VIDEO: Hunting For Morels, The Most Delectable Mushroom Of The Forest
On The Hunt For The Elusive Morel Mushroom In Ohio's Appalachian Country
When Edible Plants Turn Their Defenses On Us
Morel of a Story
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He has been doing it for more than 50 years. Springtime is a highlight, because that's when morels are in season. He thinks morels are the most delicious wild mushroom out there. And since a lot of other mushroom foragers tend to agree, they don't like to readily disclose their favorite picking grounds to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took only a little bit of pleading to get Spero to tell me where to meet him to hunt together for morels; unfortunately, all I can relay to you is that it was somewhere in Maryland, a hair north of Baltimore City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1598px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20.png\" alt=\"A true hollow and symmetrical morel cut in half compared to false morels, which are not hollow or symmetrical when cut in half.\" width=\"1598\" height=\"1199\" class=\"size-full wp-image-128675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20.png 1598w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-160x120.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-800x600.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-768x576.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-1020x765.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-1200x900.png 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-1180x885.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-960x720.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-240x180.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-375x281.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1598px) 100vw, 1598px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A true hollow and symmetrical morel cut in half compared to false morels, which are not hollow or symmetrical when cut in half. \u003ccite>(Maia Stern/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spero learned to hunt from neighbors of his father's farm in central Pennsylvania. \"During morel season, people would park on one side of the mountain and pick on the other,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The morel season doesn't last long, so it helps to know tips and tricks on where to look within a certain habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When oak leaves are the size of a squirrel's ear, morels are up,\" and it's time to go hunting, he says as we walk through a forested area. \"Morels have a mycorrhizal relationship, which means they grow in association with trees. So if you know which trees they grow in association with, you're a big jump ahead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spero says he has found morels growing near tulip trees, elm trees, ash trees, black locust, spicebush and more. But would-be foragers shouldn't dawdle: He says once the flowers on these trees have opened, morel season is essentially over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128676\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e.jpg\" alt=\"Nick Spero keeps this stash of dried morels, which he picked last season.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1187\" class=\"size-full wp-image-128676\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-160x190.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-800x950.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-768x912.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-960x1140.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-240x285.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-375x445.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-520x617.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nick Spero keeps this stash of dried morels, which he picked last season. \u003ccite>(Maia Stern/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spero says most field guides warn about the false morel — a somewhat similar-looking mushroom that can often be misidentified as a morel. However, all morels are hollow and symmetrical when you cut them in half. False morels, on the other hand, are asymmetrical and not hollow when sliced open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout our walk, Spero references mycologist David Arora's popular mushroom field guide, \u003ca href=\"http://www.davidarora.com/publications.html\">Mushrooms Demystified\u003c/a>; later, he shows me his very well-loved copy. Arora mentions the various habitats and places morels may grow in and adds \"and anywhere else they want to.\" They really can be a tricky mushroom to locate. Spero's eyes dart back and forth while he surveys the ground in front of and beside him when he goes out hunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usztq2uS4l0\">Watch the video above\u003c/a> to learn some of Spero's tips for finding morels. He prefers frying them up in a pan with olive oil, but a few tablespoons of butter with some water, salt and pepper will do the trick as well. They really are delicious — if you can find some for yourself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The elusive morel is one of the most sought-after wild mushrooms. Expert foragers typically don't like to disclose their favorite picking grounds to others. We got one to share his tips.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1528143081,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":522},"headData":{"title":"VIDEO: Hunting For Morels, The Most Delectable Mushroom Of The Forest | KQED","description":"The elusive morel is one of the most sought-after wild mushrooms. Expert foragers typically don't like to disclose their favorite picking grounds to others. We got one to share his tips.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"VIDEO: Hunting For Morels, The Most Delectable Mushroom Of The Forest","datePublished":"2018-06-04T20:10:46.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-04T20:11:21.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"128673 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=128673","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2018/06/04/video-hunting-for-morels-the-most-delectable-mushroom-of-the-forest/","disqusTitle":"VIDEO: Hunting For Morels, The Most Delectable Mushroom Of The Forest","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/usztq2uS4l0","nprImageCredit":"Maia Stern","nprByline":"Maia Stern, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"NPR","nprStoryId":"614056953","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=614056953&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/06/01/614056953/video-hunting-for-morels-the-most-delectable-mushroom-of-the-forest?ft=nprml&f=614056953","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 01 Jun 2018 11:22:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 01 Jun 2018 11:02:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 01 Jun 2018 11:22:25 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/128673/video-hunting-for-morels-the-most-delectable-mushroom-of-the-forest","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/10/13/557158017/video-harvesting-a-wild-lunch-with-a-master-forager\">Nick Spero\u003c/a> has a big secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has to do with where to find one of the most sought-after mushrooms of the fungi world: the morel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spero, who is a biologist, is also an expert forager. He has been doing it for more than 50 years. Springtime is a highlight, because that's when morels are in season. He thinks morels are the most delicious wild mushroom out there. And since a lot of other mushroom foragers tend to agree, they don't like to readily disclose their favorite picking grounds to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took only a little bit of pleading to get Spero to tell me where to meet him to hunt together for morels; unfortunately, all I can relay to you is that it was somewhere in Maryland, a hair north of Baltimore City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1598px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20.png\" alt=\"A true hollow and symmetrical morel cut in half compared to false morels, which are not hollow or symmetrical when cut in half.\" width=\"1598\" height=\"1199\" class=\"size-full wp-image-128675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20.png 1598w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-160x120.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-800x600.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-768x576.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-1020x765.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-1200x900.png 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-1180x885.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-960x720.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-240x180.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-375x281.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/falsemorels-cea05dcda845e2b6d2043e51a89570e046449b20-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1598px) 100vw, 1598px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A true hollow and symmetrical morel cut in half compared to false morels, which are not hollow or symmetrical when cut in half. \u003ccite>(Maia Stern/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spero learned to hunt from neighbors of his father's farm in central Pennsylvania. \"During morel season, people would park on one side of the mountain and pick on the other,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The morel season doesn't last long, so it helps to know tips and tricks on where to look within a certain habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When oak leaves are the size of a squirrel's ear, morels are up,\" and it's time to go hunting, he says as we walk through a forested area. \"Morels have a mycorrhizal relationship, which means they grow in association with trees. So if you know which trees they grow in association with, you're a big jump ahead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spero says he has found morels growing near tulip trees, elm trees, ash trees, black locust, spicebush and more. But would-be foragers shouldn't dawdle: He says once the flowers on these trees have opened, morel season is essentially over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128676\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e.jpg\" alt=\"Nick Spero keeps this stash of dried morels, which he picked last season.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1187\" class=\"size-full wp-image-128676\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-160x190.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-800x950.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-768x912.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-960x1140.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-240x285.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-375x445.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/06/driedmorels_custom-136fb7fb0c1e53460775fc048f00de8f3a7ef09e-520x617.