richard-saitz/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richard Saitz\u003c/a>, chair of Boston University School of Public Health's Department of Community Health Sciences, a veteran researcher of alcohol abuse and an addiction medicine specialist. Our conversation, edited:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There's been recent confusion about alcohol-related blackouts — what they are and what they aren't. What's been your reaction to the use of the term lately?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people confuse the idea of a blackout with someone who's had so much to drink that they are unarousable — they're not awake and they don't know what's going on. That's not at all the case. A blackout is when you don't remember what happened. You can appear to be completely awake. An observer can't tell when someone is in the midst of not forming a memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second common misconception is that having a blackout is characteristic of an alcohol use disorder more commonly called alcoholism — that you only have blackouts if you have an alcohol use disorder. And that's just not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's a curious phenomenon — a very selective kind of temporary memory impairment. What's going on in there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It involves those parts of the brain that are required to take in what's happening and allow you to remember it later. You might remember it two or three minutes later but not 10 hours later or two days later or ever again, because it didn't get permanently encoded by the brain. It probably happens in the hippocampus and it involves the frontal lobes of the brain as well.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What touches it off?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you drink a substantial amount quickly, you might experience a blackout. Drinking games would be an example of that because that's the point of the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How common are blackouts?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't have great epidemiologic data about this. I've seen the prevalence of blackouts ranging anywhere from 10 percent to up to 50 percent of young people who drink. It's fair to say it's not rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does blackout seem to explain, at least potentially, the great divergence we heard last week in the testimony of Ford and Kavanaugh?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's plausible that if he were drinking heavily and rapidly that he might have a blackout. So it's possible he might have no recollection of what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you think when you hear Kavanaugh say, in response to a question about whether he's ever \"passed out from drinking,\" that he's \"gone to sleep, but ... never blacked out\"?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have no knowledge of what Judge Kavanaugh knows about the definition of \"blackout\" versus \"passing out\" versus \"falling asleep after drinking.\" Passed out is not a clinical term and usually people use it to mean that they drank so much that they ended up falling asleep. I'm not sure if he could say that he had a blackout or not. The only way he would know is if somebody later told him that something happened while he was intoxicated and he didn't remember it, and then he believed they were telling the truth. So it's not a particularly easy question to answer unless you know the definition of blackout and your memory has been questioned, or somebody told you about it.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ford placed Kavanaugh's companion, Mark Judge, in the room where the alleged assault occurred. If he also was drinking heavily and also had a blackout, neither of them would remember and nobody else would be in a position to call their attention to it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. It's conceivable they both could have had a blackout about the same event, although that begins to get a little bit less likely. If there was someone there to say that something happened, that's the only way you could come close to knowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If you were consulted by the FBI, which is trying to unravel all this, what would you advise them to consider in light of the blackout phenomenon? What should they be alert to?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They need to be aware that it's certainly possible there could have been something that happened that [Kavanaugh] might have no memory of. So if he says something didn't happen and it was supposed to have happened during a heavy drinking episode, then it's possible he has no memory of it. And so therefore they need to find other evidence or ask someone else, because his denial is questionable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would also tell them that it's unlikely, at that age and in that context, that this would have happened only once. It's likely he'd have had a blackout on some other occasion. And so there might be evidence of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It seems as though this whole phenomenon of blackouts is a really big public health issue. Because people may do things in that state, such as committing sexual assault, that they don't feel personally responsible for later.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real problem with blackouts is that you don't remember. And so you can't learn from your behavior unless someone tells you that you did something terrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shouldn't public health educators and message-makers address blackouts? Don't teens and young adults need to understand more about this phenomenon? That it's not simply a question of moral failure but it's the way the brain acts in some people, in certain situations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You're absolutely right. This is not a moral judgment about whether people are drinking too much or not. This is a toxic biological effect of something that you're taking in that affects your brain in this way and makes it so that you can't remember what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This afternoon our school of public health is having a conversation with students and faculty about sexual assault. So it's a teaching opportunity for that. And more broadly, it's a teaching opportunity around alcohol use and heavy drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A version of this story originally ran on WBUR's \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/commonhealth\">CommonHealth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WBUR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org\">WBUR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+Don%27t+Have+To+Pass+Out+To+Be+Blackout+Drunk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444886/you-dont-have-to-pass-out-to-be-blackout-drunk","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444886"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_727","futureofyou_1620","futureofyou_1621","futureofyou_61"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444887","label":"source_futureofyou_444886"},"futureofyou_444865":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444865","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444865","score":null,"sort":[1538775675000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fda-bans-seven-artificial-flavors-used-in-candy-beer","title":"FDA Bans Seven Artificial Flavors Used in Candy, Beer","publishDate":1538775675,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced on Friday that it has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm622475.