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nick Spero keeps this stash of dried morels, which he picked last season. \u003ccite>(Maia Stern/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spero says most field guides warn about the false morel — a somewhat similar-looking mushroom that can often be misidentified as a morel. However, all morels are hollow and symmetrical when you cut them in half. False morels, on the other hand, are asymmetrical and not hollow when sliced open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout our walk, Spero references mycologist David Arora's popular mushroom field guide, \u003ca href=\"http://www.davidarora.com/publications.html\">Mushrooms Demystified\u003c/a>; later, he shows me his very well-loved copy. Arora mentions the various habitats and places morels may grow in and adds \"and anywhere else they want to.\" They really can be a tricky mushroom to locate. Spero's eyes dart back and forth while he surveys the ground in front of and beside him when he goes out hunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usztq2uS4l0\">Watch the video above\u003c/a> to learn some of Spero's tips for finding morels. He prefers frying them up in a pan with olive oil, but a few tablespoons of butter with some water, salt and pepper will do the trick as well. They really are delicious — if you can find some for yourself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/128673/video-hunting-for-morels-the-most-delectable-mushroom-of-the-forest","authors":["byline_bayareabites_128673"],"categories":["bayareabites_2638","bayareabites_11028","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_3022","bayareabites_538"],"featImg":"bayareabites_128674","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_127406":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_127406","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"127406","score":null,"sort":[1524772718000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"on-the-hunt-for-the-elusive-morel-mushroom-in-ohios-appalachian-country","title":"On The Hunt For The Elusive Morel Mushroom In Ohio's Appalachian Country","publishDate":1524772718,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Even now, 10 years later, park ranger Andrea Moore remembers the familiar smell in the air that told her it was going to be a good hunt — a damp, sweet smell. It was a mix of rotting bark with an undercurrent of rebirth as trees begin to grow new leaves, while dead ones still litter the terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were other signs, too. The ground was moist, squishing as she walked, unusual for this late in the season. Trekking 7-miles deep into the forest to reach the spot their scout claimed was ripe for hunting, she felt a tingle of anticipation. Moore's group grew quiet as they approached a low, flat place with a trickling stream, a ring of huge sycamores, and a few dying elms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Stop,\" called someone, breaking the silence. She looked down. Morels. Hundreds of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was amazing. There was no rhyme or reason to it,\" says Moore, describing what mushroom hunters refer to as a \"mother lode.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Usually, morels are found right near decaying trees. But here they were just everywhere, every few feet. You had to watch where you walked. It was unbelievable.\" The hunters went to work harvesting the wrinkly capped morels and stashing them in mesh bags to keep them fresh. After hiking back to their truck, they poured the bags out and admired their haul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The truck bed was completely covered. I'd never had that happen before or since,\" she says. That day, they found 300 morels. In a good season, Moore may hike 100 miles over the three-to-four-week season and find around 350 morels total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore, 53, is a park ranger in \u003ca href=\"http://www.metroparks.net/parks-and-trails/clear-creek/\">Clear Creek Metro Park\u003c/a> in southeast Ohio. She began foraging 20 years ago, looking to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/02/05/581917882/mushrooms-are-good-for-you-but-are-they-medicine\">live healthier\u003c/a> and get more in tune with the land. She gushes over morels' deep, woodsy flavor and tries to hunt enough during the season to last the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's so great about morels? Diehard foodies and amateur cooks alike struggle to describe the essence of what makes the mushroom so enticing it can command prices nearing $35 a pound or more. The beguiling morel, whose cap looks like a large, pruny thumb, packs a flavor that makes truffles seem like a cheap knock-off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of its draw also lies in its limited availability. \"You can't plant them, you can't grow them,\" explains Erin Shaw, a park naturalist for the \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.gov\">Ohio Department of Natural Resources\u003c/a>. \"That's one reason they're so valuable. They grow where you find them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Shaw predicts this year will be \u003ca href=\"http://www.wtol.com/story/37870655/should-be-a-good-year-for-morel-mushrooms-in-ohio\">a good one\u003c/a> for harvesting morels, their general scarcity has given rise to a culture of secrecy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore agrees. \"There's always that anxiety that someone else will have found my spots and taken the morels,\" says Moore, who often hunts alone or with her dog, Clunker. \"That's the worst feeling in the world when you're headed out in one direction and someone's coming back with a big bag of morels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has a few tricks she's learned over the years. She's been known to hide behind trees to let others pass her by so they don't see where she's going. She'll also remove aluminum cans she encounters along the way: For the casual hiker, it's litter, for a mushroom hunter, that's a sign someone may have tried to mark a spot they've found morels before so they can return to it later. Moore is wary of posting pictures online of where she hunts, even going so far as turning off GPS-location functions on her smart phone. \"There's been times when people have used pictures posted online to track down someone's hunting spot,\" says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of morel hunting entices thousands of mushroom seekers to descend into Ohio's forests each spring. This will sometimes create friction between veterans and novice hunters, who don't always understand and \u003ca href=\"http://thesouthern.com/lifestyles/food-and-cooking/tips-for-a-successful-morel-mushroom-hunt/collection_efb62382-c1bc-11e3-8dec-0019bb2963f4.html#5\">follow the rules\u003c/a> of the sport (yes, mushroom hunters will call it a sport).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, foraging is allowed in state parks, but some mushroom enthusiasts, looking to score the mother lode, will wander wherever they think they might find the big haul, including private property and in the preserve where Moore works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's definitely signs when people are out hunting where they're not supposed to,\" says Moore. \"You'll see these vehicles you just don't see any other time parked randomly on the side of the road. Or someone will be walking down the street with a fishing pole and no tackle box.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she spots a wayward hunter where they aren't allowed, Moore usually intervenes and helps them stay out of trouble. \"I try to point them to trail where I know people have found morels, I just don't tell them where my patch is,\" she laughs, then explains that sometimes the competition can get a little out of hand. \"There's been times when people's tires have been slashed.\" But Moore's quick to point out that's rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127408\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1162px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176.jpg\" alt=\"Park ranger Moore shows off a big morel haul.\" width=\"1162\" height=\"871\" class=\"size-full wp-image-127408\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176.jpg 1162w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1162px) 100vw, 1162px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Park ranger Moore shows off a big morel haul. \u003ccite>(W.K. Moore/Andrea Moore)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the end, most participants are in it for the love of the hunt. While some enterprising mushroom gathers have been known to sell their wares at farmers markets, to area restaurants, or even in their own online shops; for Moore, morel hunting is all about enjoying the haul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morels come in many shapes and sizes, lending themselves to various preparation methods. \"One of the first batches of morels that come up — the smaller grays — are my favorite since they're so succulent. I'll sauté those in butter and add cream for mushroom Alfredo,\" says Moore. \"The bigger, yellow ones that come later? With those, I'll slice them, then bread them before pan frying, then you put them between two slices of buttered bread. We call that the Hillbilly way. It sounds funny, but it's such a treat. If I can have both of those in a season, that's a really good year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kristen J. Gough is an award-winning travel writer living in the Midwest. Tweet her \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mykidseatsquid\">@MyKidsEatSquid\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's early spring in southeastern Ohio. Foodies and opportunists are starting to scour the trails for morels. But finding the tiny, wrinkled gems requires perfect weather, patience and a little luck.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1524772718,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1050},"headData":{"title":"On The Hunt For The Elusive Morel Mushroom In Ohio's Appalachian Country | KQED","description":"It's early spring in southeastern Ohio. Foodies and opportunists are starting to scour the trails for morels. But finding the tiny, wrinkled gems requires perfect weather, patience and a little luck.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"On The Hunt For The Elusive Morel Mushroom In Ohio's Appalachian Country","datePublished":"2018-04-26T19:58:38.000Z","dateModified":"2018-04-26T19:58:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"127406 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=127406","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2018/04/26/on-the-hunt-for-the-elusive-morel-mushroom-in-ohios-appalachian-country/","disqusTitle":"On The Hunt For The Elusive Morel Mushroom In Ohio's Appalachian Country","source":"Foraging","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/tag/foraging","nprByline":"Kristen Gough, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"Andrea Moore","nprStoryId":"605260124","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=605260124&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/04/26/605260124/on-the-hunt-for-the-elusive-morel-mushroom-in-ohios-appalachian-country?ft=nprml&f=605260124","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 26 Apr 2018 08:00:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 26 Apr 2018 08:00:26 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 26 Apr 2018 08:00:26 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/127406/on-the-hunt-for-the-elusive-morel-mushroom-in-ohios-appalachian-country","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Even now, 10 years later, park ranger Andrea Moore remembers the familiar smell in the air that told her it was going to be a good hunt — a damp, sweet smell. It was a mix of rotting bark with an undercurrent of rebirth as trees begin to grow new leaves, while dead ones still litter the terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were other signs, too. The ground was moist, squishing as she walked, unusual for this late in the season. Trekking 7-miles deep into the forest to reach the spot their scout claimed was ripe for hunting, she felt a tingle of anticipation. Moore's group grew quiet as they approached a low, flat place with a trickling stream, a ring of huge sycamores, and a few dying elms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Stop,\" called someone, breaking the silence. She looked down. Morels. Hundreds of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was amazing. There was no rhyme or reason to it,\" says Moore, describing what mushroom hunters refer to as a \"mother lode.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Usually, morels are found right near decaying trees. But here they were just everywhere, every few feet. You had to watch where you walked. It was unbelievable.\" The hunters went to work harvesting the wrinkly capped morels and stashing them in mesh bags to keep them fresh. After hiking back to their truck, they poured the bags out and admired their haul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The truck bed was completely covered. I'd never had that happen before or since,\" she says. That day, they found 300 morels. In a good season, Moore may hike 100 miles over the three-to-four-week season and find around 350 morels total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore, 53, is a park ranger in \u003ca href=\"http://www.metroparks.net/parks-and-trails/clear-creek/\">Clear Creek Metro Park\u003c/a> in southeast Ohio. She began foraging 20 years ago, looking to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/02/05/581917882/mushrooms-are-good-for-you-but-are-they-medicine\">live healthier\u003c/a> and get more in tune with the land. She gushes over morels' deep, woodsy flavor and tries to hunt enough during the season to last the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's so great about morels? Diehard foodies and amateur cooks alike struggle to describe the essence of what makes the mushroom so enticing it can command prices nearing $35 a pound or more. The beguiling morel, whose cap looks like a large, pruny thumb, packs a flavor that makes truffles seem like a cheap knock-off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of its draw also lies in its limited availability. \"You can't plant them, you can't grow them,\" explains Erin Shaw, a park naturalist for the \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.gov\">Ohio Department of Natural Resources\u003c/a>. \"That's one reason they're so valuable. They grow where you find them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Shaw predicts this year will be \u003ca href=\"http://www.wtol.com/story/37870655/should-be-a-good-year-for-morel-mushrooms-in-ohio\">a good one\u003c/a> for harvesting morels, their general scarcity has given rise to a culture of secrecy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore agrees. \"There's always that anxiety that someone else will have found my spots and taken the morels,\" says Moore, who often hunts alone or with her dog, Clunker. \"That's the worst feeling in the world when you're headed out in one direction and someone's coming back with a big bag of morels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has a few tricks she's learned over the years. She's been known to hide behind trees to let others pass her by so they don't see where she's going. She'll also remove aluminum cans she encounters along the way: For the casual hiker, it's litter, for a mushroom hunter, that's a sign someone may have tried to mark a spot they've found morels before so they can return to it later. Moore is wary of posting pictures online of where she hunts, even going so far as turning off GPS-location functions on her smart phone. \"There's been times when people have used pictures posted online to track down someone's hunting spot,\" says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of morel hunting entices thousands of mushroom seekers to descend into Ohio's forests each spring. This will sometimes create friction between veterans and novice hunters, who don't always understand and \u003ca href=\"http://thesouthern.com/lifestyles/food-and-cooking/tips-for-a-successful-morel-mushroom-hunt/collection_efb62382-c1bc-11e3-8dec-0019bb2963f4.html#5\">follow the rules\u003c/a> of the sport (yes, mushroom hunters will call it a sport).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, foraging is allowed in state parks, but some mushroom enthusiasts, looking to score the mother lode, will wander wherever they think they might find the big haul, including private property and in the preserve where Moore works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's definitely signs when people are out hunting where they're not supposed to,\" says Moore. \"You'll see these vehicles you just don't see any other time parked randomly on the side of the road. Or someone will be walking down the street with a fishing pole and no tackle box.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she spots a wayward hunter where they aren't allowed, Moore usually intervenes and helps them stay out of trouble. \"I try to point them to trail where I know people have found morels, I just don't tell them where my patch is,\" she laughs, then explains that sometimes the competition can get a little out of hand. \"There's been times when people's tires have been slashed.\" But Moore's quick to point out that's rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127408\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1162px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176.jpg\" alt=\"Park ranger Moore shows off a big morel haul.\" width=\"1162\" height=\"871\" class=\"size-full wp-image-127408\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176.jpg 1162w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2018/04/a-good-day-of-mushroom-hunting_photo-courtesy-of-andrea-moore-5f4ec6281d59d1aa0cb663ea1682dca432b56176-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1162px) 100vw, 1162px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Park ranger Moore shows off a big morel haul. \u003ccite>(W.K. Moore/Andrea Moore)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the end, most participants are in it for the love of the hunt. While some enterprising mushroom gathers have been known to sell their wares at farmers markets, to area restaurants, or even in their own online shops; for Moore, morel hunting is all about enjoying the haul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morels come in many shapes and sizes, lending themselves to various preparation methods. \"One of the first batches of morels that come up — the smaller grays — are my favorite since they're so succulent. I'll sauté those in butter and add cream for mushroom Alfredo,\" says Moore. \"The bigger, yellow ones that come later? With those, I'll slice them, then bread them before pan frying, then you put them between two slices of buttered bread. We call that the Hillbilly way. It sounds funny, but it's such a treat. If I can have both of those in a season, that's a really good year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kristen J. Gough is an award-winning travel writer living in the Midwest. Tweet her \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mykidseatsquid\">@MyKidsEatSquid\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/127406/on-the-hunt-for-the-elusive-morel-mushroom-in-ohios-appalachian-country","authors":["byline_bayareabites_127406"],"categories":["bayareabites_2638","bayareabites_11028","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_16128","bayareabites_3022","bayareabites_538"],"featImg":"bayareabites_127407","label":"source_bayareabites_127406"},"bayareabites_72703":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_72703","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"72703","score":null,"sort":[1382548330000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-edible-plants-turn-their-defenses-on-us","title":"When Edible Plants Turn Their Defenses On Us","publishDate":1382548330,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants.jpg\" alt=\"Rhubarb: delicious with strawberry pie, but steer clear of the leaves. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"630\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhubarb: delicious with strawberry pie, but steer clear of the leaves. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Rae Ellen Bichell, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/10/01/228221063/when-edible-plants-turn-their-defenses-on-us\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (10/23/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fruits and vegetables are unquestionably essential to a healthful diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's another side to some of these plants that, thankfully, most people never see: the tiny amounts of toxins within them. The minute amounts of poison found in many seeds, leaves, and roots, are the result of the protracted arms race between plants and the animals that try to eat them. It's the reason why you've never \u003ca href=\"http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/why-cashews-arent-sold-in-the-shell/\">shelled\u003c/a> a cashew (the shells might make you break out in a poison ivy-style rash) or eaten green potato fries (read on for details).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, the human body manages to dispose of the toxins with minimal effort. But every now and then, an edible plant can be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recently revisited case of Christopher McCandless, the subject of Jon Krakauer's bestseller \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Into-Wild-Jon-Krakauer/dp/0385486804\">\u003cem>Into the Wild\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, reminded us of this plant duality. In 1992, McCandless was found dead in the Alaskan wilderness. Because he had so little fat left on his body, the coroner concluded that he'd died of starvation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the 24-year-old may have died from eating the seeds of the wild potato (\u003cem>Hedysarum alpinum\u003c/em>), an edible plant. As Krakauer \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=222172599\">explained\u003c/a> on \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> last month, the plant's seeds contain a neurotoxin that is harmless to healthy people but can cause paralysis in a nutrient-starved body like that of McCandless, who was already lean and weak from months of trying to live off the land. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, people eat plants like that all the time. Over the centuries, humans have come to recognize the dangerous side of these dinner options, and have often found safe preparation methods to get around them. Odds are, you've eaten them before without a second thought. Here's a look at just a few commonly eaten plants that can sometimes turn their defenses on us:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants1.jpg\" alt=\"The grass pea contains β-ODAP, a toxin that can cause partial paralysis when eaten too often. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"628\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72715\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The grass pea contains β-ODAP, a toxin that can cause partial paralysis when eaten too often. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paralysis Pea:\u003c/strong> Because it's almost drought resistant, the hardy grass pea (\u003cem>Lathyrus sativus\u003c/em>) is \u003ca href=\"http://search.proquest.com/docview/1030085960/1414177D91D2DE969E7/1?accountid=47893\">grown regularly\u003c/a> as a safety crop by subsistence farmers in places like India and Ethiopia. But the protein-rich seed contains the same toxin, β-ODAP, found in the wild potato that McCandless ate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's harmless in small quantities, especially if it's been soaked in water for a long time. But a steady diet of grass pea seeds over a three-month period can cause a neurological disorder called lathyrism. That's what Jewish inmates of one Ukrainian concentration camp \u003ca href=\"http://sponsored.uwa.edu.au/clima/__data/page/968/Lambein.pdf\">experienced in 1942\u003c/a>. The camp's Nazi officers provided inmates with flour made from grass pea seeds. It was death by bread. Within months, many became paralyzed in the lower body. Like Chris McCandless, the inmates were malnourished and physically exhausted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much is too much?\u003c/strong> Generally, in order to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7244573\">develop\u003c/a> lathyrism, someone would have to eat grass peas for two or three months, and the plant would have to compose at least a third of the total dietary intake. But there is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20510335\">wide variation\u003c/a> in how much of the toxin one grass pea seed contains, and also in how people are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8684587\">affected\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72716\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants2.jpg\" alt=\"The sprouts on a potato contain solanine. The rest of the potato can, too — especially if it's green. The exposure to light and heat that produce the color also help produce the toxin. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"629\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72716\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sprouts on a potato contain solanine. The rest of the potato can, too — especially if it's green. The exposure to light and heat that produce the color also help produce the toxin. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mean Green Solanine Machine:\u003c/strong> There are good reasons why the FDA tells consumers not to \u003ca href=\"http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/plantox/detail.cfm?id=6537\">eat green potatoes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potatoes are related to \u003ca href=\"http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/mom/solanine/deadlynightshade.html\">deadly nightshade\u003c/a>. While a white, brown, or even Peruvian purple potato is fine to eat, the green patches and sprouting stems on a tater are not. The green color comes from chlorophyll, and indicates that the plant has been exposed to enough light and heat to get enzymes kicking that lead to the \u003ca href=\"http://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/the-pathway-to-potato-poisons#.UkI3V2RAQYc\">production\u003c/a> of two toxic chemicals, solanine and chaconine. Cooking doesn't get rid of them: Excessive heat will kill the enzyme that produces solanine, but not the toxins themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1924, James B. Matheney of Vandalia, Ill., had gathered about 80 to 90 pounds of potatoes to feed his family, not realizing that many of them had turned green from being left out in the sun. A week later, his wife and daughter died. A 1925 issue of \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> magazine \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/61/1578/340.full.pdf\">reported on\u003c/a> the \"two fatal cases of potato poisoning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much is too much?\u003c/strong> An average person would probably \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=2mmFkI-pLs4C&lpg=PA83&dq=green%20potato%20poisoning%20solanine&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q=green%20potato%20poisoning%20solanine&f=false\">have to eat\u003c/a> about two pounds of fully green potato to get sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72717\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants3.jpg\" alt=\"Cassava roots contain linamarin, a compound that can produce cyanide in the gut. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"629\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72717\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassava roots contain linamarin, a compound that can produce cyanide in the gut. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cook-Well-For-Survival Cassava:\u003c/strong> Cassava (\u003cem>Manihot esculenta\u003c/em>) is a major root crop for millions of subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. According to the FAO, after rice and maize, it's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/gcds/\">third\u003c/a> most important source of calories for people living in the tropics. But wild species can contain \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E08.htm#Cassava%20toxicity\">lethal\u003c/a> levels of toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassava leaves make a chemical called linamarin, which meanders down to the roots, where it produces toxic hydrocyanic acid, or cyanide, when the root cells rupture. In the human body, linamarin can come in one end and go out the other intact, but if it gets broken down during digestion and runs into the enzyme linamarase, it will produce cyanide in the gut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counterintuitively, the key to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_19_01.html\">cooking\u003c/a> cassava safely is to encourage the cyanide to form, often by grating it into little bits, and then soaking, fermenting, and evaporating the bad stuff out before cooking thoroughly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweet cassava roots usually contain less cyanogen than bitter ones, so they require less preparation — just peeling and thorough cooking tends to be enough. For the more toxic breeds of cassava, \u003ca href=\"http://www.infonet-biovision.org/default/ct/114/crops\">preparation\u003c/a> can take days. If it's done wrong, things can go badly, as it did with three people \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1354460\">who died\u003c/a> in Nigeria in 1992 after eating a cassava tapioca. More commonly, repeatedly eating poorly processed cassava can cause a neuron disorder called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23530166\">Konzo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much is too much?\u003c/strong> Most cassava tubers \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1255e/j1255e04.htm#bm04.3\">can produce\u003c/a> between 15 and 400 mg of hydrogen cyanide per kilogram. In the short term, the human body is good at\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nt.2620030210/abstract\"> filtering out\u003c/a> cyanide. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12243860\">research has shown\u003c/a> that chronic ingestion of cooked cassava can, over many years, cause cyanide accumulation in blood plasma. And it's best not to munch on the raw root.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants4.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants4.jpg\" alt=\"False morels contain monomethylhydrazine, a carcinogenic ingredient in rocket fuel. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"629\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72718\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False morels contain monomethylhydrazine, a carcinogenic ingredient in rocket fuel. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Morel Quandary:\u003c/strong> False morels, also known as beefsteak mushrooms (\u003cem>Gyromitra esculenta\u003c/em>), grow in idyllic forest settings, often underneath big pine trees and surrounded by mosses. They're ugly things, reminiscent of goopy brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toadstools have a chemical in them that produces a toxic compound called monomethylhydrazine, or MMH. If you're trying to launch a rocket into space, MMH is really useful — NASA likes to put it in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/hypergolic-storage.html\">rocket fuel\u003c/a> because it ignites spontaneously when it runs into other propellant ingredients. In the body, the known carcinogen can \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0419.pdf\">interfere\u003c/a> with neurotransmitters, and can render the eater \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org/pages/188598/details\">comatose\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spain \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org/pages/188598/details\">prohibits\u003c/a> the sale of\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>these\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>mushrooms for this reason, but Nordic folk go wild over false morel \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=p68ajcj7YWMC&lpg=PA17&ots=kvI0WXPbjP&dq=false%20morel%20soup&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=false%20morel%20soup&f=false\">soup\u003c/a>, which is also a delicacy in Eastern Europe and the Great Lakes region of North America. Chefs parboil the mushrooms repeatedly, pouring off the water each time to get rid of the poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much is too much?\u003c/strong> MMH is a cumulative toxin — its levels build up in the body after repeated consumption — so it's hard to determine a lethal amount. There's a saying among mycologists: \"There are old mushroom hunters, and there are bold mushroom hunters, but there are no old, bold mushroom hunters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants5.