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">removed seven artificial flavors\u003c/a> from its list of approved food additives after animal studies showed that they cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banned chemicals— benzophenone, ethyl acrylate, eugenyl methyl ether, myrcene, pulegone, and pyridine— can be found as flavors and flavor enhancers in common products such as baked goods, desserts, beverages, candy, beer and ice cream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA also delisted styrene without ruling on its status as a carcinogen, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council, which, along with several other health and consumer organizations, filed a petition in 2015 asking the FDA to ban the chemicals on safety grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>“Carcinogens\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/181005-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> have no place\u003c/a> in the food we feed our families,\" Erik Olson, senior director of health and food at NRDC, said in a statement. \"This is welcome news for millions of Americans who have been unknowingly snacking on cancer-causing chemicals for far too long.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Since the FDA first approved the artificial flavors in 1964, government toxicology reports \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.edf.org/health/2018/05/17/fda-carcinogenic-flavors-petition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have shown t\u003c/a>hat six of them cause cancer in two species of animals, and that styrene is also “reasonably anticipated\" to be carcinogenic, according to the petition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A law passed in 1958 \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/products/HRD-82-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requires the FDA\u003c/a> to ban the use of any food additive found to cause cancer in animals or humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals are hard to pin down \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceh.org/news-events/press-coverage/content/advocacy-groups-sue-fda-ban-seven-synthetic-food-flavors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on food labels\u003c/a> because they are listed as \"artificial flavors,\" according to the Center for Environmental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA says the substances are used \"in very small amounts\" and carry \"very low levels of exposures\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm622475.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that do not pose\u003c/a> a risk to public health when used as intended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following FDA inaction on the petition, which was revised in 2016, a broad coalition of consumer and health groups \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceh.org/news-events/press-coverage/content/advocacy-groups-sue-fda-ban-seven-synthetic-food-flavors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sued the FDA\u003c/a> in May of this year. In response to the court filing, the FDA agreed to make a decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision goes into effect immediately following publication in the Federal Register unless companies object. Food manufacturers will then have two years to comply with the ban.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The FDA moved to ban the chemicals, used in a wide variety foods, following government toxicology reports showing they can cause cancer. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1538784135,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":355},"headData":{"title":"FDA Bans Seven Artificial Flavors Used in Candy, Beer | KQED","description":"The FDA moved to ban the chemicals, used in a wide variety foods, following government toxicology reports showing they can cause cancer. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"FDA Bans Seven Artificial Flavors Used in Candy, Beer","datePublished":"2018-10-05T21:41:15.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-06T00:02:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444865 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444865","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/05/fda-bans-seven-artificial-flavors-used-in-candy-beer/","disqusTitle":"FDA Bans Seven Artificial Flavors Used in Candy, Beer","source":"Health","path":"/futureofyou/444865/fda-bans-seven-artificial-flavors-used-in-candy-beer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced on Friday that it has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm622475.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">removed seven artificial flavors\u003c/a> from its list of approved food additives after animal studies showed that they cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banned chemicals— benzophenone, ethyl acrylate, eugenyl methyl ether, myrcene, pulegone, and pyridine— can be found as flavors and flavor enhancers in common products such as baked goods, desserts, beverages, candy, beer and ice cream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA also delisted styrene without ruling on its status as a carcinogen, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council, which, along with several other health and consumer organizations, filed a petition in 2015 asking the FDA to ban the chemicals on safety grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>“Carcinogens\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/181005-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> have no place\u003c/a> in the food we feed our families,\" Erik Olson, senior director of health and food at NRDC, said in a statement. \"This is welcome news for millions of Americans who have been unknowingly snacking on cancer-causing chemicals for far too long.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Since the FDA first approved the artificial flavors in 1964, government toxicology reports \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.edf.org/health/2018/05/17/fda-carcinogenic-flavors-petition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have shown t\u003c/a>hat six of them cause cancer in two species of animals, and that styrene is also “reasonably anticipated\" to be carcinogenic, according to the petition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A law passed in 1958 \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/products/HRD-82-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requires the FDA\u003c/a> to ban the use of any food additive found to cause cancer in animals or humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals are hard to pin down \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceh.org/news-events/press-coverage/content/advocacy-groups-sue-fda-ban-seven-synthetic-food-flavors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on food labels\u003c/a> because they are listed as \"artificial flavors,\" according to the Center for Environmental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA says the substances are used \"in very small amounts\" and carry \"very low levels of exposures\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm622475.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that do not pose\u003c/a> a risk to public health when used as intended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following FDA inaction on the petition, which was revised in 2016, a broad coalition of consumer and health groups \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceh.org/news-events/press-coverage/content/advocacy-groups-sue-fda-ban-seven-synthetic-food-flavors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sued the FDA\u003c/a> in May of this year. In response to the court filing, the FDA agreed to make a decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision goes into effect immediately following publication in the Federal Register unless companies object. Food manufacturers will then have two years to comply with the ban.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444865/fda-bans-seven-artificial-flavors-used-in-candy-beer","authors":["11428"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_103","futureofyou_1519","futureofyou_38","futureofyou_426","futureofyou_61"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444867","label":"source_futureofyou_444865"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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