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants5.jpg\" alt=\"Rhubarb stalks are edible, but the leaves contain high levels of oxalic acid. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"629\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72719\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhubarb stalks are edible, but the leaves contain high levels of oxalic acid. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lethal Leaf:\u003c/strong> Oxalic acid is great for \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/4070fact.pdf\">removing paint\u003c/a>, bleaching fabrics and sanitizing toilet bowls. The acid also lurks in the leaves of rhubarb (\u003cem>Rheum rhaponticum\u003c/em>), the stalks of which often get paired with strawberry for a delicious pie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stalks are all good, but steer clear of the \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=7P8iAQAAIAAJ&lpg=PA456&ots=e4Xaow7j67&dq=death%20of%20a%20minister%20rhubarb%20leaves%201917%20london&pg=PA457#v=onepage&q=death%20of%20a%20minister%20rhubarb%20leaves%201917%20london&f=false\">leaves\u003c/a>: The oxalic acid in them leaches calcium from the blood. As rumor goes, the Brits \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2010/01/rhubarb-toxic-tuesdays-a-weekly-guide-to-poison-gardens/\">realized\u003c/a> this during World War I, when food shortages got people to be creative with recipes.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Across the pond at about the same time, the \u003cem>Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/em> reported a \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=221917&resultClick=3\">sad case\u003c/a> in 1919 of a \"Mrs. A\" in Montana, who ate a lot of fried rhubarb leaves and died the next day, after a horrible miscarriage and unstoppable nosebleeds and vomiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much is too much?\u003c/strong> Oxalic acid content ranges wildly, and can \u003ca href=\"http://web.extension.illinois.edu/state/newsdetail.cfm?NewsID=13695\">depend\u003c/a> on factors like the air temperature outside. Your best bet: Just don't eat those leaves! To treat animals that have eaten them, veterinarians can \u003ca href=\"http://research.vet.upenn.edu/PoisonousPlantsofPA/Rheumrhaponticum/tabid/5474/Default.aspx\">use chalk\u003c/a> to neutralize the acid, a trick that's also suggested in a few rare \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehow.com/how_2123312_make-rhubarb-wine.html\">recipes\u003c/a> for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to Amy Stewart, author of \"\u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amystewart.com/books/wicked-plants/\">Wicked Plants\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\" \"Wildman\" Steve Brill, creator of the \"\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id541507798?mt=8\">Wild Edibles\u003c/a>\" app, and Dr. Ruth Lawrence of the University of Rochester Medical Center for their input and guidance in putting this list together.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fruits and vegetables are undeniably important to a healthful diet. But there's another side to some of these plants that, thankfully, most people never see: the tiny amounts of toxin within them. Lucky for us, healthy human bodies are remarkably good at filtering out toxins from everyday foods.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1382548452,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1577},"headData":{"title":"When Edible Plants Turn Their Defenses On Us | KQED","description":"Fruits and vegetables are undeniably important to a healthful diet. But there's another side to some of these plants that, thankfully, most people never see: the tiny amounts of toxin within them. Lucky for us, healthy human bodies are remarkably good at filtering out toxins from everyday foods.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"When Edible Plants Turn Their Defenses On Us","datePublished":"2013-10-23T17:12:10.000Z","dateModified":"2013-10-23T17:14:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"72703 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=72703","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/10/23/when-edible-plants-turn-their-defenses-on-us/","disqusTitle":"When Edible Plants Turn Their Defenses On Us","nprByline":"Rae Ellen Bichell","nprStoryId":"228221063","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=228221063&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/10/01/228221063/when-edible-plants-turn-their-defenses-on-us?ft=3&f=228221063","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 23 Oct 2013 11:02:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 23 Oct 2013 10:31:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 23 Oct 2013 10:33:40 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/72703/when-edible-plants-turn-their-defenses-on-us","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants.jpg\" alt=\"Rhubarb: delicious with strawberry pie, but steer clear of the leaves. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"630\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhubarb: delicious with strawberry pie, but steer clear of the leaves. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Rae Ellen Bichell, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/10/01/228221063/when-edible-plants-turn-their-defenses-on-us\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (10/23/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fruits and vegetables are unquestionably essential to a healthful diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's another side to some of these plants that, thankfully, most people never see: the tiny amounts of toxins within them. The minute amounts of poison found in many seeds, leaves, and roots, are the result of the protracted arms race between plants and the animals that try to eat them. It's the reason why you've never \u003ca href=\"http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/why-cashews-arent-sold-in-the-shell/\">shelled\u003c/a> a cashew (the shells might make you break out in a poison ivy-style rash) or eaten green potato fries (read on for details).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, the human body manages to dispose of the toxins with minimal effort. But every now and then, an edible plant can be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recently revisited case of Christopher McCandless, the subject of Jon Krakauer's bestseller \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Into-Wild-Jon-Krakauer/dp/0385486804\">\u003cem>Into the Wild\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, reminded us of this plant duality. In 1992, McCandless was found dead in the Alaskan wilderness. Because he had so little fat left on his body, the coroner concluded that he'd died of starvation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the 24-year-old may have died from eating the seeds of the wild potato (\u003cem>Hedysarum alpinum\u003c/em>), an edible plant. As Krakauer \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=222172599\">explained\u003c/a> on \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> last month, the plant's seeds contain a neurotoxin that is harmless to healthy people but can cause paralysis in a nutrient-starved body like that of McCandless, who was already lean and weak from months of trying to live off the land. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, people eat plants like that all the time. Over the centuries, humans have come to recognize the dangerous side of these dinner options, and have often found safe preparation methods to get around them. Odds are, you've eaten them before without a second thought. Here's a look at just a few commonly eaten plants that can sometimes turn their defenses on us:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants1.jpg\" alt=\"The grass pea contains β-ODAP, a toxin that can cause partial paralysis when eaten too often. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"628\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72715\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The grass pea contains β-ODAP, a toxin that can cause partial paralysis when eaten too often. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paralysis Pea:\u003c/strong> Because it's almost drought resistant, the hardy grass pea (\u003cem>Lathyrus sativus\u003c/em>) is \u003ca href=\"http://search.proquest.com/docview/1030085960/1414177D91D2DE969E7/1?accountid=47893\">grown regularly\u003c/a> as a safety crop by subsistence farmers in places like India and Ethiopia. But the protein-rich seed contains the same toxin, β-ODAP, found in the wild potato that McCandless ate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's harmless in small quantities, especially if it's been soaked in water for a long time. But a steady diet of grass pea seeds over a three-month period can cause a neurological disorder called lathyrism. That's what Jewish inmates of one Ukrainian concentration camp \u003ca href=\"http://sponsored.uwa.edu.au/clima/__data/page/968/Lambein.pdf\">experienced in 1942\u003c/a>. The camp's Nazi officers provided inmates with flour made from grass pea seeds. It was death by bread. Within months, many became paralyzed in the lower body. Like Chris McCandless, the inmates were malnourished and physically exhausted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much is too much?\u003c/strong> Generally, in order to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7244573\">develop\u003c/a> lathyrism, someone would have to eat grass peas for two or three months, and the plant would have to compose at least a third of the total dietary intake. But there is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20510335\">wide variation\u003c/a> in how much of the toxin one grass pea seed contains, and also in how people are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8684587\">affected\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72716\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants2.jpg\" alt=\"The sprouts on a potato contain solanine. The rest of the potato can, too — especially if it's green. The exposure to light and heat that produce the color also help produce the toxin. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"629\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72716\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sprouts on a potato contain solanine. The rest of the potato can, too — especially if it's green. The exposure to light and heat that produce the color also help produce the toxin. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mean Green Solanine Machine:\u003c/strong> There are good reasons why the FDA tells consumers not to \u003ca href=\"http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/plantox/detail.cfm?id=6537\">eat green potatoes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potatoes are related to \u003ca href=\"http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/mom/solanine/deadlynightshade.html\">deadly nightshade\u003c/a>. While a white, brown, or even Peruvian purple potato is fine to eat, the green patches and sprouting stems on a tater are not. The green color comes from chlorophyll, and indicates that the plant has been exposed to enough light and heat to get enzymes kicking that lead to the \u003ca href=\"http://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/the-pathway-to-potato-poisons#.UkI3V2RAQYc\">production\u003c/a> of two toxic chemicals, solanine and chaconine. Cooking doesn't get rid of them: Excessive heat will kill the enzyme that produces solanine, but not the toxins themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1924, James B. Matheney of Vandalia, Ill., had gathered about 80 to 90 pounds of potatoes to feed his family, not realizing that many of them had turned green from being left out in the sun. A week later, his wife and daughter died. A 1925 issue of \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> magazine \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/61/1578/340.full.pdf\">reported on\u003c/a> the \"two fatal cases of potato poisoning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much is too much?\u003c/strong> An average person would probably \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=2mmFkI-pLs4C&lpg=PA83&dq=green%20potato%20poisoning%20solanine&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q=green%20potato%20poisoning%20solanine&f=false\">have to eat\u003c/a> about two pounds of fully green potato to get sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72717\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants3.jpg\" alt=\"Cassava roots contain linamarin, a compound that can produce cyanide in the gut. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"629\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72717\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassava roots contain linamarin, a compound that can produce cyanide in the gut. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cook-Well-For-Survival Cassava:\u003c/strong> Cassava (\u003cem>Manihot esculenta\u003c/em>) is a major root crop for millions of subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. According to the FAO, after rice and maize, it's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/gcds/\">third\u003c/a> most important source of calories for people living in the tropics. But wild species can contain \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E08.htm#Cassava%20toxicity\">lethal\u003c/a> levels of toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassava leaves make a chemical called linamarin, which meanders down to the roots, where it produces toxic hydrocyanic acid, or cyanide, when the root cells rupture. In the human body, linamarin can come in one end and go out the other intact, but if it gets broken down during digestion and runs into the enzyme linamarase, it will produce cyanide in the gut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counterintuitively, the key to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_19_01.html\">cooking\u003c/a> cassava safely is to encourage the cyanide to form, often by grating it into little bits, and then soaking, fermenting, and evaporating the bad stuff out before cooking thoroughly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweet cassava roots usually contain less cyanogen than bitter ones, so they require less preparation — just peeling and thorough cooking tends to be enough. For the more toxic breeds of cassava, \u003ca href=\"http://www.infonet-biovision.org/default/ct/114/crops\">preparation\u003c/a> can take days. If it's done wrong, things can go badly, as it did with three people \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1354460\">who died\u003c/a> in Nigeria in 1992 after eating a cassava tapioca. More commonly, repeatedly eating poorly processed cassava can cause a neuron disorder called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23530166\">Konzo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much is too much?\u003c/strong> Most cassava tubers \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1255e/j1255e04.htm#bm04.3\">can produce\u003c/a> between 15 and 400 mg of hydrogen cyanide per kilogram. In the short term, the human body is good at\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nt.2620030210/abstract\"> filtering out\u003c/a> cyanide. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12243860\">research has shown\u003c/a> that chronic ingestion of cooked cassava can, over many years, cause cyanide accumulation in blood plasma. And it's best not to munch on the raw root.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants4.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants4.jpg\" alt=\"False morels contain monomethylhydrazine, a carcinogenic ingredient in rocket fuel. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"629\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72718\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False morels contain monomethylhydrazine, a carcinogenic ingredient in rocket fuel. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Morel Quandary:\u003c/strong> False morels, also known as beefsteak mushrooms (\u003cem>Gyromitra esculenta\u003c/em>), grow in idyllic forest settings, often underneath big pine trees and surrounded by mosses. They're ugly things, reminiscent of goopy brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toadstools have a chemical in them that produces a toxic compound called monomethylhydrazine, or MMH. If you're trying to launch a rocket into space, MMH is really useful — NASA likes to put it in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/hypergolic-storage.html\">rocket fuel\u003c/a> because it ignites spontaneously when it runs into other propellant ingredients. In the body, the known carcinogen can \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0419.pdf\">interfere\u003c/a> with neurotransmitters, and can render the eater \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org/pages/188598/details\">comatose\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spain \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org/pages/188598/details\">prohibits\u003c/a> the sale of\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>these\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>mushrooms for this reason, but Nordic folk go wild over false morel \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=p68ajcj7YWMC&lpg=PA17&ots=kvI0WXPbjP&dq=false%20morel%20soup&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=false%20morel%20soup&f=false\">soup\u003c/a>, which is also a delicacy in Eastern Europe and the Great Lakes region of North America. Chefs parboil the mushrooms repeatedly, pouring off the water each time to get rid of the poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much is too much?\u003c/strong> MMH is a cumulative toxin — its levels build up in the body after repeated consumption — so it's hard to determine a lethal amount. There's a saying among mycologists: \"There are old mushroom hunters, and there are bold mushroom hunters, but there are no old, bold mushroom hunters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants5.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/10/edibleplants5.jpg\" alt=\"Rhubarb stalks are edible, but the leaves contain high levels of oxalic acid. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"629\" class=\"size-full wp-image-72719\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhubarb stalks are edible, but the leaves contain high levels of oxalic acid. Illustration: Rae Ellen Bichell/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lethal Leaf:\u003c/strong> Oxalic acid is great for \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/4070fact.pdf\">removing paint\u003c/a>, bleaching fabrics and sanitizing toilet bowls. The acid also lurks in the leaves of rhubarb (\u003cem>Rheum rhaponticum\u003c/em>), the stalks of which often get paired with strawberry for a delicious pie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stalks are all good, but steer clear of the \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=7P8iAQAAIAAJ&lpg=PA456&ots=e4Xaow7j67&dq=death%20of%20a%20minister%20rhubarb%20leaves%201917%20london&pg=PA457#v=onepage&q=death%20of%20a%20minister%20rhubarb%20leaves%201917%20london&f=false\">leaves\u003c/a>: The oxalic acid in them leaches calcium from the blood. As rumor goes, the Brits \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2010/01/rhubarb-toxic-tuesdays-a-weekly-guide-to-poison-gardens/\">realized\u003c/a> this during World War I, when food shortages got people to be creative with recipes.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Across the pond at about the same time, the \u003cem>Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/em> reported a \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=221917&resultClick=3\">sad case\u003c/a> in 1919 of a \"Mrs. A\" in Montana, who ate a lot of fried rhubarb leaves and died the next day, after a horrible miscarriage and unstoppable nosebleeds and vomiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much is too much?\u003c/strong> Oxalic acid content ranges wildly, and can \u003ca href=\"http://web.extension.illinois.edu/state/newsdetail.cfm?NewsID=13695\">depend\u003c/a> on factors like the air temperature outside. Your best bet: Just don't eat those leaves! To treat animals that have eaten them, veterinarians can \u003ca href=\"http://research.vet.upenn.edu/PoisonousPlantsofPA/Rheumrhaponticum/tabid/5474/Default.aspx\">use chalk\u003c/a> to neutralize the acid, a trick that's also suggested in a few rare \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehow.com/how_2123312_make-rhubarb-wine.html\">recipes\u003c/a> for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to Amy Stewart, author of \"\u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amystewart.com/books/wicked-plants/\">Wicked Plants\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\" \"Wildman\" Steve Brill, creator of the \"\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id541507798?mt=8\">Wild Edibles\u003c/a>\" app, and Dr. Ruth Lawrence of the University of Rochester Medical Center for their input and guidance in putting this list together.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/72703/when-edible-plants-turn-their-defenses-on-us","authors":["byline_bayareabites_72703"],"categories":["bayareabites_2638","bayareabites_2554","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_10916"],"tags":["bayareabites_12597","bayareabites_3022","bayareabites_2139","bayareabites_10921","bayareabites_12598"],"featImg":"bayareabites_72714","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_8464":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_8464","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"8464","score":null,"sort":[1259076602000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"morel-of-a-story","title":"Morel of a Story","publishDate":1259076602,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>Many Americans are what \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/All-That-Rain-Promises-More/dp/0898153883\">All The Rain Promises And More \u003c/a> author David Arora calls fungophobic. I started this thin volume on a red-eye flight from San Francisco to New York City several years ago. I'd intended to become an overnight edible mushroom expert. Unfortunately, pills and $6 Heinekens clouded my concentration around the time I thumbed past the introduction, and I soon folded up the book and bopped off into a restless, heaving slumber. As a result, I know little about mushrooms -- their identification and classification. The introduction, however, I do remember, particularly a section in which Arora briefly outlines fungophobia. Now, every fall, when wild mushroom season booms, associations resurface. I think about what mushrooms represent -- to me, a life-long seeker of tasty edible fungi, as well how they've been conceived by others over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arora claims our fungophobia came -- like bowl cuts and breakfast links -- from the British, who believed mushrooms were nutritionally worthless and perhaps hostile by design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Roman Stoic Seneca may have rather poetically dubbed them a \"voluptuous poison,\" but for thousands of years, in less fearful cultures, mushrooms have been used in the crafting of folk medicines. Lest that fact be relegated to the territory of bubbling cauldrons, pockmarked witches, and spooky incantations, more recent research has linked some of the same mushrooms with cancer-fighting properties, anti-pathogenic activity, and immune system enhancement. Penicillin, along with many other famous pharmaceuticals, comes from the fungi kingdom. Nutritionally, mushrooms are no sweet potatoes, yet many are still high in fiber and provide vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid -- as well as minerals such as potassium and phosphorus. Exempting those that kill you or make you crazy for six hours, wild mushrooms can, as most readers are very aware, be extremely delicious. Chanterelles are buttery and subtle; fresh porcini are robust and nutty, excellent roasted, or in salads with Parmigiano-Reggiano shavings and pine nuts; lion's mane mushrooms are furry and high-strung, delicate, with a mild, almost seafood-like taste -- especially nice folded into an omelette. The possibilities are nearly limitless, and most dedicated eaters and chefs prize their special qualities and bountiful culinary applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But lore is stacked against mushrooms -- and not just because a few of them are quite dangerous. Historically, mystery and sheer perceived strangeness have had as much to do with the stigmas surrounding their consumption as the bloating, vomiting, and painful death certain varieties tend to cause. In medieval Ireland, people thought leprechauns used them as umbrellas. The ancient Egyptians believed mushrooms were the sons of gods, zapped to earth on tremendous bolts of lightning. The English imagined they had to be gathered under a full moon in order to be eaten safely. Mushrooms are weird: fragile, oddly luminous products of darkness and moisture that spring up unannounced -- like magic -- in woodsy crevices. That may have been why people were once so alarmed by them. They don't grow like wild and cultivated plants. Centuries ago, in Western Europe, mushrooms were sketchy pagan symbols, ominous harbingers of supernatural forces -- particularly when they were discovered suddenly sprouting in circular \"fairy ring\" colonies. Today, from \u003ca href=\"http://mikejay.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/mushroom_art_med.JPG\">Victorian paintings\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.alice-in-wonderland.net/alicepic/disney-movie/alice-on-mushroom-3.jpg%0A\">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heD8vqv0y2Y\">Fantasia\u003c/a> and the distinctive cap-and-stem-like cloud that forms in the wake of a massive explosion, mushrooms are iconic, but not a food with universal appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, when my pre-kindergarten class was making its weekly foray through the Ferry Building, we stopped at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.farwestfungi.com/\">Far West Fungi\u003c/a> store. We'd been there on other occasions, to scope the spore logs and posters, but I was freshly inspired. I'd made very good use of the season's offerings the night before -- skillet-browned porcini, king trumpet, chanterelle, and oyster mushrooms on a crispy pizza with thyme and Bellwether Farms Crescenza -- and was wondering how their bizarre shapes, fetching names, and earthy flavors would go over with the kids. I arranged a few raw ones on the art table for them to draw -- lion's mane, chanterelle, trumpet, and oyster -- and sliced and sauteed the rest in butter with a pinch of salt while the children napped. An hour later, for snack, in addition to cheese and crackers, I passed a plate with four glistening beige-and-brown mounds for them to sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2009/11/wge-mushroom.jpg\" alt=\"WGE mushroom\" title=\"WGE mushroom\" width=\"500\" height=\"364\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8477\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of fifteen children, only a third dared to taste. My expectations had been modest following another teacher's mortifying zucchini muffin fiasco, so I was not saddened, but pleased, almost amazed that those five, in the end, managed to vaporize most of what I set before them. \"I like the black one and the yellow one,\" said one boy, gesturing loosely at the trumpets and chanterelles. \"I'm going to tell my mom I like them.\" \"They're pretty and taste good,\" a girl cooed. The other three fared very well, with a slight edge going to the oyster, but no one cared much for the lion's mane mushroom. It didn't hold up, disintegrating into soft, unappetizing strands -- the fault of a chef in a hurry flailing around a crummy electric stove with cheap cookware. On the art table, however, all were popular. One girl thought the chanterelle looked like a flower, and soon they were all calling it the \"flower one,\" most likely because \"chanterelle\" was hard for them to say. The lion's mane, a 'shroom non grata at snack, was a big hit here -- especially once the kids learned its name. They kept \u003ca href=\"http://z.about.com/d/gourmetfood/1/0/g/G/lions_mane_Stu_Spivack.jpg\">petting it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of this little tutorial, I did mention that some mushrooms are dangerous, that only ones from reputable suppliers should be eaten, and that sometimes yucky mushrooms can look like yummy ones. Here and there, a chorus of shrill \"eeewwwwwws\" erupted, but largely, the children were not grossed out, merely fascinated. They explored the mushrooms, passing them back and forth, pulling off the caps, examining the gills, trying to figure them out in that serious contemplative way four-year olds have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only the exploratory nibble of a truffle in some French field pre-civilization had initially sparked our ongoing cultural fascination, not the photogenic \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria\">fly agaric toadstool\u003c/a> with its deep-red cap and white spots. Perhaps then aversions would be less common. Thanks to Nintendo, of course, even this wicked-looking specimen has shed some of its evil. In the famous Super Mario Brothers video game, Mario, an Italian-American plumber, winds his way through various worlds within the Mushroom Kingdom. Predictably, when he hops on mushrooms, he either gets bigger and powers up, or rarely but not infrequently, gets zapped with a debilitating dose of poison. Mushrooms giveth and mushrooms taketh away. One of Mario's sidekicks in later additions to the franchise is a grinning little fly agaric named Toad. A kid who used to be in my current class was obsessed with mushrooms because his older sister played a Mario game at home. He would make mushrooms out of Legos and have them hop around, squeaking, growing bigger (as he added more Legos) and then smaller again (as he removed Legos). Once, I built him a mushroom-shaped Lego house big enough for a whole family of Lego mushrooms, and he was ecstatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2009/11/pretty-space-bar-mushroom.jpg\" alt=\"mushroom pretty space and bar \" title=\"mushroom pretty space and bar \" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8471\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite bar in the world epitomizes the slightly uncomfortable degree of cuteness Nintendo has bestowed upon the toadstool. It's called \u003cstrong>Pretty Space & Bar Mushroom\u003c/strong>, and it occupies a minuscule suite in a nondescript office building on a busy bar-lined street in downtown Kyoto, Japan. \u003ca href=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/158/355499692_af288ea2da.jpg?v=0\">The Phone Booth\u003c/a> -- and maybe an actual phone booth -- feels roomy by comparison. There's a mushroom on the door, and when you open it, a bizarre little world appears -- not unlike one of the treasure-filled huts in Super Mario Brothers -- which at three in the morning, can be simultaneously exciting and disconcerting. Glitchy video game music sputters on the stereo. A red glow saturates all you see. There are mushrooms everywhere. Even the jolly bartender's hair is carved in the shape of a cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in San Francisco, watching the kids crowd around the mushrooms, I remembered something I once read -- perhaps in Arora's book -- about morels. Never successfully cultivated commercially, wild morels are especially abundant in areas ravaged by forest fires, their spores somehow spurred into action by the destruction. After flames, and then ash, and then rains, they emerge, phoenix-like, a delicious sign of life ready to be plucked and savored. It's an image I like to keep in mind -- even when mushrooms aren't for dinner.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Exempting those that kill you or make you crazy for six hours, wild mushrooms can, as most readers are very aware, be extremely delicious. Chanterelles are buttery and subtle; fresh porcini are robust and nutty, excellent roasted, or in salads with Parmigiano-Reggiano shavings and pine nuts; lion's mane mushrooms are furry and high-strung, delicate, with a mild, almost seafood-like taste -- especially nice folded into an omelette. The possibilities are nearly limitless, and most dedicated eaters and chefs prize their special qualities and bountiful culinary applications.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1259023588,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":1440},"headData":{"title":"Morel of a Story | KQED","description":"Exempting those that kill you or make you crazy for six hours, wild mushrooms can, as most readers are very aware, be extremely delicious. Chanterelles are buttery and subtle; fresh porcini are robust and nutty, excellent roasted, or in salads with Parmigiano-Reggiano shavings and pine nuts; lion's mane mushrooms are furry and high-strung, delicate, with a mild, almost seafood-like taste -- especially nice folded into an omelette. The possibilities are nearly limitless, and most dedicated eaters and chefs prize their special qualities and bountiful culinary applications.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Morel of a Story","datePublished":"2009-11-24T15:30:02.000Z","dateModified":"2009-11-24T00:46:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"8464 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=8464","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2009/11/24/morel-of-a-story/","disqusTitle":"Morel of a Story","path":"/bayareabites/8464/morel-of-a-story","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many Americans are what \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/All-That-Rain-Promises-More/dp/0898153883\">All The Rain Promises And More \u003c/a> author David Arora calls fungophobic. I started this thin volume on a red-eye flight from San Francisco to New York City several years ago. I'd intended to become an overnight edible mushroom expert. Unfortunately, pills and $6 Heinekens clouded my concentration around the time I thumbed past the introduction, and I soon folded up the book and bopped off into a restless, heaving slumber. As a result, I know little about mushrooms -- their identification and classification. The introduction, however, I do remember, particularly a section in which Arora briefly outlines fungophobia. Now, every fall, when wild mushroom season booms, associations resurface. I think about what mushrooms represent -- to me, a life-long seeker of tasty edible fungi, as well how they've been conceived by others over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arora claims our fungophobia came -- like bowl cuts and breakfast links -- from the British, who believed mushrooms were nutritionally worthless and perhaps hostile by design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Roman Stoic Seneca may have rather poetically dubbed them a \"voluptuous poison,\" but for thousands of years, in less fearful cultures, mushrooms have been used in the crafting of folk medicines. Lest that fact be relegated to the territory of bubbling cauldrons, pockmarked witches, and spooky incantations, more recent research has linked some of the same mushrooms with cancer-fighting properties, anti-pathogenic activity, and immune system enhancement. Penicillin, along with many other famous pharmaceuticals, comes from the fungi kingdom. Nutritionally, mushrooms are no sweet potatoes, yet many are still high in fiber and provide vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid -- as well as minerals such as potassium and phosphorus. Exempting those that kill you or make you crazy for six hours, wild mushrooms can, as most readers are very aware, be extremely delicious. Chanterelles are buttery and subtle; fresh porcini are robust and nutty, excellent roasted, or in salads with Parmigiano-Reggiano shavings and pine nuts; lion's mane mushrooms are furry and high-strung, delicate, with a mild, almost seafood-like taste -- especially nice folded into an omelette. The possibilities are nearly limitless, and most dedicated eaters and chefs prize their special qualities and bountiful culinary applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But lore is stacked against mushrooms -- and not just because a few of them are quite dangerous. Historically, mystery and sheer perceived strangeness have had as much to do with the stigmas surrounding their consumption as the bloating, vomiting, and painful death certain varieties tend to cause. In medieval Ireland, people thought leprechauns used them as umbrellas. The ancient Egyptians believed mushrooms were the sons of gods, zapped to earth on tremendous bolts of lightning. The English imagined they had to be gathered under a full moon in order to be eaten safely. Mushrooms are weird: fragile, oddly luminous products of darkness and moisture that spring up unannounced -- like magic -- in woodsy crevices. That may have been why people were once so alarmed by them. They don't grow like wild and cultivated plants. Centuries ago, in Western Europe, mushrooms were sketchy pagan symbols, ominous harbingers of supernatural forces -- particularly when they were discovered suddenly sprouting in circular \"fairy ring\" colonies. Today, from \u003ca href=\"http://mikejay.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/mushroom_art_med.JPG\">Victorian paintings\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.alice-in-wonderland.net/alicepic/disney-movie/alice-on-mushroom-3.jpg%0A\">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heD8vqv0y2Y\">Fantasia\u003c/a> and the distinctive cap-and-stem-like cloud that forms in the wake of a massive explosion, mushrooms are iconic, but not a food with universal appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, when my pre-kindergarten class was making its weekly foray through the Ferry Building, we stopped at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.farwestfungi.com/\">Far West Fungi\u003c/a> store. We'd been there on other occasions, to scope the spore logs and posters, but I was freshly inspired. I'd made very good use of the season's offerings the night before -- skillet-browned porcini, king trumpet, chanterelle, and oyster mushrooms on a crispy pizza with thyme and Bellwether Farms Crescenza -- and was wondering how their bizarre shapes, fetching names, and earthy flavors would go over with the kids. I arranged a few raw ones on the art table for them to draw -- lion's mane, chanterelle, trumpet, and oyster -- and sliced and sauteed the rest in butter with a pinch of salt while the children napped. An hour later, for snack, in addition to cheese and crackers, I passed a plate with four glistening beige-and-brown mounds for them to sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2009/11/wge-mushroom.jpg\" alt=\"WGE mushroom\" title=\"WGE mushroom\" width=\"500\" height=\"364\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8477\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of fifteen children, only a third dared to taste. My expectations had been modest following another teacher's mortifying zucchini muffin fiasco, so I was not saddened, but pleased, almost amazed that those five, in the end, managed to vaporize most of what I set before them. \"I like the black one and the yellow one,\" said one boy, gesturing loosely at the trumpets and chanterelles. \"I'm going to tell my mom I like them.\" \"They're pretty and taste good,\" a girl cooed. The other three fared very well, with a slight edge going to the oyster, but no one cared much for the lion's mane mushroom. It didn't hold up, disintegrating into soft, unappetizing strands -- the fault of a chef in a hurry flailing around a crummy electric stove with cheap cookware. On the art table, however, all were popular. One girl thought the chanterelle looked like a flower, and soon they were all calling it the \"flower one,\" most likely because \"chanterelle\" was hard for them to say. The lion's mane, a 'shroom non grata at snack, was a big hit here -- especially once the kids learned its name. They kept \u003ca href=\"http://z.about.com/d/gourmetfood/1/0/g/G/lions_mane_Stu_Spivack.jpg\">petting it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of this little tutorial, I did mention that some mushrooms are dangerous, that only ones from reputable suppliers should be eaten, and that sometimes yucky mushrooms can look like yummy ones. Here and there, a chorus of shrill \"eeewwwwwws\" erupted, but largely, the children were not grossed out, merely fascinated. They explored the mushrooms, passing them back and forth, pulling off the caps, examining the gills, trying to figure them out in that serious contemplative way four-year olds have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only the exploratory nibble of a truffle in some French field pre-civilization had initially sparked our ongoing cultural fascination, not the photogenic \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria\">fly agaric toadstool\u003c/a> with its deep-red cap and white spots. Perhaps then aversions would be less common. Thanks to Nintendo, of course, even this wicked-looking specimen has shed some of its evil. In the famous Super Mario Brothers video game, Mario, an Italian-American plumber, winds his way through various worlds within the Mushroom Kingdom. Predictably, when he hops on mushrooms, he either gets bigger and powers up, or rarely but not infrequently, gets zapped with a debilitating dose of poison. Mushrooms giveth and mushrooms taketh away. One of Mario's sidekicks in later additions to the franchise is a grinning little fly agaric named Toad. A kid who used to be in my current class was obsessed with mushrooms because his older sister played a Mario game at home. He would make mushrooms out of Legos and have them hop around, squeaking, growing bigger (as he added more Legos) and then smaller again (as he removed Legos). Once, I built him a mushroom-shaped Lego house big enough for a whole family of Lego mushrooms, and he was ecstatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2009/11/pretty-space-bar-mushroom.jpg\" alt=\"mushroom pretty space and bar \" title=\"mushroom pretty space and bar \" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8471\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite bar in the world epitomizes the slightly uncomfortable degree of cuteness Nintendo has bestowed upon the toadstool. It's called \u003cstrong>Pretty Space & Bar Mushroom\u003c/strong>, and it occupies a minuscule suite in a nondescript office building on a busy bar-lined street in downtown Kyoto, Japan. \u003ca href=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/158/355499692_af288ea2da.jpg?v=0\">The Phone Booth\u003c/a> -- and maybe an actual phone booth -- feels roomy by comparison. There's a mushroom on the door, and when you open it, a bizarre little world appears -- not unlike one of the treasure-filled huts in Super Mario Brothers -- which at three in the morning, can be simultaneously exciting and disconcerting. Glitchy video game music sputters on the stereo. A red glow saturates all you see. There are mushrooms everywhere. Even the jolly bartender's hair is carved in the shape of a cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in San Francisco, watching the kids crowd around the mushrooms, I remembered something I once read -- perhaps in Arora's book -- about morels. Never successfully cultivated commercially, wild morels are especially abundant in areas ravaged by forest fires, their spores somehow spurred into action by the destruction. After flames, and then ash, and then rains, they emerge, phoenix-like, a delicious sign of life ready to be plucked and savored. It's an image I like to keep in mind -- even when mushrooms aren't for dinner.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/8464/morel-of-a-story","authors":["5060"],"categories":["bayareabites_752","bayareabites_2254"],"tags":["bayareabites_3022","bayareabites_538"],"label":"bayareabites"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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